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<font size="+1"><i>December 8, 2017<br>
</i></font> <br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://psmag.com/environment/how-climate-change-in-california-fuels-wildfires">How
Climate Change Fuels Wildfires in California</a></b><br>
Pacific Standard<br>
As global warming continues to make California's climate hotter and
drier, the state could become a perpetual tinderbox.<br>
California has two distinct fire seasons: the summer season, when
hot temperatures dry out vegetation providing fuel for wildfires;
and the fall fire season, when hot, dry Santa Ana winds blow in over
the mountains from the desert. Research shows that global warming is
making both of them worse.<br>
A 2015 study found that, over a 50-year period, fires in both
seasons have become more frequent and more severe - though Santa
Ana-fueled fires, which burn along the state's coast, tend to be
more economically destructive. A 2014 study found that, between 1984
and 2011, the area burned by large fires increased by roughly 90,000
acres a year. While both studies looked at the effects of
large-scale changes in climate on wildfires, neither directly
implicated human-caused climate change. However, a 2016 study found
that anthropogenic warming doubled the amount of area burned by
forest fires between 1984 and 2015...<br>
And California is only expected to get hotter and drier. New
research shows that, as Arctic sea ice dwindles, precipitation in
California could drop by as much as 15 percent over the coming
decades. As such conditions become the new normal, California could
become a perpetual tinderbox.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://psmag.com/environment/how-climate-change-in-california-fuels-wildfires">https://psmag.com/environment/how-climate-change-in-california-fuels-wildfires</a></font><br>
-<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/12/what-climate-change-did-and-didnt-have-to-do-with-the-socal-fires/547712/">Did
Climate Change Worsen the Southern California Fires?</a></b><br>
Seven of the state's 10 largest modern wildfires have occurred in
the last 14 years.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/12/what-climate-change-did-and-didnt-have-to-do-with-the-socal-fires/547712/">https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/12/what-climate-change-did-and-didnt-have-to-do-with-the-socal-fires/547712/</a></font><br>
-<br>
In a Warming California, a Future of More Fire - New York Times<br>
California Today: A Special Fires Edition - New York Times <br>
-<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://climatestate.com/2017/12/07/worst-ever-wildfire-cali-extreme-footage-compilation/">Worst
Ever Wildfire California Extreme Footage Compilation</a></b><br>
December 7, 2017, Extreme Weather, USA, Wildfire <br>
Dry weather and merciless winds, with gusts predicted to reach the
strength of a Category 1 hurricane in mountainous areas, threaten to
intensify the already devastating Southern California wildfires. A
value of 48 is considered high danger, while 162 is extreme.
Thursday's score: 296, a record. video <a
class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://youtu.be/bBkNejztEpU">https://youtu.be/bBkNejztEpU</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://climatestate.com/2017/12/07/worst-ever-wildfire-cali-extreme-footage-compilation/">http://climatestate.com/2017/12/07/worst-ever-wildfire-cali-extreme-footage-compilation/</a><br>
-<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/12/07/raging-wildfires-tear-through-southern-california-as-officials-warn-of-increasing-danger/">Fire
and fear stretch across Southern California as wildfires roar
from Ventura to San Diego</a></b><br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/12/07/raging-wildfires-tear-through-southern-california-as-officials-warn-of-increasing-danger/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/12/07/raging-wildfires-tear-through-southern-california-as-officials-warn-of-increasing-danger/</a></font><br>
<br>
KCRW Fire Coverage<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.kcrw.com/latest/ventura-fire-evacuee-i-lost-everything-45-years">http://www.kcrw.com/latest/ventura-fire-evacuee-i-lost-everything-45-years</a><br>
<font size="-1"><br>
<br>
</font><b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.joboneforhumanity.org/4_questions_on_the_california_fires_and_climate_change">4
QUESTIONS ON THE CALIFORNIA FIRES AND CLIMATE CHANGE...</a></b>
<br>
Santa Ana winds are whipping up wildfires in Southern California
after a devastating season in wine country. Rising temps can make
the West dangerously combustible...<br>
The deadly fires that swept through California's wine country this
fall made one of the state's most destructive fire seasons on record
