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<font size="+1"><i>November 6, 2017<br>
</i></font> <b><br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://cop23.unfccc.int/cop23/social-media"> Social Media
for UN Climate Change Conference - November 2017</a></b><br>
Along with live webcast, social media community tools such as
Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Flickr enable virtual participation
in the UN Climate Change Conference in Bonn (COP23). See the full
list of our social media accounts below, and those of the Fijian
COP23 Presidency.<br>
Information on which sessions will be webcast live each day will be
made available in the daily programme, and on the <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://unfccc.int/meetings/bonn_nov_2017/meeting/10084.php">main
meetings page</a> and also on the webcast interface that will be
made available closer to the conference.<br>
The main Twitter hashtag for the event is #COP23.<br>
Apps, Platforms and Accounts<br>
A UNFCCC Negotiator app collects all the information in one place,
including social media and webcast.<br>
App for <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://unfccc.int/iphoneapp">Iphone/Ipad</a><br>
App for <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://unfccc.int/androidapp">Android </a><br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://cop23.unfccc.int/cop23/social-media">https://cop23.unfccc.int/cop23/social-media</a></font><br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.youtube.com/user/climateconference/featured">YouTube
channel Climateconference </a><br>
<font size="-2"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/user/climateconference/featured">https://www.youtube.com/user/climateconference/featured</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://science2017.globalchange.gov/">Climate Science
Special Report</a></b><br>
Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), Volume I<br>
This report is an authoritative assessment of the science of climate
change, with a focus on the United States. It represents the first
of two volumes of the Fourth National Climate Assessment, mandated
by the Global Change Research Act of 1990.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://science2017.globalchange.gov/">https://science2017.globalchange.gov/</a>
doi: 10.7930/J0J964J6.<br>
</font><b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/executive-summary/">Highlights
of the Findings of the U.S. Global Change Research Program
Climate Science Special Report</a></b><br>
<i>Executive Summary</i><br>
The climate of the United States is strongly connected to the
changing global climate. The statements below highlight past,
current, and projected climate changes for the United States and the
globe.
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; width:
770px; padding-right: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family:
"Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial,
sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2;
text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial;">Global annually averaged surface air temperature has
increased by about 1.8degreesF (1.0 degrees C) over the last 115
years (1901-2016).<span> </span><span class="blue"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(45, 86, 119);"><strong
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600;">This period
is now the warmest in the history of modern civilization.</strong></span><span> </span>The
last few years have also seen record-breaking, climate-related
weather extremes, and the last three years have been the warmest
years on record for the globe. These trends are expected to
continue over climate timescales.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; width:
770px; padding-right: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family:
"Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial,
sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2;
text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial;">This assessment concludes, based on extensive evidence,
that it is extremely likely that<span> </span><span class="blue"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(45, 86, 119);"><strong
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600;">human
activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the
dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th
century</strong></span>. For the warming over the last
century, there is no convincing alternative explanation supported
by the extent of the observational evidence.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; width:
770px; padding-right: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family:
"Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial,
sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2;
text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial;">In addition to warming, many other aspects of global
climate are changing, primarily in response to human activities.<span> </span><span
class="blue" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(45, 86,
119);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600;">Thousands
of studies conducted by researchers around the world have
documented changes in surface, atmospheric, and oceanic
temperatures; melting glaciers; diminishing snow cover;
shrinking sea ice; rising sea levels;<span> </span>ocean
acidification; and increasing atmospheric water vapor</strong></span>.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; width:
770px; padding-right: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family:
"Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial,
sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2;
text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial;">For example,<span> </span><span class="blue"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(45, 86, 119);"><strong
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600;">global
