<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /></head><body style='font-size: 10pt'>
<div class="pre" style="margin: 0; padding: 0; font-family: monospace"><br /><br />-------- Original Message --------<br />Subject: Mass Intelligence<br />Date: 28.08.2025 16:47<br />From: Ethan Mollick from One Useful Thing <<a href="mailto:oneusefulthing@substack.com">oneusefulthing@substack.com</a>><br />To: <a href="mailto:mark@rauterkus.com">mark@rauterkus.com</a><br />Reply-To: Ethan Mollick from One Useful Thing <<a href="mailto:reply+2udid7&3vced&&2b98b38009c60659c71882fd9ffb1efa6f58f4034bf24eedd91a011cf68bab0b@mg1.substack.com">reply+2udid7&3vced&&2b98b38009c60659c71882fd9ffb1efa6f58f4034bf24eedd91a011cf68bab0b@mg1.substack.com</a>><br /><br />From GPT-5 to nano banana: everyone is getting access to powerful AI<br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /> ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br />͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ ͏ <br /><br />Forwarded this email? Subscribe here [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cub25ldXNlZnVsdGhpbmcub3JnL3N1YnNjcmliZT91dG1fc291cmNlPWVtYWlsJnV0bV9jYW1wYWlnbj1lbWFpbC1zdWJzY3JpYmUmcj0zdmNlZCZuZXh0PWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGd3d3Lm9uZXVzZWZ1bHRoaW5nLm9yZyUyRnAlMkZtYXNzLWludGVsbGlnZW5jZSIsInAiOjE3MTk1MTE2MywicyI6MTE4MDY0NCwiZiI6dHJ1ZSwidSI6NjUwMTI1MywiaWF0IjoxNzU2NDE0MjgwLCJleHAiOjIwNzE5OTAyODAsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0wIiwic3ViIjoibGluay1yZWRpcmVjdCJ9.8OzqtDbCZ7DzReVVYIFEOyK0WwQnAMrTWdneETeGaLU?" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">1</a>] for more<br /><br />MASS INTELLIGENCE [<a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=post-email-title&utm_campaign=email-post-title&isFreemail=true&r=3vced&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsImlhdCI6MTc1NjQxNDI4MCwiZXhwIjoxNzU5MDA2MjgwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMTE4MDY0NCIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.rzHRjmFCC7-PR3vDvZDge-ELL8EglXSnBFxvZv5GD7g" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">2</a>]<br /><br />FROM GPT-5 TO NANO BANANA: EVERYONE IS GETTING ACCESS TO POWERFUL AI<br /><br />Ethan Mollick [<a href="https://substack.com/@oneusefulthing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">3</a>]<br /><br />Aug 28<br /><br /> [<a href="https://substack.com/@oneusefulthing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">3</a>]<br /><br /> [<a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=substack&isFreemail=true&submitLike=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsInJlYWN0aW9uIjoi4p2kIiwiaWF0IjoxNzU2NDE0MjgwLCJleHAiOjE3NTkwMDYyODAsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0xMTgwNjQ0Iiwic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.0_8F5r0jy9bxHa2BuxxqzYceHlx9WHD57DUdwHIg9iY&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=email-reaction&r=3vced" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">4</a>]<br /><br /> [<a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&isFreemail=true&comments=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsImlhdCI6MTc1NjQxNDI4MCwiZXhwIjoxNzU5MDA2MjgwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMTE4MDY0NCIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.rzHRjmFCC7-PR3vDvZDge-ELL8EglXSnBFxvZv5GD7g&r=3vced&utm_campaign=email-half-magic-comments&action=post-comment&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">5</a>]<br /><br /> [<a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&utm_campaign=email-share&action=share&triggerShare=true&isFreemail=true&r=3vced&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsImlhdCI6MTc1NjQxNDI4MCwiZXhwIjoxNzU5MDA2MjgwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMTE4MDY0NCIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.rzHRjmFCC7-PR3vDvZDge-ELL8EglXSnBFxvZv5GD7g" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">6</a>]<br /><br /> [<a href="https://substack.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.mL7PeZZIzFp3BMw8Troc1x_0Ql8XUh7K8gi7CkK0P-A?&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">7</a>]<br /><br />READ IN APP<br /><br />More than a billion people use AI chatbots regularly. ChatGPT has over<br />700 million weekly users. Gemini and other leading AIs add hundreds of<br />millions more. In my posts, I often focus on the advances that AI is<br />making (for example, in the past few weeks, both OpenAI and Google AIs<br />chatbots got gold medals [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/cad60492-e67b-4f87-bde8-8532f0b74b5c?