[TheClimate.Vote] January 27, 2018 - Daily Global Warming News Digest
Richard Pauli
richard at theclimate.vote
Sat Jan 27 09:49:01 EST 2018
/January 27, 2018/
[Heat]
*In 2017, the oceans were by far the hottest ever recorded
<https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/jan/26/in-2017-the-oceans-were-by-far-the-hottest-ever-recorded>*
The second-hottest year recorded at Earth's surface was the hottest in
its oceans...
If you want to understand global warming, you need to first understand
ocean warming...
The fact that 2017 was the oceans' hottest year doesn't prove humans are
warming the planet. But, the long term upward trend that extends back
many decades does prove global warming.
- see graph
https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/1d5165c25ea0f76c1840a73632380c5ae1320bc2/0_0_553_297/master/553.jpg
The consequences of this year-after-year-after-year warming have real
impacts on humans. Fortunately, we know why the oceans are warming
(because of human greenhouse gases), and we can do something about it.
We can take action to reduce the heating of our planet by using energy
more wisely and increasing the use of clean and renewable energy (like
wind and solar power).
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/jan/26/in-2017-the-oceans-were-by-far-the-hottest-ever-recorded
[EU skeptic]
*'Shocking': Anger after climate change sceptic becomes EU environment
chief
<http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/eu-environment-chief-neno-dimov-climate-change-sceptic-meps-questions-global-warming-a8179781.html>*
New president of key European body Neno Dimov previously described
phenomenon as a 'hoax used to scare the people'
http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/eu-environment-chief-neno-dimov-climate-change-sceptic-meps-questions-global-warming-a8179781.html
[New York Times]
*Floods Leave Paris Contemplating a Wetter Future
<https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/26/world/europe/france-paris-floods.html>*
Although some experts said it was hard to determine whether global
warming was behind the current flood, others warned that a worrying
pattern was emerging. “Because of climate change, we can expect floods
in the Seine basin to be at least as frequent as they are right now,”
said Florence Habets...
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/26/world/europe/france-paris-floods.html
[experience]
*Why climate change is worsening public health problems
<https://theconversation.com/why-climate-change-is-worsening-public-health-problems-86193>*
Around the world, the health care debate often revolves around access...
Yet focusing on access is not enough. The imperative for access must be
paired with a frank acknowledgment that climate change is making
communities around the world more vulnerable to ill health. A 2017
commission of The Lancet
<http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2817%2932464-9/fulltext?elsca1=tlpr>,
a leading health research journal, tracked the effects of climate change
on health and found evidence of harms "far worse that previously
understood."
In the past year, the health care debate in the U.S. has centered on
attempts to limit or expand access to care. Meanwhile, the Trump
administration has left the Paris climate accord and unraveled
environmental protections for national and transnational corporations –
with little resistance from health advocates. We believe that leaders
must recognize that environmental policy is health policy. Rollbacks of
environmental regulations will cause far greater consequences on health,
in the U.S. and globally, than any health care bill.
https://theconversation.com/why-climate-change-is-worsening-public-health-problems-86193
-
[full text]
*The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: from 25 years of
inaction to a global transformation for public health
<http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2817%2932464-9/fulltext?elsca1=tlpr>*
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32464-9/fulltext?elsca1=tlpr
[the Law]
*Climate Liability Cases 'As American As Apple Pie,' Experts Argue
<https://www.climateliabilitynews.org/2018/01/26/climate-liability-california-lawsuits-ucs/>*
By Dana Drugmand
Climate lawsuits are not new, with examples stretching back to the
George W. Bush administration, but the latest batch have a greater
chance of succeeding, said Ann Carlson, professor of environmental law
at the Emmett Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at UCLA
School of Law. She and several other panelists spoke at a timely
discussion Thursday at UCLA co-sponsored by the Union of Concerned
Scientists (UCS), "Holding Fossil Fuel Companies Liable for Climate
Change Harms in California
<https://secure.ucsusa.org/onlineactions/A0VxquMJike7XF8MKACffA2>."
