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<font size="+1"><i>March 4, 2018</i></font><br>
<br>
[Weather]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://theconversation.com/beast-from-the-east-and-freakishly-warm-arctic-temperatures-are-no-coincidence-92774">'Beast
from the East' and freakishly warm Arctic temperatures are no
coincidence</a></b><br>
March 2, 2018<br>
During the past week,<span> </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/01/beast-from-east-storm-emma-uk-worst-weather-years" style="color: rgb(85, 117, 133); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;">bitterly cold weather</a><span> </span>has
engulfed the UK and most of Northern Europe. At the same time,
temperatures in the high Arctic have been 10 to 20 degrees C<span> </span><a href="https://www.livescience.com/61864-arctic-temperatures-record-high.html" style="color: rgb(85, 117, 133); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent; font-style: italic;">above</em> normal</a><span>
</span>- although still generally below freezing.<br>
The co-occurence of these two opposite extremes is no random
coincidence. A quick climate rewind reveals how an unusual
disturbance in the tropics more than a month ago sent out
shock-waves thousands of kilometres in all directions, causing
extreme weather events - not only in Europe and the Arctic, but in
the southern hemisphere too.<br>
The outbreak of cold weather across the UK was publicly forecast at
least two weeks in advance. In early February, meteorologists
noticed a large-scale weather event developing 30km high in the
Arctic stratosphere, whose effects on our less lofty weather systems
are well understood.<br>
The strong westerly winds, known as the<span> </span><a href="https://weather.com/news/news/2018-02-14-polar-vortex-split-february-2018" style="color: rgb(85, 117, 133); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;">Polar Vortex</a>,
that normally circle the Arctic at this altitude had begun to weaken
and change direction. Extremely cold arctic air - usually entrapped
by this 360 degrees barrier - was able to spill out to lower
latitudes, flooding across Siberia.<br>
Meteorologists refer to this type of event as a<span> </span><a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/learn-about-the-weather/how-weather-works/sudden-stratospheric-warming" style="color: rgb(85, 117, 133); text-decoration: underline; outline: none; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;">Sudden Stratospheric Warming</a><span> </span>(SSW)
because the air in the stratosphere above the North Pole appears to
warm rapidly. In fact, the cold air isn't itself warming up so much
as flooding south and being replaced by warmer air from further
south...<br>
The near simultaneous occurrence of all of these extreme weather
events is a perfect meteorological illustration of the butterfly
effect. While we usually talk about weather in local and regional
terms, the atmosphere is one continuous fluid expanse. Disturbances
in one region are bound to have consequences to the weather in other
parts of the world - and when they are severe the shock-waves can be
immense....<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://theconversation.com/beast-from-the-east-and-freakishly-warm-arctic-temperatures-are-no-coincidence-92774">https://theconversation.com/beast-from-the-east-and-freakishly-warm-arctic-temperatures-are-no-coincidence-92774</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Journal Nature]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02184-x">Why
current negative-emissions strategies remain 'magical thinking'</a></b><br>
Work on how rocks draw carbon from the air shows the scale of the
challenge.<br>
Decarbonization of the world's economy would bring colossal
disruption of the status quo. It's a desire to avoid that change -
political, financial and otherwise - that drives many of the climate
sceptics. Still, as this journal has noted numerous times, it's
clear that many policymakers who argue that emissions must be
curbed, and fast, don't seem to appreciate the scale of what's
required...<br>
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
carbon emissions must peak in the next couple of decades and then
fall steeply for the world to avoid a 2 degrees C rise. A peak in
emissions seems possible given that the annual rise in carbon
pollution stalled between 2014 and 2016, but it's the projected
decline that gives climate scientists nightmares...<br>
The 2015 Paris agreement gave politicians an answer: negative
emissions. Technology to reduce the amount of carbon already in the
atmosphere will buy society valuable time. The agreement went as far
as arguing that incorporating one such technology - bioenergy with
carbon capture and storage (BECCS) - could even see the global
temperature increase kept to 1.5 degrees C...<br>
What would negative emissions look like? A Perspective this week in
Nature Plants offers another glimpse, and it's not pretty (<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0108-y">D. J. Beerling
et al. Nature Plants http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0108-y;
2018</a>). The review focuses on the idea of enhanced weathering,
which aims to exploit how many rocks react with carbon dioxide and
water to form alkaline solutions that, over time, find their way
into the sea. It's one of a number of proposed negative-emissions
technologies...<br>
In theory, enhanced weathering could lock up significant amounts of
atmospheric carbon in the deep ocean. But the effort required is
astounding. The article estimates that grinding up 10-50 tonnes of
basalt rock and applying it to each of some 70 million hectares - an
area about the size of Texas - of US agricultural land every year
would soak up 13% of the annual global emissions from agriculture.