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8</a>] in the International Math Olympiad), but<br />that obscures a broader shift that's been building: we're entering an<br />era of Mass Intelligence, where powerful AI is becoming as accessible as<br />a Google search.<br /><br />Until recently, free users of these systems (the overwhelming majority)<br />had access only to older, smaller AI models that frequently made<br />mistakes and had limited use for complex work. The best models, like<br />Reasoners that can solve very hard problems and hallucinate much less<br />often, required paying somewhere between $20 and $200 a month. And even<br />then, you needed to know which model to pick and how to prompt it<br />properly. But the economics and interfaces are changing rapidly, with<br />fairly large consequences for how all of us work, learn, and think.<br /><br />POWERFUL AI IS GETTING CHEAPER AND EASIER TO ACCESS<br /><br />There have been two barriers to accessing powerful AI for most users.<br />The first was confusion. Few people knew to select an AI model. Even<br />fewer knew that picking o3 from a menu in ChatGPT would get them access<br />to an excellent Reasoner AI model, while picking 4o (which seems like a<br />higher number) would give them something far less capable. According to<br />OpenAI, less than 7% of paying customers selected o3 on a regular basis,<br />meaning even power users were missing out on what Reasoners could do.<br /><br />Another factor was cost. Because the best models are expensive, free<br />users were often not given access to them, or else given very limited<br />access. Google led the way in giving some free access to its best<br />models, but OpenAI stated that almost none of its free customers had<br />regular access to reasoning models prior to the launch of GPT-5.<br /><br />GPT-5 was supposed to solve both of these problems, which is partially<br />why its debut was so messy and confusing. GPT-5 is actually two things.<br />It was the overall name for a family of quite different models, from the<br />weaker GPT-5 Nano to the powerful GPT-5 Pro. It was also the name given<br />to the tool that picked which model to use and how much computing power<br />the AI should use to solve your problem. When you are writing to "GPT-5"<br />you are actually talking to a router that is supposed to automatically<br />decide whether your problem can be solved by a smaller, faster model or<br />needs to go to a more powerful Reasoner. <br /><br /> [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/94814645-3bfd-4fd5-b0ef-c0c0846eee15?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">9</a>]<br /><br />When you pick ChatGPT 5 you are actually picking Auto mode, which<br />selects among the various ChatGPT 5 models, some of which are among the<br />best models in the world, some of which are much weaker. If you pay for<br />access, select "GPT-5 Thinking" for almost any problem beyond a simple<br />chat.<br /><br />You could see how this was supposed to expand access to powerful AI to<br />more users: if you just wanted to chat, GPT-5 was supposed to use its<br />weaker specialized chat models; if you were trying to solve a math<br />problem, GPT-5 was supposed to send you to its slower, more expensive<br />GPT-5 Thinking model. This would save money and give more people access<br />to the best AIs. But the rollout had issues. This practice wasn't well<br />explained and the router did not work well at first. The result is that<br />one person using GPT-5 got a very smart answer while another got a bad<br />one. Despite these issues, OpenAI reported early success. Within a few<br />days of launch, the percentage of paying customers who had used a<br />Reasoner went from 7% to 24% and the number of free customers using the<br />most powerful models went from almost zero to 7%. <br /><br />Part of this change is driven by the fact that smarter models are<br />getting dramatically more efficient to run. This graph shows how fast<br />this trend has played out, mapping the capability of AI on the y-axis<br />and the logarithmically decreasing costs on the x-axis. When GPT-4 came<br />out it was around $50 to work with a million tokens (a token is roughly<br />a word), now it costs around 14 cents per million tokens to use GPT-5<br />nano, a much more capable model than the original GPT-4.<br /><br /> [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/35cb5eee-c145-468b-a56b-4a86487b3d29?