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<font size="+1"><i>January 16, 2018</i></font><br>
<br>
[snowpack]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15012018/snow-drought-ski-western-water-supply-risk-climate-change-economy">Snowpack
Near Record Lows Spells Trouble for Western Water Supplies</a></b><br>
Scientists say snow seasons like the U.S. West is experiencing now
will become more common as global temperatures rise, and economic
costs will go up, as well.<br>
By Bob Berwyn<br>
Months of exceptionally warm weather and an early winter snow
drought across big swaths of the West have left the snowpack at
record-low levels in parts of the Central and Southern Rockies,
raising concerns about water shortages and economic damage...<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://wwa.colorado.edu/climate/dashboard.html#briefings">Drought
</a>spread across large parts of the <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?West">Western
United States</a> this month, and storms that moved across the
region in early January made up only a small part of the deficit.
Runoff from melting snow is now projected to be less than 50 percent
of average in key river basins in the central and southern Rockies.<br>
University of Colorado hydrologist Keith Musselman's <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.the-cryosphere.net/11/2847/2017/">research in
the southern Sierra Nevada</a> shows how sensitive mountain
snowpack is to global warming. Analyzing an extensive dataset from
the western flank of the Sierra, he found that the snowpack shrinks
by 10 percent for every 1 degree Celsius of warming. And winter rain
storms will increase as global temperatures rise, melting snow
that's already piled up and raising flood risks.<br>
Climate scientists say snow seasons like the West is experiencing
now will become more common in the next few decades. If winter snows
don't come, there won't be much water to fill the reservoirs, <b>potentially
leaving cities like Las Vegas, Phoenix and Los Angeles dry in the
future.</b><br>
The changes may come faster than expected, according to Oregon State
University climate scientist Philip Mote, referring to a Nov. 2017 <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/9/11/899/html">study</a>
showing how the snow line - the elevation where rain changes over to
snow - in California's northern Sierra Nevada raced uphill by as
much as 236 vertical feet per year between 2008 and 2017, the
warmest decade in Earth's observed climate history.<br>
If the same trend continues in the coming years, water managers will
have to make extensive-and expensive-adjustments to water storage
and distribution.<br>
"Warming background temperatures combined with changes from snow to
rain leads to decreased water availability in spring and throughout
the warm season," the study's authors concluded.<br>
That affects when water is available for agriculture or municipal
supplies, "potentially creating a mismatch between availability and
need. There is not enough reservoir storage capacity, so most of the
'early water' will be passed on to the oceans,"....<br>
During Northern Hemisphere winters, the extensive snow cover
reflects incoming sunlight, helping to moderate the planet's overall
warming. Economic losses from reductions in snow-covered area could
run as high $575 billion annually, according to the research.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15012018/snow-drought-ski-western-water-supply-risk-climate-change-economy">https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15012018/snow-drought-ski-western-water-supply-risk-climate-change-economy</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Data visualizing tool]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://riskfinder.climatecentral.org/">Surging Seas Risk
Finder: Summary Section</a></b><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://riskfinder.climatecentral.org/">https://riskfinder.climatecentral.org/</a><br>
climatecentraldotorg<br>
Published on Jan 12, 2018<br>
video <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://youtu.be/Al023-Y7OIo">https://youtu.be/Al023-Y7OIo</a><br>
Climate Central's Surging Seas Risk Finder is designed to provide
citizens, communities and policy makers in the U.S. with the
tailored local information they need to understand and respond to
the risks of sea level rise and coastal flooding in their own
neighborhoods.<br>
View this tutorial video to learn more about the top summary section
of this web tool.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Al023-Y7OIo">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Al023-Y7OIo</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://riskfinder.climatecentral.org/">https://riskfinder.climatecentral.org/</a></font><br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1w7UMzt9Gs">Surging Seas
Risk Finder: What Is at Risk?</a></b><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1w7UMzt9Gs">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1w7UMzt9Gs</a><br>
<br>
<br>
[Tree ring data]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.joboneforhumanity.org/jet_stream_changes_since_1960s_linked_to_more_extreme_weather?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+joboneforhumanity%2FrLsZ+%28Global+Warming+Blog+-+Job+One+for+Humanity%29">JET
STREAM CHANGES SINCE 1960S LINKED TO MORE EXTREME WEATHER...</a></b><br>