average sea level has risen by about 7-8 inches</strong></span><span> </span>since
1900, with almost half (about 3 inches) of that rise occurring
since 1993. Human-caused climate change has made a substantial
contribution to this rise since 1900, contributing to a rate of
rise that is greater than during any preceding century in at least
2,800 years. Global sea level rise has already affected the United
States;<span> </span><span class="blue" style="box-sizing:
border-box; color: rgb(45, 86, 119);"><strong style="box-sizing:
border-box; font-weight: 600;">the incidence of daily tidal
flooding is accelerating in more than 25 Atlantic and Gulf
Coast cities</strong></span>.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; width:
770px; padding-right: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family:
"Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial,
sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2;
text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial;"><span class="blue" style="box-sizing: border-box; color:
rgb(45, 86, 119);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;
font-weight: 600;">Global average sea levels are expected to
continue to rise - by at least several inches in the next 15
years and by 1- 4 feet by 2100. A rise of as much as 8 feet by
2100 cannot be ruled out</strong></span>. Sea level rise will
be higher than the global average on the East and Gulf Coasts of
the United States.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; width:
770px; padding-right: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family:
"Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial,
sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2;
text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial;">Changes in the characteristics of extreme events are
particularly important for human safety, infrastructure,
agriculture, water quality and quantity, and natural ecosystems.<span> </span><span
class="blue" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(45, 86,
119);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600;">Heavy
rainfall is increasing in intensity and frequency across the
United States and globally and is expected to continue to
increase</strong></span>. The largest observed changes in the
United States have occurred in the Northeast.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; width:
770px; padding-right: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family:
"Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial,
sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2;
text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial;"><span class="blue" style="box-sizing: border-box; color:
rgb(45, 86, 119);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;
font-weight: 600;">Heatwaves have become more frequent in the
United States since the 1960s, while extreme cold temperatures
and cold waves are less frequent</strong></span>. Recent
record-setting hot years are projected to become common in the
near future for the United States, as annual average temperatures
continue to rise. Annual average temperature over the contiguous
United States has increased by 1.8 degrees F (1.0 degrees C) for
the period 1901-2016;<span> </span><span class="blue"
style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(45, 86, 119);"><strong
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600;">over the
next few decades (2021-2050), annual average temperatures are
expected to rise by about 2.5 degrees F for the United States,
relative to the recent past (average from 1976-2005), under
all plausible future climate<span> </span>scenarios.</strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; width:
770px; padding-right: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family:
"Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial,
sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2;
text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial;"><span class="blue" style="box-sizing: border-box; color:
rgb(45, 86, 119);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;
font-weight: 600;">The incidence of large forest fires in the
western United States and Alaska has increased since the early
1980s and is projected to further increase</strong></span><span> </span>in
those regions as the climate changes, with profound changes to
regional ecosystems.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; width:
770px; padding-right: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family:
"Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial,
sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2;
text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial;"><span class="blue" style="box-sizing: border-box; color:
rgb(45, 86, 119);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;
font-weight: 600;">Annual trends toward earlier spring melt
and reduced snowpack are already affecting water resources in
the western United States</strong></span><span> </span>and
these trends are expected to continue. Under higher scenarios, and
assuming no change to current water resources management,<span> </span><span
class="blue" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(45, 86,
119);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600;">chronic,
long-durationhydrological drought<span> </span>is increasingly
possible before the end of this century</strong></span>.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; width:
770px; padding-right: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family:
"Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial,
sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2;
text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial;"><span class="blue" style="box-sizing: border-box; color:
rgb(45, 86, 119);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;
font-weight: 600;">The magnitude of climate change beyond the
next few decades will depend primarily on the amount of
greenhouse gases (especially carbon dioxide) emitted globally</strong></span>.