And while opponents of these suits often argue that the courts are the
wrong place to deal with an issue like climate change, the panelists
said it is the proper venue when the legislative and executive branches
of government fail to act.
"This is as American as apple pie. This is part of our system and we've
been doing this for a very long time," said Ken Kimmell, president of
UCS, in regards to using the courts to hold industry accountable and
effect social change. "I do believe these lawsuits will continue to
cause pressure on these companies."
Although New York City caused a splash by filing a lawsuit against the
largest oil companies last week, the heart of this movement is on the
West Coast.
"California is really the epicenter of this new approach to holding
fossil fuel companies accountable for climate change," ...
A handful of cities and counties in the state have filed suit against
fossil fuel companies so far.
The lawsuits are based on public nuisance claims and some (except
for San Francisco and Oakland) also bring product liability based
claims. In all of the cases, the underlying logic is that the fossil
fuel companies not only bear distinct responsibility for causing the
problem, but they also had knowledge early on about the harm their
product would cause and yet downplayed the risk and worked to
promote misinformation to the public for decades.
The evidence supporting this argument has become much more solid in
recent years. For one, the science connecting the emissions to the
harm is a lot stronger. Recent studies have shown that a majority of
historical carbon and methane emissions can be traced to just 90
companies. Secondly, Carlson explained, plaintiffs are now targeting
the extractors of the product and there is growing evidence about
what the companies knew, based largely on investigative reporting by
InsideClimate News and the Los Angeles Times. These newer cases are
also steered by sophisticated, experienced lawyers, she said.
Beyond acting as a pressure point, the objective is ultimately to hold
the fossil fuel companies accountable for their deceptive behavior and
resulting climate consequences. Corporate accountability is a key part
of climate and environmental justice, several of the speakers pointed out.
Gladys Limon, executive director of California Environmental Justice
Alliance, explained that low-income communities and communities of color
are most at risk of impacts from climate change, yet they are often
leading the fight on the frontlines. Governments, she said, should be
stepping up to protect their citizens. "We need the sort of leadership
that demands accountability from the oil industry," she said.
https://www.climateliabilitynews.org/2018/01/26/climate-liability-california-lawsuits-ucs/
[Politics]
*The Mercers, Trump's Billionaire Megadonors, Ramp Up Climate Change
Denial Funding
<https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/mercers-climate-denial_us_5a6a4661e4b06e253265e832>*
The New York financiers' donations to climate misinformation think tanks
are finally attracting the scrutiny long reserved for the Koch brothers
and Exxon Mobil.
The Mercers are less well known as patrons of the climate change denial
movement, yet their spending has been equally generous and appears to be
increasing, according to new, previously unreleased tax filings reviewed
by HuffPost.
The Mercer Family Foundation in 2016 gave $800,000 to the Heartland
Institute, a right-wing think tank and major proponent of climate change
denialism, up from $100,000 the previous year. Heartland received about
$5.2 million in average annual income between 2011 and 2015, meaning the
Mercers' donation could make up 15 percent of the organization's funding
in 2016...
The foundation gave $200,000 for a second year in a row to the Oregon
Institute of Science and Medicine, a discredited medial research group
best known for spreading a hoax petition in 2009 claiming that 30,000
climatologists rejected global warming. Based on the organization's
average income for the last few years, that donation could make up
anywhere from one-third to 62 percent of its budget. ..
The Mercers made first-time donations to two other prominent groups last
year: the CO2 Coalition, an organization born from the ashes of the
defunct George C. Marshall Institute, which denied global warming and
lobbied against the science behind acid rain and smoking-caused cancer,
received $150,000; and the Arizona-based Center for the Study of Carbon
Dioxide and Global Change, an oil-funded think tank run by former
Peabody Energy executive Craig Idso, got $125,000...
The spending is notable not only for the large amounts, but because it
seems to mark a shift in the world of climate-denial funding, which was
once bolstered mainly by fossil fuel titans like Koch Industries and
Exxon Mobil Corp. but has now become too extreme even for some of its
original benefactors.