even worse, and the fierce Santa Ana winds now whipping up <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.apnews.com/b14a99342d904285943a198f01b73d88/Southern-California-fire-forces-thousands-to-flee-homes">fast-moving
blazes in the hills near Los Angeles</a> are adding to the year's
damage. As global temperatures continue to rise, scientists say the
risk of extreme fire seasons is rising across the West.<br>
Wildfires are hugely complex events, complicated by human activity,
including rampant development and decades of <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/17042017/wildfires-climate-change-global-warming-forests-controlled-burns-west">fire
suppression strategies</a> that left too much dry timber and
underbrush for fires to burn. <br>
Add the effects of climate change to the mix, and California's
already fire-prone landscape grows increasingly combustible.<br>
<b>1. What's the link between fires & climate change?</b><br>
An <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.pnas.org/content/112/13/3858.full#F1">increasing
body of research </a>finds that the hot and dry conditions that
created the California drought were <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/3258">brought on
in part by human-caused warming</a>. <br>
Higher temperatures pull moisture out of soil and vegetation,
leaving <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/05092017/west-wildfires-california-canada-forests-record-heat-climate-change">parched
landscapes</a> that can go up in flames with the slightest spark
from a downed utility wire, backfiring car or embers from a
campfire.<br>
California's average temperature <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=7596">has
risen about 2 degrees</a> Fahrenheit during the second half of the
20th century. Altogether this has led to more "fuel aridity" - drier
tree canopies, grasses and brush that can burn.<br>
"There's a clear climate signal in these fires because of the <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.pnas.org/content/112/13/3931.abstract">drought
conditions connected to climate change</a>," said Daniel Swain, a
climate scientist at UCLA.<br>
<b>2. Why didn't the wet winter and spring help?</b><br>
After nearly five years of extreme drought, California finally got a
lot of rain over the fall and winter. By the spring, snowpack in the
Sierra Nevada was at a near-record level - higher than it had been
in the <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6815">preceding
four years</a> combined - and it helped put an end to the drought.<br>
<b>3. Why do these fires spread so fast?</b><br>
When the first blazes began to spark in Napa and Sonoma counties
late on Oct. 8, residents told firefighters they saw trees, uprooted
by strong winds, toppled onto power lines. But it's still unclear if
all of the fires were sparked that way.<br>
What's clear is that the seasonal hot, dry Diablo winds, sweeping
down from higher elevations, fanned the flames. <br>
The Diablo winds are a known fire enabler, and the results this year
were especially destructive. The National Weather Service reported
that wind gusts hit nearly 79 miles per hour. Wind-driven fires can
move quickly, and these leapt hundreds of feet in seconds.<br>
<b>4. Will extremes get worse with climate change?</b><br>
Recent research from the Pacific Northwest National Labs and Utah
State University scientists projects that extreme drought and
extreme flooding in California will increase 50 percent by the end
of the century - potentially triggering the growth of vegetation
that quickly becomes fuel as temperatures rise in the summer.<br>
If global carbon emissions continue at a high level, extreme dry
periods will double, the study finds - going from about five extreme
dry "events" during the decade of the 1930s, to about 10 per decade
by the 2070s. Extreme wet periods will increase from about 4 to
about 15 over the same periods, roughly tripling, it says.<br>
By Georgina Gustin<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.joboneforhumanity.org/4_questions_on_the_california_fires_and_climate_change">http://www.joboneforhumanity.org/4_questions_on_the_california_fires_and_climate_change</a><br>
<br>
<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.joboneforhumanity.org/2017_the_year_in_climate">2017:
THE YEAR IN CLIMATE...</a></b><br>
(numerous graphics and text )<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.joboneforhumanity.org/2017_the_year_in_climate">http://www.joboneforhumanity.org/2017_the_year_in_climate</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
Sustainable Energy<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609620/global-warmings-worst-case-projections-look-increasingly-likely/#comments">Global