That still leaves an awful lot of carbon up there, even after all
the quarrying, grinding, transporting and spreading...<br>
It's not hard to see why many climate scientists have dismissed the
near-impossible scale of required negative emissions as "magical
thinking". Or why the European Academies' Science Advisory Council
said in a report this month: "Negative emission technologies may
have a useful role to play but, on the basis of current information,
not at the levels required to compensate for inadequate mitigation
measures."...<br>
The IPCC is now working on a report on strategies to keep warming to
under 1.5 degrees C, which is due to be published later this year.
By necessity, those strategies will lean heavily on negative
emissions. Scientists must continue to spell out to policymakers the
harsh reality of what this would involve, and in the strongest
possible terms.<br>
Nature 554, 404 (2018) doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-02184-x<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02184-x">https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02184-x</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[GE Wind power]<i> (PR materials)</i><br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="https://youtu.be/ybh7NwZv7c8">World's
Largest Offshore Wind Turbine - Haliade-X - GE Renewable Energy</a></b><br>
GE Renewable Energy has unveiled the world's largest offshore wind
turbine, the 12 megawatt Haliade-X which measures in at 260 meters
in height and boasting a 220-meter rotor, and is capable of
generating enough clean electricity for 16,000 households per
turbine.<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true" href="https://youtu.be/ybh7NwZv7c8">video
from GE</a> <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://youtu.be/ybh7NwZv7c8">https://youtu.be/ybh7NwZv7c8</a><br>
"The Haliade-X 12 MW will help our customers in an increasingly
competitive offshore environment, and through its size and digital
functionality provide important value across manufacturing,
installation and operation," added John Lavelle, CEO of Offshore
Wind at GE Renewable Energy.<font size="-1"><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://cleantechnica.com/2018/03/02/ge-announces-worlds-powerful-offshore-wind-turbine-haliade-x/">https://cleantechnica.com/2018/03/02/ge-announces-worlds-powerful-offshore-wind-turbine-haliade-x/</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[video The New Great Game] <i>(pipeline diplomacy)</i><br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="https://youtu.be/16Vl2EDceCs">Politics,
power and pipelines - Europe and natural gas </a></b><br>
DW Documentary <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://youtu.be/16Vl2EDceCs">https://youtu.be/16Vl2EDceCs</a><br>
Published on Mar 2, 2018 (DW is a publicly funded German
broadcaster)<br>
Russia hopes a new Baltic Sea pipeline will strengthen its gas
market position in Europe. But the Nord Stream 2 pipeline project is
highly controversial.<br>
Poland and the US are against its construction, Germany is in favor.
What will the outcome be? The negotiations are heading into the
final round. At stake is an energy lifeline for Europe - and the
power it implies. Over the coming months in Brussels and Berlin,
Moscow and Washington, the decision will be made on whether or not a
European consortium led by Russian state natural gas company Gazprom
is to lay another pipeline on the Baltic seabed. The carbon steel
pipes bearing the name Nord Stream 2 are projected to cost 10
billion euros and run from Vyborg, Russia, to Lubmin, Germany. This
route could soon be carrying the greater share of Russia's natural
gas exports to the European Union. The project already carries its
share of opposition: Poland, Slovakia and the Baltic republics eye a
direct German-Russian connection with concern - mindful of hundreds
of millions of euros in transport fees they stand to lose. And
Ukraine sees itself at the mercy of Russian interests, should the
West no longer have need of it as an energy corridor. The United
States, with liquefied petroleum gas of its own to sell, has been
threatening more sanctions. The pipeline's opponents in the EU are
doing what they can to hinder its construction and tie it up in the
courts with legal maneuvering. Government spokespeople in Berlin and
Moscow insist the project has only private business motives, those
being to guarantee the supply of natural gas and keep the prices
low. Supporters and opponents agree on one thing: Nord Stream 2
would alter Europe's energy politics for decades to come, which
would in turn affect geo-politics. Energy issues are always
questions of power. Russia's leadership is well aware of that, as
they've repeatedly demonstrated in the past. But in this round of
the "Great Game", the Americans are joining in. This documentary
presents the pros and cons of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline. Former
German chancellor Gerhard Schroder, now in the employ of Nord
Stream, has been drumming up support. Opponents, such as the former
Polish prime minister and current Member of the European Parliament
Jerzy Buzek, explain their positions. The documentary was shot on
locations in Germany, France, Ukraine, Georgia and in Brussels and
Moscow.<font size="-1"> <br>
DW is a publicly funded German broadcaster <a