By using tree rings, the UA-led team developed the first
reconstruction of historical changes in the North Atlantic jet
stream prior to the 20th century...<br>
Increased fluctuations in the path of the North Atlantic jet stream
since the 1960s coincide with more extreme weather events in Europe
such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires and flooding, reports a
University of Arizona-led team.<br>
The research is the first reconstruction of historical changes in
the North Atlantic jet stream prior to the 20th century. By studying
tree rings from trees in the British Isles and the northeastern
Mediterranean, the team teased out those regions' late-summer
weather going back almost 300 years - to 1725.<br>
"We find that the position of the North Atlantic jet in summer has
been a strong driver of climate extremes in Europe for the last 300
years," said Valerie Trouet, an associate professor of
dendrochronology at the <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://ltrr.arizona.edu/">UA Laboratory of Tree-Ring
Research.</a> <br>
Having a 290-year record of the position of the jet stream let
Trouet and her colleagues determine that swings between northern and
southern positions of the jet became more frequent in the second
half of the 20th century, she said.<br>
"Since 1960 we get more years when the jet is in an extreme
position," Trouet said, adding that the increase is unprecedented. <br>
When the North Atlantic jet is in the extreme northern position, the
British Isles and western Europe have a summer heat wave while
southeastern Europe has heavy rains and flooding, she said...<br>
When the jet is in the extreme southern position, the situation
flips: Western Europe has heavy rains and flooding while
southeastern Europe has extreme high temperatures, drought and
wildfires.<br>
"There's a debate about whether the increased variability of the jet
stream is linked to man-made global warming and the faster warming
of the Arctic compared to the tropics," Trouet said...<br>
"Part of the reason for the debate is that the data sets used to
study this are quite short - 1979 to present. If you want to see if
this variability is unprecedented, you need to go farther back in
time - and that's where our study comes in."<br>
With the discovery of much older trees in the Balkans and in the
British Isles, Trouet hopes to reconstruct the path of the North
Atlantic jet stream as much as 1,000 years into the past. She is
also interested in reconstructing the path of the North Pacific jet
stream, which influences the climate and weather over North America.
<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.joboneforhumanity.org/jet_stream_changes_since_1960s_linked_to_more_extreme_weather">http://www.joboneforhumanity.org/jet_stream_changes_since_1960s_linked_to_more_extreme_weather</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[not the same as rising seas?]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://geographical.co.uk/nature/climate/item/2570-sea-floor-sinking-under-the-weight-of-climate-change">The
sea floor is sinking under the weight of climate change</a></b><br>
'Over the last 20 years the oceans have become ~2.5 mm deeper. It
was already assumed that bottom deformation was small, compared to
sea-level rise on a global scale. However, we show that for some
regions, especially the Arctic and Southern oceans, its size is
considerable.'...<br>
Sea level rise is caused primarily by two factors related to global
warming: the added water from melting ice sheets and glaciers, and
the expansion of sea water as it warms. This rise has long been
documented, but what these new findings mean is that the global sea
level rise is actually higher than previously thought....<br>
The existing numbers were based on satellite data which measured
surface level relative to the centre of the Earth, assuming the
ocean floor as basically a fixed constant depth. Now this assumption
has been proved to be wrong, the significance being that even more
water from melting ice has reentered the oceans than was thought,
thanks to climate change and human activity.<br>
Perhaps almost as telling of the state of wilful ignorance to
climate change and its consequences, is that the unexpected
phenomena of our swelling oceans actually contracting the Earth has
been known by scientists for some time, it is simply a lesser
documented and less visible symptom of climate change...<br>
'It is widely accepted that, when greenhouse gas emissions won't be
cut, the ice sheets will retreat at a much faster pace than today,
and then, due to the massive increase in ocean mass, seafloor
deformation will become significant,' says Frederikse.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://geographical.co.uk/nature/climate/item/2570-sea-floor-sinking-under-the-weight-of-climate-change">http://geographical.co.uk/nature/climate/item/2570-sea-floor-sinking-under-the-weight-of-climate-change</a><br>
</font><br>
<br>
[Research News]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/agriculture-climate-change-2/41146/">Agriculture,
Climate, Change</a></b><br>
Research crop scientist from the K-State Northwest
Research-Extension Center, Professor Robert Aiken explores
agriculture and crop research issues in the United States today<br>
"As an agricultural scientist, I consider it my duty to anticipate
questions and problems which may confront farmers in the future.