Warming's Worst-Case Projections Look Increasingly Likely</a></b><br>
A new study based on satellite observations finds that temperatures
could rise nearly 5 degrees C by the end of the century.<br>
Global warming's worst-case projections look increasingly likely,
according to a new study that tested the predictive power of climate
models against observations of how the atmosphere is actually
behaving.<br>
The paper, published on Wednesday in Nature, found that global
temperatures could rise nearly 5 degrees C by the end of the century
under the the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's
steepest prediction for greenhouse-gas concentrations. That's 15
percent hotter than the previous estimate. The odds that
temperatures will increase more than 4 degrees by 2100 in this
so-called "business as usual" scenario increased from 62 percent to
93 percent, according to the new analysis....<br>
But an emerging challenge is that the climate is changing faster
than the models are improving, as real-world events occur that the
models didn't predict. Notably, Arctic sea ice is melting more
rapidly than the models can explain, suggesting that the simulations
aren't fully capturing certain processes. <br>
"We're increasingly shifting from a mode of predicting what's going
to happen to a mode of trying to explain what happened," Caldeira
said.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609620/global-warmings-worst-case-projections-look-increasingly-likely/#comments">https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609620/global-warmings-worst-case-projections-look-increasingly-likely/#comments</a></font><br>
-<br>
Markets Insider<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/climate-may-be-15-warmer-than-previously-thought-by-2100-2017-12-1010424131">The
world may actually get 15% hotter than scientists previously
thought</a></b><br>
A new study says global-warming projections for the end of the
century could be up to 15% higher than previously thought. <br>
The authors found that the climate models that best represented the
current situation showed the most warming in the future.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/climate-may-be-15-warmer-than-previously-thought-by-2100-2017-12-1010424131">http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/climate-may-be-15-warmer-than-previously-thought-by-2100-2017-12-1010424131</a></font><br>
-<br>
[nature.com]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24672">Greater
future global warming inferred from Earth's recent energy budget</a></b><br>
Patrick T. Brown & Ken Caldeira<br>
..In particular, we find that the observationally informed warming
projection for the end of the twenty-first century for the steepest
radiative forcing scenario is about 15 per cent warmer (+0.5 degrees
Celsius) ...<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24672">https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24672</a><br>
-<br>
[NASA images]<br>
<b><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=91379">https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=91379</a></b><br>
Thick smoke was streaming from several fires in southern California
when the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on
NASA's Terra satellite acquired a natural-color image in the
afternoon on December 5, 2017.<br>
The largest of the blazes - the fast-moving Thomas fire in Ventura
County - had charred more than 65,000 acres (24,000 hectares or 94
square miles), according to Cal Fire. Smaller smoke plumes from the
Creek and Rye fires are also visible.<br>
On the same day, the Multi Spectral Imager (MSI) on the European
Space Agency's Sentinel-2 satellite captured the data for a
false-color image (below) of the burn scar. Active fires appear
orange; the burn scar is brown. Unburned vegetation is green;
developed areas are gray. The Sentinel-2 image is based on
observations of visible, shortwave infrared, and near infrared
light.<br>
The fires mainly affected a forested, hilly area north of Ventura,
but flames have encroached into the northern edge of the city. On
December 6, 2017, Cal Fire estimated that at least 12,000 structures
were threatened by fire.<br>
Powerful Santa Ana winds fanned the flames. Forecasters with the Los
Angeles office of the National Weather Service warned that the
region is in the midst of its strongest and longest Santa Ana wind
event of the year. They issued red flag warnings for Los Angles and
Ventura counties through December 8, noting that isolated wind gusts
of 80 miles (130 kilometers) per hour are possible.<br>
A prolonged spell of dry weather also primed the area for major
fires. This week's winds follow nine of the driest consecutive
months in Southern California history, NASA Jet Propulsion
Laboratory climatologist Bill Patzert told the Los Angeles Times.