Without major reductions in emissions, the increase in annual
average global temperature relative to preindustrial times could
reach 9degreesF (5 degrees C) or more by the end of this century.<span> </span><span
class="blue" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(45, 86,
119);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600;">With
significant reductions in emissions, the increase in annual
average global temperature could be limited to 3.6 degrees F
(2</strong><strong> degrees C</strong><strong
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600;">) or less.</strong></span></p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; width:
770px; padding-right: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family:
"Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial,
sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2;
text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial;"><span class="blue" style="box-sizing: border-box; color:
rgb(45, 86, 119);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;
font-weight: 600;">The global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)
concentration has now passed 400 parts per million (ppm), a
level that last occurred about 3 million years ago, when both
global average temperature and sea level were significantly
higher than today</strong></span>. Continued growth in CO<sub
style="box-sizing: border-box; position: relative; font-size:
12px; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; bottom:
-0.25em;">2</sub><span> </span>emissions over this century and
beyond would lead to an atmospheric concentration not experienced
in tens to hundreds of millions of years. There is broad consensus
that the further and the faster the Earth system is pushed towards
warming, the greater the risk of unanticipated changes and
impacts, some of which are potentially large and<span> </span>irreversible.</p>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; width:
770px; padding-right: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family:
"Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial,
sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2;
text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial;">The observed increase in carbon emissions over the past
15-20 years has been consistent with higher emissions pathways.<span> </span><span
class="blue" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(45, 86,
119);"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600;">In
2014 and 2015, emission growth rates slowed as economic growth
became less carbon-intensive</strong></span>. Even if this
slowing trend continues, however, it is not yet at a rate that
would limit global average temperature change to well below
3.6degreesF (2 degrees C) above preindustrial levels...</p>
This Climate Science Special Report (CSSR) is designed to capture
that new information and build on the existing body of science in
order to summarize the current state of knowledge and provide the
scientific foundation for the Fourth National Climate Assessment
(NCA4).<br>
Since NCA3, stronger evidence has emerged for continuing, rapid,
human-caused warming of the global atmosphere and ocean. This report
concludes that "it is extremely likely that human influence has been
the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th
century. For the warming over the last century, there is no
convincing alternative explanation supported by the extent of the
observational evidence."...<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/executive-summary/">https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/executive-summary/</a></font><br>
<br>
<b><br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/anti-coal-protesters-march-germany-climate-meet-50941874">Anti-coal
protesters march in Germany before climate meet</a><br>
</b>More than 2,500 anti-coal demonstrators protested in the western
German town of Kerpen and at a nearby surface-mining site before an
upcoming global climate conference in Bonn.<br>
The dpa news agency reported Sunday that a large group of the
initial protesters split off to march on the mining site behind a
banner reading "We Are Nature Defending Itself."<br>
Riot police scuffled with some of the demonstrators but there were
no major incidents reported.<br>
German leader Angela Merkel has been dubbed the "Climate Chancellor"
for her ambitious targets for renewable energy, but Germany still
gets about 40 percent of its electricity from coal-fired plants.<br>
Before the 2017 U.N. Climate Conference that begins Monday, many
protesters have been urging her to move faster to wean the country
off coal.<font size="-2"><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/anti-coal-protesters-march-germany-climate-meet-50941874">http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/anti-coal-protesters-march-germany-climate-meet-50941874</a></font><b><br>
<br>
<br>
<a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/the-world-shrugs-at-trump-as-global-climate-meeting-begins-in-bonn/2017/11/03/fd2029d6-bf4d-11e7-8444-a0d4f04b89eb_story.html?utm_term=.535a7faafda3">The
world shrugs at Trump as global climate meeting begins in Bonn</a><br>
</b>As delegates gather Monday in Bonn, Germany, for this year's
annual international climate talks, the United States finds itself
largely on the sidelines. And the rest of the world seems to be
reacting to the Trump administration with a collective shrug.<b><br>
</b><font size="-2"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/the-world-shrugs-at-trump-as-global-climate-meeting-begins-in-bonn/2017/11/03/fd2029d6-bf4d-11e7-8444-a0d4f04b89eb_story.html?utm_term=.535a7faafda3">https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/the-world-shrugs-at-trump-as-global-climate-meeting-begins-in-bonn/2017/11/03/fd2029d6-bf4d-11e7-8444-a0d4f04b89eb_story.html?utm_term=.535a7faafda3</a></font><b><font
size="-2"><br>
</font></b>-<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.nature.com/news/climate-meetings-pose-serious-test-in-the-trump-era-1.22795">Climate
meetings pose serious test in the Trump era</a></b><br>
Even so, the rest of the world has pledged to stand firm. The first
conference of the parties to the agreement in the Trump era must now
work out how to proceed without the world's largest economy. In
theory, the annual climate roller coaster is idling through one of
the low-key phases in which success is measured by nothing going
wrong. In practice, the Bonn meeting will serve as a litmus test of
how the rest of the world plans to stand united and to keep the
spirit of Paris alive.<br>
<font size="-2"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.nature.com/news/climate-meetings-pose-serious-test-in-the-trump-era-1.22795">https://www.nature.com/news/climate-meetings-pose-serious-test-in-the-trump-era-1.22795</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/nov/05/donald-trump-accused-blocking-satellite-climate-change-research">Donald
Trump accused of obstructing satellite research into climate
change</a></b><br>
Robin McKie Observer science editor<br>