When I'm successful, designing and conducting effective field
studies, we have the information needed to formulate feasible
solutions, before problems get out of hand.<br>
In my semi-arid region of the U.S. Central High Plains, our crop
systems contend with heat stress, desiccating winds, lack of
rainfall, flood-generating rains and unexpected arctic air masses,
inducing winter-kill or bringing the season to a chilling
conclusion. Adapting to climate change? In a sense, <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/creating-climate-solutions-agriculture-forestry/27391/">we
prepare for climate change by helping farmers adjust to the
challenges of the current growing season." </a><br>
Our growers recognise long-term warming trends and shifts in weather
patterns. A recent report (1), <b>prepared by the State
Climatologists of Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, indicates climate
change has been written into the historical weather record.</b>
... from the report:<br>
<blockquote>Both temperature and precipitation have increased across
the Southern Plains since the beginning of the 20th century.
Temperature increases so far have averaged about 1.5degreesF
(0.8degreesC) over the 20th century and precipitation has
increased by as much as 5%, albeit with large variations from
year-to-year and decade-to-decade. Heavy rainfall events have
increased in frequency and magnitude. Historical data for
tornadoes and hail are not reliable enough to be used to determine
whether a trend is present in these types of severe weather." (1)<br>
<br>
"Variations in drought conditions from year-to-year and
decade-to-decade are triggered by changes in sea surface
temperature patterns in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The Dust
Bowl drought is thought to have been exacerbated by poor land use
practices, while precipitation may have been enhanced in recent
decades by growth in irrigated agriculture and surface water." (1)<br>
<br>
"Temperatures will continue rising over the long-term, as carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases continue to become more
plentiful in the atmosphere. By the middle of the 21st century,
typical temperatures in the Southern Plains are likely to be
4degreesF to 6degreesF (2.2degreesC to 3.3degreesC) warmer than
the 20th century average, making for milder winters (with less
snow and freezing rain), longer growing seasons and hotter
summers. Rainfall trends are much less certain. Most climate
models favour a long-term decrease, but most projected changes are
small compared to natural variability. Extreme rainfall is
expected to continue to become more intense and frequent." (1)<br>
<br>
I have specific concerns deriving from these warming trends:
declining yield potential because of increased night temperatures,
diminished photo-protection systems under persistent heat stress,
increased risk of reproductive failure with heat stress at
critical development stages, increased crop water requirements,
degradation of soil with intensive rainfall events and increased
potential for large-scale methane emissions unleashed by thawing
permafrost (2). These concerns rise to the top of my "watch list"
for climate change impacts.<br>
<br>
Crop productivity is expected to benefit from historic and
on-going annual increases in global CO2 concentrations.
Assimilation rates can be maintained with modestly reduced crop
water requirements. Cool-season grass crops and broadleaf crops
will likely gain photosynthetic efficiencies. However, warming
trends can detract from the beneficial effects of elevated CO2
levels.<br>
<br>
"When elevated temperatures exceed optimal conditions for
assimilation, stress responses can include damage to the
light-harvesting complex of leaves, impaired carbon-fixing
enzymes, thereby reducing components of yield including seed
potential, seed set, grain fill rate and grain fill duration.
Field studies conducted under conditions of elevated CO2 indicate
that benefits of elevated CO2 are reduced by heat-induced stress
responses."(3)<br>
<br>
Warmer temperatures, the most reliable feature of climate change,
can extend the growing season, but also impair plant productivity.
Persistent heat stress pushes plant metabolism to the edge of
toleration. The complexity of plant metabolic processes can be
astounding. Many of these processes are temperature-sensitive,
with optimum temperatures for photosynthesis ranging from 25 to
30degreesC (77 to 86degreesF) for winter wheat (4), up to
32degreesC (90degreesF) for soybean (5) and up to 38degreesC
(100degreesF) for maize (6). Chronic heat stress, with daily
temperatures exceeding this range, can accelerate the breakdown of
thermo-protective mechanisms and can result in permanent damage to
crop canopies.<br>
<br>
Hot conditions prior to and during flowering can result in crop
failure. Grain production requires effective pollination of
ovules for 'seed set', followed by development and growth of the
kernels, harvested as grain. Excessive temperatures (i.e., daily
mean temperatures > 25degreesC for grain sorghum (7), wheat
(8)) for a few days in the ~15-day period around flowering can
decrease yield potential due to impaired pollination and seed-set;
complete failure can occur with daily mean temperatures of
35degreesC (wheat) or 37degreesC (sorghum).<br>
<br>
Night temperatures drive the metabolic rates of a plant, with the
associated respiratory release of CO29 as well as cell degradation
(10). In a sense, plant respiration depletes the supply of
carbohydrates available for plant growth and development. As a
long-term trend, warmer night temperatures can sap crop
productivity.<br>
<br>
Chronic high temperatures add to the evaporative demand on crop
systems. This increases the water requirement for crop growth.