"Pile that onto the long drought of the past decade and a half,
[and] we are in apocalyptic conditions," he said.<font size="-1"><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=91379">https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=91379</a></font><br>
<br>
[opinion]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/dec/07/climate-change-media-coverage-media-matters">Climate
change is the story you missed in 2017. And the media is to
blame</a></b><br>
Some of Trump's tweets generate more national coverage than
devastating disasters. <br>
As the weather gets worse, we need journalism to get better<br>
Academic Jennifer Good <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2017/09/18/putting-hurricanes-and-climate-change-into-the-same-frame.html">analyzed</a>
two weeks of hurricane coverage during the height of hurricane
season on eight major TV networks, and found that about 60% of the
stories included the word Trump, and only about 5% mentioned climate
change...<br>
Good's analysis lines up with research done by my organization,
Media Matters for America, which found that TV news outlets gave far
too little coverage to the <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/was-the-extreme-2017-hurricane-season-driven-by-climate-change/">well</a>-<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.climatesignals.org/headlines/events/atlantic-hurricane-season-2017#/science%20at%20glance">documented</a>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/hurricane-harvey-climate-change-global-warming-weather/">links</a>
between climate change and hurricanes. ABC and NBC both completely <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.mediamatters.org/research/2017/09/08/STUDY-ABC-and-NBC-drop-the-ball-on-covering-the-impact-of-climate-change-on-hurricanes/217881">failed</a>
to bring up climate change during their news coverage of Harvey, a
storm that caused the heaviest rainfall ever recorded in the
continental US. When Irma hit soon after, breaking the record for
hurricane intensity, ABC didn't do much better...<br>
In the first nine months of 2017, the US was assailed by <a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/">15
weather and climate disasters </a>that each did more than a
billion dollars in damage - in the case of the hurricanes, much
more. The combined economic hit from Harvey, Irma and Maria could
end up being <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://money.cnn.com/2017/09/28/news/economy/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-damage-estimate/index.html">$200bn</a>
or more, according to Moody's Analytics. And then in October,
unprecedented wildfires in northern California did an estimated <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.npr.org/2017/11/07/562619809/after-assessing-the-damage-california-fire-officials-looking-into-who-is-at-faul">$3bn</a>
in damage.<br>
If we are to fend off the worst possible outcomes of climate change,
we need to shift as quickly as possible to a cleaner energy system.
We could expect more Americans to get on board with that solution if
they more fully understood the problem - and that's where the
critical role of the media comes in. As the weather gets worse, we
need our journalism to get better. <br>
Lisa Hymas is the climate and energy program director at Media
Matters<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/dec/07/climate-change-media-coverage-media-matters">https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/dec/07/climate-change-media-coverage-media-matters</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[MIT News]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://news.mit.edu/2017/researchers-establish-long-sought-source-ocean-methane-1207">Researchers
establish long-sought source of ocean methane</a></b><br>
An abundant enzyme in marine microbes may be responsible for
production of the greenhouse gas.<br>
Industrial and agricultural activities produce large amounts of
methane, a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. Many
bacteria also produce methane as a byproduct of their metabolism.
Some of this naturally released methane comes from the ocean, a
phenomenon that has long puzzled scientists because there are no
known methane-producing organisms living near the ocean's surface.<br>
A team of researchers from MIT and the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign has made a discovery that could help to answer this
"ocean methane paradox." First, they identified the structure of an
enzyme that can produce a compound that is known to be converted to
methane. Then, they used that information to show that this enzyme
exists in some of the most abundant marine microbes. They believe
that this compound is likely the source of methane gas being
released into the atmosphere above the ocean.<br>
Ocean-produced methane represents around 4 percent of the total
that's discharged into the atmosphere, and a better understanding of
where this methane is coming from could help scientists better
account for its role in climate change, the researchers say...<br>
They discovered a microbial enzyme that produces a compound called
methylphosphonate, which can become methane when a phosphate
molecule is cleaved from it. This enzyme was found in a microbe
called Nitrosopumilus maritimus, which lives near the ocean surface,
but the enzyme was not readily identified in other ocean microbes as
one would have expected it to be.<br>
Van der Donk's team knew the genetic sequence of the enzyme, known
as methylphosphonate synthase (MPnS), which allowed them to search