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10</a>]<br /><br />The Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A test (GPQA) is a series of very hard<br />multiple-choice problems designed to test advanced knowledge.<br />non-experts with access to the internet get 34% right, PhDs with<br />internet access get 74-81% inside their specialty. The cost per million<br />tokens is the cost of using the model. (I gathered this data, so<br />apologies for any errors.)<br /><br />This efficiency gain isn't just financial, it's also environmental.<br />Google has reported that energy efficiency per prompt has improved by<br />33x [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/871c7fb3-e107-43d0-afa8-68ef93f9c6a3?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">11</a>]in the last year alone. The marginal energy used by a standard<br />prompt from a modern LLM in 2025 is relatively established at this point<br />[<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/de35554e-b670-4f23-af23-cab4e2047d57?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">12</a>], from both independent tests and official announcements. It is<br />roughly 0.0003 kWh, the same energy use as 8-10 seconds of streaming<br />Netflix or the equivalent of a Google search in 2008 (interestingly,<br />image creation seems to use a similar amount of energy as a text<br />prompt)¹. How much water these models use per prompt is less clear but<br />ranges from a few drops to a fifth of a shot glass (.25mL to 5mL+),<br />depending on the definitions of water use (here is the low water<br />argument [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/e82cac29-353a-422c-a713-e4f6e188cef6?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">13</a>] and the high water argument [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/455704f1-ff7b-4f26-aadf-0fb8f176e7fb?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">14</a>]).<br /><br />These improvements mean that even as AI gets more powerful, it's also<br />becoming viable to give to more people. The marginal cost of serving<br />each additional user has collapsed, which means more business models,<br />like ad support, become possible. Free users can now run prompts that<br />would have cost dollars just two years ago. This is how a billion people<br />suddenly get access to powerful AIs: not through some grand<br />democratization initiative, but because the economics finally make it<br />possible.<br /><br />POWERFUL AI IS GETTING EASY TO USE<br /><br />Getting access to a powerful AI is not enough, people need to actually<br />use it to get things done. Using AI well used to be a pretty challenging<br />process which involved crafting a prompt using techniques like<br />chain-of-thought along with learning tips and tricks to get the most out<br />of your AI. In a recent series of experiments, however, we have<br />discovered that these techniques don't really help anymore [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/e211b4c3-c56b-484f-b119-20482b9a2666?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">15</a>].<br />Powerful AI models are just getting better at doing what you ask them to<br />or even figuring out what you want and going beyond what you ask (and<br />no, threatening [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/f7747a68-9f77-458f-836c-4157d7d87510?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">16</a>]them or being nice to them [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/75c8e95b-5a38-4f49-8c2c-7e65673fb1a8?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">17</a>] does not seem to<br />help on average).<br /><br />And it isn't just text models that are becoming cheaper and easier to<br />use. Google released a new image model with the code name "nano banana"<br />and the much more boring official name Gemini 2.5 Flash Image Generator.<br />In addition to being excellent (though better at editing images than<br />creating new ones), it is also cheap enough that free users can access<br />it. And, unlike previous generations of AI image generators, it follows<br />instructions in plain language very well.<br /><br />As an example of both its power and ease of use, I uploaded an iconic<br />(and copyright free) image of the Apollo 11 astronauts and a random<br />picture of a sparkly tuxedo and gave it the simplest prompts: "_dress<br />Neil Armstrong on the left in this tuxedo_"<br /><br /> [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/b9a2d2c6-0d54-4850-bdc3-213c30076472?