Warmer temperatures can sap yield potential by impairing
heat-tolerance protective mechanisms; by reducing the duration of
grain-filling; and by increasing the respiratory cost, the water
requirement for growth and the risk of reproductive failure of
cereal crops. Warmer temperatures carry a complex drum-beat of
warnings for crop productivity. <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/ucd-origin-17-6m-crop-science-research-partnership/30638/">Needed
research is underway to adapt crop cultural practices</a> to
avoid heat stress; and to seek genetic advances for crop cultivars
that are capable of tolerating or resisting effects of warming
temperatures.<font size="-1"><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">
Please note: this is a commercial profile</em></font><br>
</blockquote>
<font size="-1"> <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;
font-weight: bold;">Robert Aiken, </strong><strong
style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold;">Associate
Professor</strong></font><br>
<font size="-1"> <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;
font-weight: bold;">Research Crop Scientist</strong></font><br>
see footnotes:<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/agriculture-climate-change-2/41146/">https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/agriculture-climate-change-2/41146/</a><br>
<br>
<br>
[ecosystem paleo study]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180110101022.htm">Combined
effects of climate change and forest fires</a></b><br>
A new study co-authored by Portland State University geographer
Andres Holz, tracked the ebb and flow of ecosystem changes over the
last 10,000 years, showing patterns that could shed light on current
climate change and its role in shaping the world's forests.<br>
Holz and fellow scientists studied sedimentary records, including
pollen and the charcoal remains of ancient wildfires near a lake in
South America in an effort to reconstruct the wetland, vegetation
and fire history of west-central Patagonia.<br>
They found that climate, coupled with more frequent forest fires,
was the primary driver of change to the region over thousands of
years.<br>
The study showed that forests in the region remained basically
unchanged until about 2,000 years ago, when fires became more
frequent and shifts in the composition of bogs and forests began to
change. Both were likely triggered by the combination of greater
climate variability and deforestation -- presumably due to human
arrival...<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180110101022.htm">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180110101022.htm</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.collegian.psu.edu/news/borough/article_4ec790cc-f9a4-11e7-a213-aff099f7cbb3.html">New
Penn State course analyzes the ethics of climate change</a></b><br>
"This is a huge problem, but we have the tools to understand the
debate," he said. "We can all make a contribution to addressing this
looming crisis."<br>
"Climate change is more complicated than many make it out to be and
because it is already affecting our lives," Rosoff-Verbit
(junior-materials science and engineering) said. "It is definitely
important that we comprehensively understand the issue."<br>
Rosoff-Verbit said many college students will soon graduate and be
open to new opportunities, but are unaware of ways they can make an
impact.<br>
"This class not only educates students on climate change
scientifically, but looks like a great tool to inform individuals of
the opportunities related to the subject in the working world,"
Rosoff-Verbit said.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.collegian.psu.edu/news/borough/article_4ec790cc-f9a4-11e7-a213-aff099f7cbb3.html">http://www.collegian.psu.edu/news/borough/article_4ec790cc-f9a4-11e7-a213-aff099f7cbb3.html</a></font>-<br>
<br>
<br>
[Australia]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.intheblack.com/articles/2018/01/16/climate-change-financial-disclosures">Reporting
on climate change risk: accountants will be needed</a></b><br>
Accountants need to know about the latest climate change reporting
initiative because boards and clients will be seeking their advice.<br>
In June 2017, the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial
Disclosures released a <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.fsb-tcfd.org/publications/final-recommendations-report/">blueprint</a>
for corporate disclosure that is destined to define how companies
view climate change and inform investors.<br>
"The report is a financial market industry-led framework that gives
guidance on information that should be disclosed to provide a true
and fair view of the risks associated with climate change," says
Sarah Barker, special counsel at law firm MinterEllison.<br>
The framework is voluntary but Barker says it is as persuasive as a
voluntary instrument can be, because it's prepared under the
auspices of the <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.fsb.org/">Financial Stability Board</a>.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.intheblack.com/articles/2018/01/16/climate-change-financial-disclosures">https://www.intheblack.com/articles/2018/01/16/climate-change-financial-disclosures</a><br>
<br>
<br>
[Speaking Notes #7]<br>
OXFORD CHANGE AGENCY EVENT - REPORT<br>
<b><a
href="http://www.climatepsychologyalliance.org/explorations/papers/257-oxford-change-agency-event-report">Agency