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/mercers-climate-denial_us_5a6a4661e4b06e253265e832
[invention creation]
*Scientists create smart windows that actually generate electricity
<https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/scientists-create-smart-windows-actually-generate-electricity>*
Smart windows that are transparent when it's dark or cool but
automatically darken when the sun is too bright are increasingly popular
energy-saving devices. But imagine that when the window is darkened, it
simultaneously produces electricity.
Such a material - a photovoltaic glass that is also reversibly
thermochromic - is a green technology researchers have long worked
toward, and now, scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
(Berkeley Lab) have demonstrated a way to make it work.
Researchers at Berkeley Lab, a Department of Energy (DOE) national lab,
discovered that a form of perovskite, one of the hottest materials in
solar research currently due to its high conversion efficiency, works
surprisingly well as a stable and photoactive semiconductor material
that can be reversibly switched between a transparent state and a
non-transparent state, without degrading its electronic properties....
Halide perovskite materials are compounds that have the crystal
structure of the mineral perovskite. Its unique properties, high
efficiency rates, and ease of processing have made it one of the most
promising developments in solar technology in recent years....
https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/scientists-create-smart-windows-actually-generate-electricity
-
[Nature Materials]*
**Thermochromic halide perovskite solar cells
<https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-017-0006-0>*
Abstract
Smart photovoltaic windows represent a promising green technology
featuring tunable transparency and electrical power generation under
external stimuli to control the light transmission and manage the solar
energy. Here, we demonstrate a thermochromic solar cell for smart
photovoltaic window applications utilizing the structural phase
transitions in inorganic halide perovskite caesium lead iodide/bromide.
The solar cells undergo thermally-driven, moisture-mediated reversible
transitions between a transparent non-perovskite phase (81.7% visible
transparency) with low power output and a deeply coloured perovskite
phase (35.4% visible transparency) with high power output. The inorganic
perovskites exhibit tunable colours and transparencies, a peak device
efficiency above 7%, and a phase transition temperature as low as
105 °C. We demonstrate excellent device stability over repeated phase
transition cycles without colour fade or performance degradation. The
photovoltaic windows showing both photoactivity and thermochromic
features represent key stepping-stones for integration with buildings,
automobiles, information displays, and potentially many other technologies.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-017-0006-0
[Classic Social Insights from 2015]
*Improving Public Engagement With Climate Change: Five "Best Practice"
Insights From Psychological Science
<https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/slinden/files/ppsfinal.pdf>*
Sander van der Linden, Edward Maibach, and Anthony Leiserowitz
Nov 17, 2015 - Despite being one of the most important societal
challenges of the 21st century, public engagement with climate
change...these key psychological principles can be applied to support
societal engagement and climate change policymaking.
https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/slinden/files/ppsfinal.pdf
*Abstract*
Despite being one of the most important societal challenges of the
21st century, public engagement with climate change currently
remains low in the United States. Mounting evidence from across the
behavioral sciences has found that most people regard climate change
as a nonurgent and psychologically distant risk-spatially,
temporally, and socially-which has led to deferred public decision
making about mitigation and adaptation responses. In this article,
we advance five simple but important "best practice" insights from
psychological science that can help governments improve public
policymaking about climate change. Particularly, instead of a
future, distant, global, nonpersonal, and analytical risk that is
often framed as an overt loss for society, we argue that
policymakers should (a) emphasize climate change as a present,
local, and personal risk; (b) facilitate more affective and
experiential engagement; (c) leverage relevant social group norms;
(d) frame policy solutions in terms of what can be gained from
immediate action; and (e) appeal to intrinsically valued long-term
environmental goals and outcomes. With practical examples we
illustrate how these key psychological principles can be applied to
support societal engagement and climate change policymaking.
Overview of Key Psychological Lessons and Policy Advice
Psychological lesson Policy guideline
Example policy recommendation
*1. The human brain privileges experience over analysis*
Highlight relevant personal experiences through affective recall,
stories, and metaphors.