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">18</a>]<br /><br />Here is what it gave me a few seconds later:<br /><br /> [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/c879a6d5-b6c4-45d3-8eae-077e6cae0137?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">19</a>]<br /><br />There are issues that someone with an expert eye would spot, but it is<br />still impressive to see the realistic folds of the tuxedo and how it is<br />blended into the scene (the NASA pin on the lapel was a nice touch).<br />There is still a lot of randomness in the process that makes AI image<br />editing unsuitable for many professional applications, but for most<br />people, this represents a huge leap in not just what they can do, but<br />how easy it is to do it.<br /><br />And we can go further: "_now show a photograph where neil armstrong and<br />buzz aldrin, in the same outfits, are sitting in their seats in a modern<br />airplane, neil looks relaxed and is leaning back, playing a trumpet,<br />buzz seems nervous and is holding a hamburger, in the middle seat is a<br />realistic otter sitting in a seat and using a laptop._"<br /><br /> [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/ce47f314-76cc-4641-81a8-62e3146e8f8d?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">20</a>]<br /><br />This is many things: A pretty impressive output from the AI (look at the<br />expressions, and how it preserved Buzz's ring and Neil's lapel pin). A<br />distortion of a famous moment in history made possible by AI. And a<br />potential warning about how weird things are going to get when these<br />sorts of technologies are used widely.<br /><br />THE WEIRDNESS OF MASS INTELLIGENCE<br /><br />When powerful AI is in the hands of a billion people, a lot of things<br />are going to happen at once. A lot of things are already happening at<br />once.<br /><br />Some people have intense relationships [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/75e8ae85-c925-49a8-a19f-53efd8425fd5?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">21</a>] with AI models while other<br />people are being saved from loneliness. [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/8d7eb311-499a-4020-85aa-74a32ddfae8d?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">22</a>] AI models may be causing<br />mental breakdowns [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/5641105b-b98b-4a07-991e-ced69ae2931a?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">23</a>] and dangerous behavior [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/469654d0-602e-49f8-80f6-3bd0a0342d0f?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">24</a>] for some while being<br />used to diagnose the diseases of others [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/ce5c42ac-eedf-492a-9126-e9951ad49c6f?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">25</a>]. It is being used to write<br />obituaries [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/b76d0d7d-6d36-429e-9687-ca73adce89d8?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">26</a>] and create scriptures [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/ac4ac5e5-66b8-4c60-b134-bd45d1e906fc?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">27</a>] and cheat on homework and<br />launch new ventures and thousands of other unexpected uses. These uses,<br />and both the problems and benefits, are likely to only multiply as AI<br />systems get more powerful.<br /><br />And while Google's AI image generator has guardrails to limit misuse, as<br />well as invisible watermarks to identify AI images, I expect much less<br />restrictive AI image generators will likely get close to nano banana in<br />quality in the coming months.<br /><br />The AI companies (whether you believe their commitments to safety or<br />not) seem to be as unable to absorb all of this [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/569002b3-907a-486f-9943-c9e565765dfe?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">28</a>] as the rest of us<br />are. When a billion people have access to advanced AI, we've entered<br />what we might call the era of Mass Intelligence. Every institution we<br />have -- schools, hospitals, courts, companies, governments -- was built<br />for a world where intelligence was scarce and expensive. Now every<br />profession, every institution, every community has to figure out how to<br />thrive with Mass Intelligence. How do we harness a billion people using<br />AI while managing the chaos that comes with it? How do we rebuild trust<br />when anyone can fabricate anything? How do we preserve what's valuable<br />about human expertise while democratizing access to knowledge?