for other versions of it in the genomes of other microbes...<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://news.mit.edu/2017/researchers-establish-long-sought-source-ocean-methane-1207">http://news.mit.edu/2017/researchers-establish-long-sought-source-ocean-methane-1207</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.theweek.co.uk/checked-out/90212/climate-change-who-is-tackling-global-warming">Climate
change: who is tackling global warming?</a></b><br>
The countries doing the most - and the least - to address
environmental issues<br>
How is progress measured and compared?<br>
The <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://germanwatch.org/en/14639%20">Climate Change
Performance Index (CCPI)</a>, published by the Climate Action
Network and the German non-profit environmental organisation
Germanwatch, ranks 56 countries and the EU according to their
greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy development, energy use
and climate policy.<br>
Similar work is being done by the <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://climateactiontracker.org/countries">Climate Action
Tracker (CAT)</a>, a consortium of European research groups, which
monitors and analyses the latest emissions data from 32 countries.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.theweek.co.uk/checked-out/90212/climate-change-who-is-tackling-global-warming">http://www.theweek.co.uk/checked-out/90212/climate-change-who-is-tackling-global-warming</a></font><br>
-<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true" href="https://germanwatch.org/en/14639%20">The
Climate Change Performance Index 2018</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://germanwatch.org/en/14639%20">https://germanwatch.org/en/14639%20</a><br>
-<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://climateactiontracker.org/countries"><br>
Climate Action Tracker</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://climateactiontracker.org/countries">http://climateactiontracker.org/countries</a><br>
<br>
<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.boell.de/en/2017/12/01/big-bad-fix-case-against-geoengineering">The
Big Bad Fix: The case against geoengineering</a></b><br>
It calls for an urgent and immediate ban on the deployment and
outdoor testing of Solar Radiation Management technologies for their
potential to suspend human rights, democracy, and international
peace. It argues for a governance of geoengineering that is
participatory and transparent, grounded in international law, built
on the precautionary principle and informed by a rigorous debate on
real, existing, transformative and just climate policies and
practices.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.boell.de/en/2017/12/01/big-bad-fix-case-against-geoengineering">https://www.boell.de/en/2017/12/01/big-bad-fix-case-against-geoengineering</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
<b><a
href="https://ecointernet.org/2017/12/06/the-appalling-meaningless-of-being-in-the-post-modern-pre-apocalyptic-world/">THE
APPALLING MEANINGLESS OF BEING IN A POST-MODERN, PRE-APOCALYPTIC
WORLD...</a></b><br>
By Dr. Glen Barry, EcoInternet<br>
December 3, 2017<br>
Nothing really seems to matter much when your Planet is needlessly
collapsing and dying. Big important ideas to base your life upon are
in short supply. Pretty much god myths, stuff, and tribes are all we
got. There is nature. And she needs us...<br>
Sadly, this living global ecological system is collapsing and dying
as human industrial growth systematically destroys the very habitat
necessary for our shared survival and well-being....<br>
Who can blame opioid addicts for seeking to numb the existential
horror of meaninglessness found in the post-modern era? This
terrible epidemic is but the most recent attempt at self-medication
to numb the pain of fewer opportunities for personal gratification
as profoundly inequitable consumer violence murders a living
Earth....<br>
How tragic that relentless modern techno-optimism's quest for human
comforts has spawned an ecological apocalypse...<br>
How is one even able to find any sort of profound meaning, sense of
purpose, and righteous intent and action in a post-modern,
pre-apocalyptic world? What can possibly matter when the mere act of
being is destroying your host and 3.5 billion years of naturally
evolved life, the only life of which we are currently certain?...<br>
Bathe in the forest. Grow plants. No more burning. Stop bulldozers.
Howl at the moon. Know how much is enough.<br>
Be one with nature or die...<br>
by Dr. Glen Barry · Published December 6, 2017<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://ecointernet.org/2017/12/06/the-appalling-meaningless-of-being-in-the-post-modern-pre-apocalyptic-world/">https://ecointernet.org/2017/12/06/the-appalling-meaningless-of-being-in-the-post-modern-pre-apocalyptic-world/</a><br>
</font><br>
<br>
<font size="+1"><b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04EEDC1031F93BA35751C1A9639C8B63">This
Day in Climate History December 8, 2005</a> - from D.R.
Tucker</b></font><br>
December 8, 2005: New York Times columnist David Brooks observes
that American conservatives "...have not effectively addressed the
second-generation issues. Technological change has really changed
the economy, introducing new stratifications. Inequality is rising.
Wage stagnation is a problem. Social mobility is lagging, and
globalization hurts hard-working people. Global warming is real
(conservatives secretly know this). The health care system is
ridiculous. Welfare reform is unfinished. Conservatives have not
addressed these second-generation issues as effectively as their
forebears addressed the first-generation ones."<br>
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