in individual and collective change</a></b><br>
Climate Psychology Alliance with Living Witness<br>
A day for psychological and social practitioners to share our
experiences of enabling positive<br>
responses to climate change. We'll explore how our different
approaches connect and complement<br>
each other, hoping to form a stronger community of practitioners. <br>
<b>Deep Frames and Healthy Human Culture, led by Sophy Banks</b><br>
Reflection from Nick Davis<br>
I found Sophy's introduction looking at the parallel process between
planetary conflict and resource<br>
depletion and our own tendency to burn-out very engaging.<br>
She offered a neuroscience foundation saying that the healthy person
needs to live in a natural flow<br>
between sympathetic and parasympathetic states. (Often called the
HPA or hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal<br>
system)<br>
She asked us do an exercise in pairs and choose one of the following
five polarities to work with:<br>
• Outer-Inner<br>
• Action- Stillness<br>
• Doing- Being<br>
• Will-Love<br>
• Yang-Yin<br>
and have one of the pair do/be one of each of the polarities and
extend this into exaggerating,<br>
distorting and moving into the essence, and ultimately into relating
with our partner from it. We then<br>
swapped states.<br>
As a group we then wrote down what we felt in each state.<br>
This is the work of inner transition and is particularly necessary
to bring us into a place where we are<br>
able to observe our defences and trauma in order to heal ourselves
rather than remaining in the<br>
stress=>burn-out cycle.<br>
With limited time available she said that in our culture there are
deep frames, and the economic<br>
frame pushes us into the stress=>burn-out cycle. Performance is
valued more than nurturing and we<br>
live in the world of the authoritarian parent rather than the
nurturing parent.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.climatepsychologyalliance.org/explorations/papers/257-oxford-change-agency-event-report">http://www.climatepsychologyalliance.org/explorations/papers/257-oxford-change-agency-event-report</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[from envirodatagov.org]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://100days.envirodatagov.org/changing-digital-climate/">III.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE DENIALISM IN THE U.S.</a></b><br>
<blockquote> The alteration of climate change content on federal
websites extends a longer campaign to "manufacture doubt" on
human-caused (or anthropogenic) climate change. Since the 1980s,
fossil fuel interests, from companies and think tanks to media and
politicians, have drawn upon strategies forged by the tobacco and
other threatened industries to cultivate public skepticism about
climate change.<b>[13]</b> Over the past two decades, this
campaign has gained in confidence, clout, and momentum, to the
point that, even prior to the 2016 election, it had effectively
precluded many meaningful legislative or policy changes to
regulate fossil fuel emissions and encourage alternative energy
sources, in order to protect industry profits.<br>
<br>
The climate change denial movement in the U.S. has deep roots in
older efforts by oil, gas, tobacco, and chemical industries to
counter scientific research that raised hard questions about the
products they sold. As Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway have
explained in compelling depth,<b>[14]</b> the post-World-War-II
tobacco industry pioneered new ways of discrediting health studies
that demonstrated the connection between tobacco use and cancer or
other health risks. Seeking to intervene in the field of
scientific debate itself, they funded counter-research by a
shrinking number of sympathetic scientists, demanded a level of
certainty that scientists rarely possess, and exaggerated the
uncertainty of existing science. They also sought a broader public
audience for their contrarian messages by creating echo chambers
of think tanks and other organizations they quietly funded, as
well as consolidating ties to media outlets.<br>
<br>
All of these tactics have been taken up and amplified by the
campaign to manufacture doubt about anthropogenic climate change,
even as the supporting scientific evidence and consensus for it
has become ever more solid.<b>[15]<br>
<br>
</b> Contemporary alterations of climate information are not
merely the culmination of a multi-decade crescendo of denialism
but also part of a wider practice of censoring science that is
seen to be at odds with short-term economic gains. In recent
years, the actual or attempted muzzling of federal scientists in
Canada, Australia, Great Britain, and the United States has been
the most common means of science suppression.<b>[16] </b>In the
case of the George W. Bush administration, such actions provided
cover for political interference in the production of climate
change reports and communication, despite the administration's
acknowledgment of the importance of reducing greenhouse gas
emissions.<b>[17]<br>
<br>
</b> The alterations and removal of information that we document
below clearly demonstrate that the once-fringe effort to seed
doubts about climate science has been mainstreamed into the
Executive Branch of the U.S. government. Climate deniers have won
influential posts across all the major environmental agencies, and
the agencies' websites increasingly reflect denialist beliefs.