The National Park Service (NPS) gives concrete examples of how climate
change has already harmed natural resources in specific parks.
*2. People are social beings *who respond to group norms
Activate and leverage relevant social group norms to promote and
increase collective action.
Government climate science agencies could improve efforts to highlight
descriptive norms (e.g., the scientific consensus on human-caused
climate change).
*3. Out of sight, out of mind:****reduce psychological****distance*
Emphasize the present and make climate change impacts and solutions
locally relevant.
NASA and The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are
supporting efforts to enable TV meteorologists to educate their viewers
about current local climate change impacts.
*4. Nobody likes losing but****everyone likes gaining*
Frame policy solutions in terms of what can be gained (not in terms of
what is lost).
The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) "Clean Power Plan" focuses
on cleaning up the nation's fuel supply, which will help clean up the
nation's air and water, providing direct health benefits to all Americans.
*5. Tapping the potential of****human motivation*
Leverage intrinsic motivation to support long-term environmental goals.
The President, Congress, and all federal agencies should be openly
aspirational in designing climate policy initiatives that tap into
citizens' deeply
*Conclusion*
This memo describes five "best practice" insights from psychological
science to help improve public decision making about climate change.
We argue that climate change has traditionally been framed as an
analytical, temporally and spatially distant risk that represents an
(uncertain) future loss for society. Yet, psychological research
suggests that in order to improve public engagement with the issue,
policymakers should emphasize climate change as an experiential,
local and present risk; define and leverage relevant social group
norms; highlightthe tangible gains associated with immediate action;
and last, but certainly not least, appeal to long-term motivators of
pro-environmental behavior and decision making.
Download, view
https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/slinden/files/ppsfinal.pdf
-
[Psychologist's response:]
*IN CLIMATE CHANGE, PSYCHOLOGY OFTEN GETS LOST IN TRANSLATION
<https://psmag.com/environment/in-climate-change-psychology-often-gets-lost-in-translation>*
Why do we only allow a narrow sliver of psychological research to
influence the discussion around climate change?
RENEE LERTZMAN - NOV 24, 2015
...it's now become acceptable to acknowledge that climate change is, in
fact, not only a scientific, political, economic, technical, and
industrial issue, but also a deeply psychological one. To reckon with
this "super-wicked problem
<http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11077-012-9151-0>"
effectively, there is a growing awareness that we cannot ignore the
underlying psychological dimensions that inform engagement, innovation,
and political response.
The authors focus on five main points that many consider to be the most
significant cognitive and communicative challenges to understanding
climate change threats....
While these are all sound insights, they reflect a particular way of
approaching the problem of climate change engagement, and they fail to
keep in mind two things: Psychology is a very broad field, and there is
no such thing as a "unified" psychological take on climate change...
Mistaking these parts for the whole of psychology risks limiting our
ability to recognize what the full field can offer in addressing our
most immediate and urgent challenges, whether at government-level
policymaking or community-level grassroots organizing.
There exist other rich traditions in psychological research, originally
focused on clinical and psychotherapeutic contexts, and these traditions
also inform research methods. For those working in these fields-that is,
working experientially and directly with people in a therapeutic or
counseling context-the primary focus tends to be on how people manage
distressing, often threatening information or experiences. There's a
broad recognition in clinical psychology that humans engage-not only as
individuals, but as social beings-in often less conscious or unconscious
strategies to manage anxieties, losses, and trauma: denial, projection,
splitting the world into good/bad, and so on. These are very human
responses to confronting difficult news, including the unintended
consequences of our industrial practices for life on the planet.
Perhaps particularly salient to climate change, clinical and
psychotherapeutic psychology has a lot to say on the topic of anxiety,
loss, grief, mourning, and despair. Understanding how humans relate to
loss, even if it's anticipatory ("What is going to happen to my
house/children/land?") may also help us appreciate why more people are
not engaging at the levels required to truly turn the ship around. The
response from a more clinical orientation is to practice compassionate
"acknowledgement"- to demonstrate an understanding of what may be
difficult, so that we can move quickly into solutions...