<br /><br />So here we are. Powerful AI is cheap enough to give away, easy enough<br />that you don't need a manual, and capable enough to outperform humans at<br />a range of intellectual tasks. A flood of opportunities and problems are<br />about to show up in classrooms, courtrooms, and boardrooms around the<br />world. The Mass Intelligence era is what happens when you give a billion<br />people access to an unprecedented set of tools and see what they do with<br />it. We are about to find out what that is like.<br /><br />Upgrade to paid [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cub25ldXNlZnVsdGhpbmcub3JnL3N1YnNjcmliZT91dG1fc291cmNlPXBvc3QmdXRtX2NhbXBhaWduPWVtYWlsLWNoZWNrb3V0Jm5leHQ9aHR0cHMlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cub25ldXNlZnVsdGhpbmcub3JnJTJGcCUyRm1hc3MtaW50ZWxsaWdlbmNlJnI9M3ZjZWQmdG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpvMk5UQXhNalV6TENKcFlYUWlPakUzTlRZME1UUXlPREFzSW1WNGNDSTZNVGMxT1RBd05qSTRNQ3dpYVhOeklqb2ljSFZpTFRFeE9EQTJORFFpTENKemRXSWlPaUpqYUdWamEyOTFkQ0o5LmwwS0VNeFlTektvbFB3dGFoVUNOYW9XU2dUU2s1ck5pMHJoaG9zMFFFWHMiLCJwIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsInMiOjExODA2NDQsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjY1MDEyNTMsImlhdCI6MTc1NjQxNDI4MCwiZXhwIjoyMDcxOTkwMjgwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMCIsInN1YiI6ImxpbmstcmVkaXJlY3QifQ.4s8uDn78jP1p6ThZT_9_1CImwOWR43OTclh6Ts2wRFM?&utm_medium=email&utm_source=subscribe-widget&utm_content=171951163" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">29</a>]<br /><br />Share [<a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&utm_campaign=email-share&action=share&triggerShare=true&isFreemail=true&r=3vced&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsImlhdCI6MTc1NjQxNDI4MCwiZXhwIjoxNzU5MDA2MjgwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMTE4MDY0NCIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.rzHRjmFCC7-PR3vDvZDge-ELL8EglXSnBFxvZv5GD7g" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">6</a>]<br /><br /> [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/118d5673-af12-4d49-b7b2-5a03b94ea44b?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">30</a>]<br /><br />1<br /><br />This is the energy required to answer a standard prompt. It does not<br />take into account the energy needed to train AI models, which is a<br />one-time process that is very energy intensive. We do not know how much<br />energy is used to create a modern model, but it was estimated that<br />training GPT-4 took a little above 500,000 kWh, about 18 hours of a<br />Boeing 737 in flight.<br /><br />_You're currently a free subscriber to One Useful Thing. Subscriptions<br />are optional but help support my work._<br /><br />Upgrade to paid [<a href="https://substack.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.4s8uDn78jP1p6ThZT_9_1CImwOWR43OTclh6Ts2wRFM?&utm_medium=email&utm_source=subscribe-widget&utm_content=171951163" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">29</a>]<br /><br /> Share [<a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&utm_campaign=email-share&action=share&triggerShare=true&isFreemail=true&r=3vced&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsImlhdCI6MTc1NjQxNDI4MCwiZXhwIjoxNzU5MDA2MjgwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMTE4MDY0NCIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.rzHRjmFCC7-PR3vDvZDge-ELL8EglXSnBFxvZv5GD7g" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">6</a>]<br /><br /> Like [<a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=substack&isFreemail=true&submitLike=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsInJlYWN0aW9uIjoi4p2kIiwiaWF0IjoxNzU2NDE0MjgwLCJleHAiOjE3NTkwMDYyODAsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0xMTgwNjQ0Iiwic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.0_8F5r0jy9bxHa2BuxxqzYceHlx9WHD57DUdwHIg9iY&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=email-reaction&r=3vced" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">4</a>]<br /><br /> Comment [<a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&isFreemail=true&comments=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsImlhdCI6MTc1NjQxNDI4MCwiZXhwIjoxNzU5MDA2MjgwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMTE4MDY0NCIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.rzHRjmFCC7-PR3vDvZDge-ELL8EglXSnBFxvZv5GD7g&r=3vced&utm_campaign=email-half-magic-comments&action=post-comment&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">5</a>]<br /><br /> Restack [<a href="https://substack.