These changes matter because they make it easier to mislead the
public about climate change, since federal websites have long been
viewed as authoritative sources of environmental information.
Climate denialists' historic political achievement elevates the
manufacture of doubt to the level of state-sponsored censorship...
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://100days.envirodatagov.org/changing-digital-climate/">http://100days.envirodatagov.org/changing-digital-climate/</a></font><br>
<font size="-1"> </font> </blockquote>
<blockquote><font size="-1">[13] Particularly the Heritage
Institute, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, and the George
C. Marshall Institute.</font><br>
<font size="-1">[14] Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway, Merchants of
Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues
from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (New York: Bloomsbury,
2010).</font><br>
<font size="-1">[15] Graham Readfearn, "Doubt over climate science
is a product with an industry behind it," The Guardian, March 5,
2015, <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/planet-oz/2015/mar/05/doubt-over-climate-science-is-a-product-with-an-industry-behind-it">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/planet-oz/2015/mar/05/doubt-over-climate-science-is-a-product-with-an-industry-behind-it</a>
(Accessed December 27, 2017).; The first Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) report was released in 1990, with the
fifth and most recent report (2014) concluding "human influence
on the climate is clear, and recent anthropogenic emissions of
greenhouse gases are the highest in history. Recent climate
impacts have widespread impacts on human and natural systems."
"Summary for Policymakers" <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://ar5-syr.ipcc.ch/topic_summary.php">http://ar5-syr.ipcc.ch/topic_summary.php</a>
(Accessed December 24, 2017).</font><br>
<font size="-1">[16] EDGI, "The EPA Under Siege," (June 19, 2017);
also Euon J. Ritchie, Don A. Driscoll, and Martine Maron,
"Communication: Science censorship is a global issue," Nature,
(February 9, 2017), <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/542165b">https://www.nature.com/articles/542165b</a>
(Accessed December 24, 2017).</font><br>
<font size="-1">[17] Union of Concerned Scientists and Government
Accountability Project, Atmosphere of Pressure: Political
Interference in Federal Climate Science, (February 2007), <a
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/legacy/assets/documents/scientific_integrity/atmosphere-of-pressure.pdf">http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/legacy/assets/documents/scientific_integrity/atmosphere-of-pressure.pdf</a>
(Accessed December 24, 2017); The current administration by no
means represents the most extreme attempt at science suppression
in U.S. history. Take for example the actions of the governor of
California at the turn of the 20th century, who was concerned
that tourism and trade would be negatively impacted by the
declaration of bubonic plague deaths in the growing metropolis
of San Francisco. The governor, with the help of state
legislators, proposed a bill that would illegalize the bacterial
diagnostic methods needed to determine public health
emergencies, a law that directly named a municipal scientist
that "should be hanged." See Marilyn Chase,The Barbary Plague
(New York: Random House, 2003), 80.</font><font size="-1"><br>
TABLE OF CONTENTS:</font><font size="-1"><a
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://100days.envirodatagov.org/changing-digital-climate/#h.bvng7vm3lrh2">
http://100days.envirodatagov.org/changing-digital-climate/#h.bvng7vm3lrh2</a></font><br>
</blockquote>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://100days.envirodatagov.org/changing-digital-climate/">http://100days.envirodatagov.org/changing-digital-climate/</a><br>
<br>
<br>
<font size="+1"><b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/16/AR2006011600779.html">This
Day in Climate History January 16, 2006</a> - from D.R.
Tucker</b></font><br>
January 16, 2006: At a speech in Constitution Hall, Washington,
D.C.,<br>
former Vice President Al Gore declares:<br>
<blockquote>"[T]he American people, who have a right to believe that
its elected<br>
representatives will learn the truth and act on the basis of
knowledge<br>
and utilize the rule of reason, have been let down.<br>
<br>
To take another example, scientific warnings about the
catastrophic<br>
consequences of unchecked global warming were censored by a
political<br>
appointee in the White House with no scientific training
whatsoever.<br>
<br>
"Today one of the most distinguished scientific experts in the
world<br>
on global warming, who works in NASA, has been ordered not to talk
to<br>
members of the press; ordered to keep a careful log of everyone he<br>
meets with so that the executive branch can monitor and control
what<br>
he shares of his knowledge about global warming.<br>
<br>
"This is a planetary crisis. We owe ourselves a truthful and
reasoned<br>
discussion."<br>
</blockquote>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/16/AR2006011600779.html">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/16/AR2006011600779.html</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mD_2e1dIl2s">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mD_2e1dIl2s</a><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
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