Perhaps we have trouble grasping the abstract nature of climate change
because it's too scary to contemplate, unless there's a sense of a
solution. Perhaps we need to not shy away from the potential losses
relating to climate change, but to find skillful ways of acknowledging
loss while turning our sights to the enormous opportunities we have for
an even better life if we act accordingly. Perhaps, rather than focusing
on only the cognitive challenges, we can come up with innovative ways of
measuring the experience of climate change that include conflicts and
dilemmas that can make it hard to respond, so we can capably support,
facilitate, and enable collective forms of engagement. Then we'd really
be on to something big.
https://psmag.com/environment/in-climate-change-psychology-often-gets-lost-in-translation
[Book blurb]
*Climate Change as Social Drama: Global Warming in the Public Sphere
<https://www.amazon.com/dp/1107503051>*
Paperback - May 7, 2015
by Philip Smith, Nicolas Howe
Climate change is not just a scientific fact, nor merely a social
and political problem. It is also a set of stories and characters
that amount to a social drama.This drama, as much as hard scientific
or political realities, shapes perception of the problem. Drs. Smith
and Howe use the perspective of cultural sociology and Aristotle's
timeless theories about narrative and rhetoric to explore this
meaningful and visible surface of climate change in the public
sphere. Whereas most research wants to explain barriers to
awareness, here we switch the agenda to look at the moments when
global warming actually gets attention. Chapters consider struggles
over apocalyptic scenarios, explain the success of Al Gore and An
Inconvenient Truth, unpack the deeper social meanings of the climate
conference and "Climategate," critique failed advertising campaigns
and climate art, and question the much touted transformative
potential of natural disasters such as Superstorm Sandy.
*Review*
"Climate Change as Social Drama brings the powerful theoretical
approaches developed by cultural sociology to the study of climate
change. Through a detailed rhetorical analysis of key areas of
contention, Philip Smith and Nicolas Howe provide a unique and
insightful perspective on the contentious debate on climate change.
This intellectual intervention provides a new way to think about
this issue, as well as contributes to the development of cultural
sociology. Kudos to Smith and Howe."
Robert J. Brulle, Drexel University, Philadelphia
"The climate science community has long been calling for social
analyses of how culture shapes public perception of climate change.
Climate Change as Social Drama launches that conversation with a
beautifully crafted and cogent response."
Kari Marie Norgaard, author of Living in Denial: Climate Change,
Emotions and Everyday Life
"This is a wonderfully erudite and expositional book rooted in the
new cultural sociology. It is also an exceptional book for our
times. Climate Change as Social Drama provides theoretically
original and penetrating insights into the unfolding dynamics and
possibilities of recognizing climate change as one of the most
serious threats confronting humankind today. Scholars and students,
activists and citizens, and all those who are concerned not only
with the deficiencies of climate change communications but also
their unrealized possibilities should read it."
Simon Cottle, Cardiff University
"For too long, too many earnest people have believed that the key to
untying the Gordian knot of climate change lay in science - more
science, better science, more consensual science. In this
beautifully written book, Smith and Howe decisively give the lie to
this belief. The key to acting in the world is to be found in the
different ways in which the social drama that is climate change is
made meaningful to people. This book needs to be read by climate
scientists, policy advisors, and activists alike."
Mike Hulme, King's College London
'I read this book with great interest and enthusiasm. It is well
written and well argued; the authors successfully achieve their
objective of 'generating scholarly debate'. They convincingly
contend that ''tool kits' are only part of the equation' and then
show how context and universal constructions of social dramas
combine in compelling ways.' Maxwell Boykoff, American Journal of
Sociology
*Book Description*
Climate Change as Social Drama looks at climate change in the mass media
and in public communication. Accessible and provocative chapters include
the rise of the apocalyptic scenario in public debate, the success of Al
Gore's An Inconvenient Truth, climate art and ill-conceived advertising
campaigns, the meaning of recent climate conferences, and the impacts of
climate-linked natural disasters.