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.mL7PeZZIzFp3BMw8Troc1x_0Ql8XUh7K8gi7CkK0P-A?&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">7</a>]<br /><br />(c) 2025 Ethan Mollick<br />548 Market Street PMB 72296, San Francisco, CA 94104 <br />Unsubscribe [<a href="https://substack.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.1ixwiAk-ddcCLSVrnMejaXdc4f9yaj9qIBPdCXxigS4?" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">31</a>]<br /><br /> [<a href="https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zdWJzdGFjay5jb20vc2lnbnVwP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U9c3Vic3RhY2smdXRtX21lZGl1bT1lbWFpbCZ1dG1fY29udGVudD1mb290ZXImdXRtX2NhbXBhaWduPWF1dG9maWxsZWQtZm9vdGVyJmZyZWVTaWdudXBFbWFpbD1tYXJrQFJhdXRlcmt1cy5jb20mcj0zdmNlZCIsInAiOjE3MTk1MTE2MywicyI6MTE4MDY0NCwiZiI6dHJ1ZSwidSI6NjUwMTI1MywiaWF0IjoxNzU2NDE0MjgwLCJleHAiOjIwNzE5OTAyODAsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0wIiwic3ViIjoibGluay1yZWRpcmVjdCJ9.6-sPq8d44o0P80g-vcow7mexD8R-4BSrk3QGEmrkrF0?" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">32</a>] <br /><br /><br /><br />Links:<br />------<br />[1] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cub25ldXNlZnVsdGhpbmcub3JnL3N1YnNjcmliZT91dG1fc291cmNlPWVtYWlsJnV0bV9jYW1wYWlnbj1lbWFpbC1zdWJzY3JpYmUmcj0zdmNlZCZuZXh0PWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGd3d3Lm9uZXVzZWZ1bHRoaW5nLm9yZyUyRnAlMkZtYXNzLWludGVsbGlnZW5jZSIsInAiOjE3MTk1MTE2MywicyI6MTE4MDY0NCwiZiI6dHJ1ZSwidSI6NjUwMTI1MywiaWF0IjoxNzU2NDE0MjgwLCJleHAiOjIwNzE5OTAyODAsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0wIiwic3ViIjoibGluay1yZWRpcmVjdCJ9.8OzqtDbCZ7DzReVVYIFEOyK0WwQnAMrTWdneETeGaLU?" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cub25ldXNlZnVsdGhpbmcub3JnL3N1YnNjcmliZT91dG1fc291cmNlPWVtYWlsJnV0bV9jYW1wYWlnbj1lbWFpbC1zdWJzY3JpYmUmcj0zdmNlZCZuZXh0PWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGd3d3Lm9uZXVzZWZ1bHRoaW5nLm9yZyUyRnAlMkZtYXNzLWludGVsbGlnZW5jZSIsInAiOjE3MTk1MTE2MywicyI6MTE4MDY0NCwiZiI6dHJ1ZSwidSI6NjUwMTI1MywiaWF0IjoxNzU2NDE0MjgwLCJleHAiOjIwNzE5OTAyODAsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0wIiwic3ViIjoibGluay1yZWRpcmVjdCJ9.8OzqtDbCZ7DzReVVYIFEOyK0WwQnAMrTWdneETeGaLU?</a><br />[2] <a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=post-email-title&utm_campaign=email-post-title&isFreemail=true&r=3vced&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsImlhdCI6MTc1NjQxNDI4MCwiZXhwIjoxNzU5MDA2MjgwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMTE4MDY0NCIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.rzHRjmFCC7-PR3vDvZDge-ELL8EglXSnBFxvZv5GD7g" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=post-email-title&utm_campaign=email-post-title&isFreemail=true&r=3vced&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsImlhdCI6MTc1NjQxNDI4MCwiZXhwIjoxNzU5MDA2MjgwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMTE4MDY0NCIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.rzHRjmFCC7-PR3vDvZDge-ELL8EglXSnBFxvZv5GD7g</a><br />[3] <a href="https://substack.com/@oneusefulthing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/@oneusefulthing</a><br />[4] <a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=substack&isFreemail=true&submitLike=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsInJlYWN0aW9uIjoi4p2kIiwiaWF0IjoxNzU2NDE0MjgwLCJleHAiOjE3NTkwMDYyODAsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0xMTgwNjQ0Iiwic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.0_8F5r0jy9bxHa2BuxxqzYceHlx9WHD57DUdwHIg9iY&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=email-reaction&r=3vced" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=substack&isFreemail=true&submitLike=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsInJlYWN0aW9uIjoi4p2kIiwiaWF0IjoxNzU2NDE0MjgwLCJleHAiOjE3NTkwMDYyODAsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0xMTgwNjQ0Iiwic3ViIjoicmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.0_8F5r0jy9bxHa2BuxxqzYceHlx9WHD57DUdwHIg9iY&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=email-reaction&r=3vced</a><br />[5] <a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&isFreemail=true&comments=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsImlhdCI6MTc1NjQxNDI4MCwiZXhwIjoxNzU5MDA2MjgwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMTE4MDY0NCIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.rzHRjmFCC7-PR3vDvZDge-ELL8EglXSnBFxvZv5GD7g&r=3vced&utm_campaign=email-half-magic-comments&action=post-comment&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&isFreemail=true&comments=true&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsImlhdCI6MTc1NjQxNDI4MCwiZXhwIjoxNzU5MDA2MjgwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMTE4MDY0NCIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.rzHRjmFCC7-PR3vDvZDge-ELL8EglXSnBFxvZv5GD7g&r=3vced&utm_campaign=email-half-magic-comments&action=post-comment&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email</a><br />[6] <a href="https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&utm_campaign=email-share&action=share&triggerShare=true&isFreemail=true&r=3vced&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsImlhdCI6MTc1NjQxNDI4MCwiZXhwIjoxNzU5MDA2MjgwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMTE4MDY0NCIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.rzHRjmFCC7-PR3vDvZDge-ELL8EglXSnBFxvZv5GD7g" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/app-link/post?publication_id=1180644&post_id=171951163&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&utm_campaign=email-share&action=share&triggerShare=true&isFreemail=true&r=3vced&token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo2NTAxMjUzLCJwb3N0X2lkIjoxNzE5NTExNjMsImlhdCI6MTc1NjQxNDI4MCwiZXhwIjoxNzU5MDA2MjgwLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMTE4MDY0NCIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.rzHRjmFCC7-PR3vDvZDge-ELL8EglXSnBFxvZv5GD7g</a><br />[7] <a href="https://substack.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.mL7PeZZIzFp3BMw8Troc1x_0Ql8XUh7K8gi7CkK0P-A?&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.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.mL7PeZZIzFp3BMw8Troc1x_0Ql8XUh7K8gi7CkK0P-A?&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email</a><br />[8] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/cad60492-e67b-4f87-bde8-8532f0b74b5c?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/cad60492-e67b-4f87-bde8-8532f0b74b5c?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[9] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/94814645-3bfd-4fd5-b0ef-c0c0846eee15?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/94814645-3bfd-4fd5-b0ef-c0c0846eee15?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[10] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/35cb5eee-c145-468b-a56b-4a86487b3d29?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/35cb5eee-c145-468b-a56b-4a86487b3d29?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[11] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/871c7fb3-e107-43d0-afa8-68ef93f9c6a3?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/871c7fb3-e107-43d0-afa8-68ef93f9c6a3?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[12] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/de35554e-b670-4f23-af23-cab4e2047d57?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/de35554e-b670-4f23-af23-cab4e2047d57?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[13] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/e82cac29-353a-422c-a713-e4f6e188cef6?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/e82cac29-353a-422c-a713-e4f6e188cef6?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[14] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/455704f1-ff7b-4f26-aadf-0fb8f176e7fb?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/455704f1-ff7b-4f26-aadf-0fb8f176e7fb?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[15] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/e211b4c3-c56b-484f-b119-20482b9a2666?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/e211b4c3-c56b-484f-b119-20482b9a2666?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[16] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/f7747a68-9f77-458f-836c-4157d7d87510?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/f7747a68-9f77-458f-836c-4157d7d87510?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[17] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/75c8e95b-5a38-4f49-8c2c-7e65673fb1a8?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/75c8e95b-5a38-4f49-8c2c-7e65673fb1a8?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[18] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/b9a2d2c6-0d54-4850-bdc3-213c30076472?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/b9a2d2c6-0d54-4850-bdc3-213c30076472?