President Trump has been accused of deliberately obstructing
research on global warming after it emerged that a critically
important technique for investigating sea-ice cover at the poles
faces being blocked.<br>
The row has erupted after a key polar satellite broke down a few
days ago, leaving the US with only three ageing ones, each operating
long past their shelf lives, to measure the Arctic's dwindling ice
cap. Scientists say there is no chance a new one can now be launched
until 2023 or later. None of the current satellites will still be in
operation then.<br>
The crisis has been worsened because the US Congress this year
insisted that a backup sea-ice probe had to be dismantled because it
did not want to provide funds to keep it in storage. Congress is
currently under the control of Republicans, who are antagonistic to
climate science and the study of global warming.<br>
"This is like throwing away the medical records of a sick patient,"
said David Gallaher of the National Snow and Ice Data Center in
Boulder, Colorado. "Our world is ailing and we have apparently
decided to undermine, quite deliberately, the effectiveness of the
records on which its recovery might be based. It is criminal."<br>
The threat to the US sea-ice monitoring programme - which supplies
data to scientists around the world - will trigger further
accusations at this week's international climate talks in Bonn that
the Trump administration is trying to block studies of global
warming for ideological reasons.<br>
Earth's sea ice has shrunk dramatically - particularly in the Arctic
- in recent years as rising emissions of greenhouse gases have
warmed the planet. Satellites have been vital in assessing this
loss, thanks mainly to America's Defence Meteorological Satellite
Programme (DMSP), which has overseen the construction of eight
F-series satellites that use microwaves sensors to monitor sea-ice
coverage. These probes, which have lifespans of three to five years,
have shown that millions of square kilometres of sea ice have
disappeared from the Arctic over the past 20 years, allowing less
solar energy to be reflected back into space - and so further
increasing global temperatures - while also disrupting Inuit life
and wildlife in the region.<br>
At present three ageing satellites - DMSP F16, F17 and F18 - remain
in operation, though they are all beginning to drift out of their
orbits over the poles. The latest satellite in the series, F19,
began to suffer sensor malfunctions last year and finally broke down
a few weeks ago. It should have been replaced with the F20 probe,
which had already been built and was being kept in storage by the US
Air Force. However it had to be destroyed, on the orders of the US
Congress, on the grounds that its storage was too costly.<br>
Many scientists say this decision was made for purely ideological
reasons. They also warn that many other projects for monitoring
climate change, including several satellite missions, face similar
threats from the Trump administration and Congress.<br>
Such losses have serious consequences, say researchers. "Sea-ice
data provided by satellites is essential for initiating climate
models and validating them," said Andrew Fleming of the British
Antarctic Survey. "We will be very much the poorer without that
information."<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/nov/05/donald-trump-accused-blocking-satellite-climate-change-research">https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/nov/05/donald-trump-accused-blocking-satellite-climate-change-research</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://public.wmo.int/en/wmo-statement-state-of-global-climate-2017"><b>WMO
Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2017</b></a><br>
Every year, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) issues a
Statement on the State of the Global Climate based on data provided
by National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) and
other national and international organizations. For more than 20
years, these reports have been published in the six official
languages of the United Nations to inform governments, international
agencies, other WMO partners and the general public about the global
climate and significant weather and climate trends and events at the
global and regional levels.<br>
The Statement on the State of the Global Climate will be structured
in two strands including physical aspects coordinated by WMO with
authors from international scientific institutions and a strand on
impact aspects which will be coordinated by another UN agency. The
final release of the Publication is expected in March 2018.<br>
A provisional Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2017
will be released at the Occasion of the 23rd Conference of Parties
(COP 23) which will be held in Bonn, Germany, from 6 to 17 November
2017. It will provide an assessment of the State of the global
climate during the period January-September 2017. The <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://ane4bf-datap1.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wmocms/s3fs-public/ckeditor/files/Planning_for_the_Statement_Global_Climate_2017.pdf?6LBx8GXPi4hBSJ0aTQNPXYQ6jo1rt9r9">planning
for contribution and release of the provisional Statement</a> is
now available. <i>(pdf)</i><br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://public.wmo.int/en/wmo-statement-state-of-global-climate-2017">https://public.wmo.int/en/wmo-statement-state-of-global-climate-2017</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2017/nov/03/what-do-jellyfish-teach-us-about-climate-change">What
do Jellyfish teach us about climate change?</a></b><br>
What do Jellyfish teach us about climate change?<br>
A lot. At least that's what I learned after reading a very recent
paper out in the journal Global Climate Change. The article, "Ocean
acidification alters zooplankton communities and increases top-down
pressure of a cubazoan predator," was authored by an international
team of scientists - the paper looks at impacts of climate change on
life in the world's oceans.<br>
I recall attending a horse-pulling contest as a child. The announcer
at the event said something strange that stuck with me all these
years. He said that two horses pulling a load at the same time are
more effective than if the two horses pulled separately and their
loads were added. That is, something about two horses working
together made them greater than the sum of their parts. This study
is a lot like those horses.<br>
What they found was really interesting. While both changes to
chemistry and introduction of predators affected the populations of
calanoids, the simultaneous actions of acidification and predators
was greater than the individual actions. So, we see the analogy with
the horses....<br>
Why are the combined effects of these two changes more potent? The
authors give clues. If, for instance, a more acidic ocean reduces
the metabolic efficiency of the creatures, then they will have less
energy to escape predators. In fact, these calanoid creatures are
known to escape predators by making a jump or a series of jumps.