*About the Author*
Philip Smith is Professor of Sociology and co-Director of the Yale
Center for Cultural Sociology. His work explores the meaningful nature
of social life as it plays out in a communicative public sphere. He is
author of Why War? (2005) and Punishment and Culture (2008) and
co-author of Incivility: The Rude Stranger in Everyday Life (Cambridge
University Press, 2010), as well as a dozen other books and edited
collections.
https://www.amazon.com/dp/1107503051
-
[Book review]
*Review of the book Climate Change as Social Drama: Global Warming in
the Public Sphere, by Philip Smith and Nicolas Howe*
<https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/2292/31736/Climate%20Change%20as%20Social%20Drama.pdf?sequence=30>
Matthewman, Steven
"Here their novel contribution is to suggest that climate change is more
than a scientific fact or a political problem, it is also a social
drama. Indeed, if we see climate change as such, replete with
characters, sets, plots and genres, we stand a chance of shifting the
status quo, to go from knowing about the issue to actually doing
something about it."...
"While there is a world of difference between the plays of classical
antiquity and contemporary social life, the authors assert that a
fundamental point of comparison still holds: 'the world of public
affairs is very much one that is constructed by players, narrated by
observers, and read by audiences in a dramatic mode' (emphasis in
original, p. 36)."...
"It is not simply a matter of what is said, but also of who says it and
how it is received. A compelling performance requires logos (logical
argument), ethos (a speaker of good moral fiber) and pathos (audience
receptivity). Science typically relies on logos, but in the plausibility
stakes Aristotle recognized that pathos and ethos are more important
still. For him, credibility and morality are fused. To be believable, a
speaker must show good sense (phronesis), good will (eunoia) and good
character (arete). When these have not been on display, as when the
University of East Anglia's Climate Research Unit had its emails hacked
and leaked, the results have been catastrophic for the cause. In this
instance the science became superfluous. Focus fell on the motivations
of the scientists instead."...
Smith and Howe conclude that mobilisation requires convincing genres and
characters. Everything boils down to the question of trust. Tragedy and
satire speak to futility. Romance, with its emphasis on heroism, triumph
in the face of adversity and eventual social integration, fits the bill.
'Only if we embrace romance and its associated world-transforming,
solidaristic opportunities can we avoid a hot, unjust, and dangerous
future' (p. 40). Activists would be well advised to deploy their
rhetoric thoughtfully and display the proper ethos. Science is helpful
but, as the cases detailed in the book show, it needs to be supplemented
by the alignment of action, ethos and location. In climate change's
social drama, place matters twofold, as shaper of shared memory and as
something precious to be spared from disaster. While Smith and Howe are
correct to note that we await "the Tahir or Tiananmen Square of climate
change" (p. 168) thanks to them we know the sorts of performances
required of us when we get there.
https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/2292/31736/Climate%20Change%20as%20Social%20Drama.pdf?sequence=30
*This Day in Climate History January 27, 1995
<http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/27/us/a-global-warming-resumed-in-1994-climate-data-show.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm>
- from D.R. Tucker*
January 27, 1995: The New York Times reports:
"Whatever happened to global warming? The question was on many lips a
year ago, when the northeastern United States suffered through its
bitterest winter in years. Now an exceptionally warm winter has
whipsawed perceptions about the world's climate once again.
"An answer has become apparent in annual climatic statistics in the
last few days: global warming, interrupted as a result of the mid-1991
eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, has resumed -- just as
many experts had predicted.
"After a two-year cooling period, the average temperature of the
earth's surface rebounded in 1994 to the high levels of the 1980's,
the warmest decade ever recorded, according to three sets of data in
the United States and Britain.
"The earth's average surface temperature last year closely approached
the record high of almost 60 degrees measured in 1990. That was the
last full year before the Pinatubo eruption, which cooled the earth by
injecting into the atmosphere a haze of sulfurous droplets that
reflected some of the sun's heat."
http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/27/us/a-global-warming-resumed-in-1994-climate-data-show.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
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