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[19] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/c879a6d5-b6c4-45d3-8eae-077e6cae0137?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/c879a6d5-b6c4-45d3-8eae-077e6cae0137?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[20] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/ce47f314-76cc-4641-81a8-62e3146e8f8d?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/ce47f314-76cc-4641-81a8-62e3146e8f8d?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[21] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/75e8ae85-c925-49a8-a19f-53efd8425fd5?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/75e8ae85-c925-49a8-a19f-53efd8425fd5?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[22] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/8d7eb311-499a-4020-85aa-74a32ddfae8d?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/8d7eb311-499a-4020-85aa-74a32ddfae8d?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[23] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/5641105b-b98b-4a07-991e-ced69ae2931a?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/5641105b-b98b-4a07-991e-ced69ae2931a?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[24] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/469654d0-602e-49f8-80f6-3bd0a0342d0f?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/469654d0-602e-49f8-80f6-3bd0a0342d0f?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[25] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/ce5c42ac-eedf-492a-9126-e9951ad49c6f?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/ce5c42ac-eedf-492a-9126-e9951ad49c6f?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[26] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/b76d0d7d-6d36-429e-9687-ca73adce89d8?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/b76d0d7d-6d36-429e-9687-ca73adce89d8?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[27] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/ac4ac5e5-66b8-4c60-b134-bd45d1e906fc?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/ac4ac5e5-66b8-4c60-b134-bd45d1e906fc?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[28] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/569002b3-907a-486f-9943-c9e565765dfe?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/569002b3-907a-486f-9943-c9e565765dfe?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[29] <a href="https://substack.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.4s8uDn78jP1p6ThZT_9_1CImwOWR43OTclh6Ts2wRFM?&utm_medium=email&utm_source=subscribe-widget&utm_content=171951163" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.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.4s8uDn78jP1p6ThZT_9_1CImwOWR43OTclh6Ts2wRFM?&utm_medium=email&utm_source=subscribe-widget&utm_content=171951163</a><br />[30] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/118d5673-af12-4d49-b7b2-5a03b94ea44b?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/118d5673-af12-4d49-b7b2-5a03b94ea44b?j=eyJ1IjoiM3ZjZWQifQ.wUx-GIKFM4U8Tofn9MUWI0QwlqRfQnLnKfRj0LIJg1E</a><br />[31] <a href="https://substack.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.1ixwiAk-ddcCLSVrnMejaXdc4f9yaj9qIBPdCXxigS4?" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.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.1ixwiAk-ddcCLSVrnMejaXdc4f9yaj9qIBPdCXxigS4?</a><br />[32] <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zdWJzdGFjay5jb20vc2lnbnVwP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U9c3Vic3RhY2smdXRtX21lZGl1bT1lbWFpbCZ1dG1fY29udGVudD1mb290ZXImdXRtX2NhbXBhaWduPWF1dG9maWxsZWQtZm9vdGVyJmZyZWVTaWdudXBFbWFpbD1tYXJrQFJhdXRlcmt1cy5jb20mcj0zdmNlZCIsInAiOjE3MTk1MTE2MywicyI6MTE4MDY0NCwiZiI6dHJ1ZSwidSI6NjUwMTI1MywiaWF0IjoxNzU2NDE0MjgwLCJleHAiOjIwNzE5OTAyODAsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0wIiwic3ViIjoibGluay1yZWRpcmVjdCJ9.6-sPq8d44o0P80g-vcow7mexD8R-4BSrk3QGEmrkrF0?" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zdWJzdGFjay5jb20vc2lnbnVwP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U9c3Vic3RhY2smdXRtX21lZGl1bT1lbWFpbCZ1dG1fY29udGVudD1mb290ZXImdXRtX2NhbXBhaWduPWF1dG9maWxsZWQtZm9vdGVyJmZyZWVTaWdudXBFbWFpbD1tYXJrQFJhdXRlcmt1cy5jb20mcj0zdmNlZCIsInAiOjE3MTk1MTE2MywicyI6MTE4MDY0NCwiZiI6dHJ1ZSwidSI6NjUwMTI1MywiaWF0IjoxNzU2NDE0MjgwLCJleHAiOjIwNzE5OTAyODAsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0wIiwic3ViIjoibGluay1yZWRpcmVjdCJ9.6-sPq8d44o0P80g-vcow7mexD8R-4BSrk3QGEmrkrF0?</a></div>
</body></html>