Consequently, in non-altered water, only about 1% of hunting tries
are successful. But, in altered water, with less energy for the
calanoids, perhaps more jellyfish hunts end in a meal. <br>
There may be other explanations - certainly future research will
shed more light on this. But, already we can learn a lot. First,
simply adding the effects of climate change phenomena may lead to an
underestimate of impact. This underestimate may be true beyond the
biological world. For instance, as storms become stronger with both
winds and precipitation increasing, we may find that the damage will
increase more than the separate stories of increasing wind and
increasing precipitation. Similarly, increased temperature and
decreased frequency of rain may cause more severe droughts than
expected by the separate influences of these trends<br>
Fascinating stuff; I can't wait to read the next study from these
authors. I also can't wait to see if others apply this new insight
to different climate change problems.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2017/nov/03/what-do-jellyfish-teach-us-about-climate-change">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2017/nov/03/what-do-jellyfish-teach-us-about-climate-change</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
<font size="+1"><b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/108237">This
Day in Climate History November 6, 1990</a> - from D.R.
Tucker</b></font><br>
November 6, 1990: In a speech to the 2nd World Climate Conference in
Geneva, Margaret Thatcher declares:<br>
The danger of global warming is as yet unseen, but real enough for
us to make changes and sacrifices, so that we do not live at the
expense of future generations.<br>
Our ability to come together to stop or limit damage to the world's
environment will be perhaps the greatest test of how far we can act
as a world community. No-one should under-estimate the imagination
that will be required, nor the scientific effort, nor the
unprecedented co-operation we shall have to show. We shall need
statesmanship of a rare order. It's because we know that, that we
are here today.<br>
For two centuries, since the Age of the Enlightenment, we assumed
that whatever the advance of science, whatever the economic
development, whatever the increase in human numbers, the world would
go on much the same. That was progress. And that was what we wanted.<br>
Now we know that this is no longer true.<br>
We have become more and more aware of the growing imbalance between
our species and other species, between population and resources,
between humankind and the natural order of which we are part.<br>
In recent years, we have been playing with the conditions of the
life we know on the surface of our planet. We have cared too little
for our seas, our forests and our land. We have treated the air and
the oceans like a dustbin. We have come to realise that man's
activities and numbers threaten to upset the biological balance
which we have taken for granted and on which human life depends.<br>
We must remember our duty to Nature before it is too late. That duty
is constant. It is never completed. It lives on as we breathe. It
endures as we eat and sleep, work and rest, as we are born and as we
pass away. The duty to Nature will remain long after our own
endeavours have brought peace to the Middle East. It will weigh on
our shoulders for as long as we wish to dwell on a living and
thriving planet, and hand it on to our children and theirs. [end
p89]<br>
I want to pay tribute to the important work which the United Nations
has done to advance our understanding of climate change, and in
particular the risks of global warming. Dr. Tolba and Professor
Obasi deserve our particular thanks for their far-sighted initiative
in establishing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.<br>
The IPCC report is a remarkable achievement. It is almost as
difficult to get a large number of distinguished scientists to
agree, as it is to get agreement from a group of politicians. As a
scientist who became a politician, I am perhaps particularly
qualified to make that observation! I know both worlds....<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/108237">http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/108237</a></font><br>
<br>
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