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://youtu.be/16Vl2EDceCs">https://youtu.be/16Vl2EDceCs</a></font><br>
-<br>
[The Energy Mix]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://theenergymix.com/2018/03/01/risk-modelers-see-political-instability-ahead-for-several-key-fossil-producing-states/">RISK
MODELERS SEE POLITICAL INSTABILITY AHEAD FOR SEVERAL KEY
FOSSIL-PRODUCING STATES</a></b><br>
@RIGZONE<br>
Political instability could have an impact on oil and gas production
in several key fossil-producing countries—including Russia,
Kazakhstan, Egypt, Kenya and Uganda—over the next three years,
according to a new report from global risk analysts Verisk
Maplecroft....<br>
Using its Interstate Tensions Forecasting Model, Verisk Maplecroft
projected that the risk of a show of force between the United States
and North Korea has increased from 36 to 56% since the beginning of
2017. The odds of a war between Iran and Saudi Arabia stand at 26%.<br>
"In the worst-case scenario, war between Saudi Arabia and Iran would
hit oil supply and cause a spike in prices, while conflict on the
Korean Peninsula would have serious negative consequences for the
global oil and liquefied natural gas trade," Verisk said in a
statement. "A slide into war is not in the interests of any of these
countries, but the outlook highlights the aggressive posturing from
all sides as intensifying the chances for tensions to escalate."<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://theenergymix.com/2018/03/01/risk-modelers-see-political-instability-ahead-for-several-key-fossil-producing-states/">http://theenergymix.com/2018/03/01/risk-modelers-see-political-instability-ahead-for-several-key-fossil-producing-states/</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[TheGuardian]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/02/arctic-spring-is-starting-16-days-earlier-than-a-decade-ago-study-shows">Arctic
spring is starting 16 days earlier than a decade ago, study
shows</a></b><br>
Climate change is causing the season to start comparatively earlier
the further north you go, say scientists<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/02/arctic-spring-is-starting-16-days-earlier-than-a-decade-ago-study-shows">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/02/arctic-spring-is-starting-16-days-earlier-than-a-decade-ago-study-shows</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Antarctic audio]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="https://youtu.be/W0HBNEXords">This
Antarctic Ice Core Bore Hole made them Laugh</a></b><br>
They went to drill for ice cores, but then they discovered a sound
which made them laugh.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://youtu.be/W0HBNEXords">https://youtu.be/W0HBNEXords</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[NPR]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/03/02/590056872/from-almonds-to-rice-climate-change-could-slash-california-crop-yields-by-2050">From
Almonds To Rice, Climate Change Could Slash California Crop
Yields By 2050</a></b><br>
Climate change could decrease the yield of some crops in California
by up to 40 percent by 2050. That's a big deal for farmers in the
state, which provides about two-thirds of the nation's produce.<br>
California farmers grow more than 400 commodity crops. Tapan Pathak,
a University of California Cooperative Extension specialist based in
California's Central Valley, and his research team analyzed 89
studies on climate change and discovered that warming temperatures
may alter where crops grow across the state. Their findings were
published in the journal Agronomy...<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/03/02/590056872/from-almonds-to-rice-climate-change-could-slash-california-crop-yields-by-2050">https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/03/02/590056872/from-almonds-to-rice-climate-change-could-slash-california-crop-yields-by-2050</a><br>
</font>-<br>
[Journal Agronomy]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/3/25/htm">Climate Change
Trends and Impacts on California Agriculture: A Detailed Review</a></b><br>
Tapan B. Pathak<br>
Abstract: California is a global leader in the agricultural sector
and produces more than 400 types of commodities. The state produces
over a third of the country's vegetables and two-thirds of its
fruits and nuts. Despite being highly productive, current and future
climate change poses many challenges to the agricultural sector.
This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge on
historical and future trends in climate and their impacts on
California agriculture. We present a synthesis of climate change
impacts on California agriculture in the context of: (1) historic
trends and projected changes in temperature, precipitation,
snowpack, heat waves, drought, and flood events; and (2) consequent
impacts on crop yields, chill hours, pests and diseases, and
agricultural vulnerability to climate risks. Finally, we highlight
important findings and directions for future research and
implementation. The detailed review presented in this paper provides
sufficient evidence that the climate in California has changed
significantly and is expected to continue changing in the future,
and justifies the urgency and importance of enhancing the adaptive
capacity of agriculture and reducing vulnerability to climate
change. Since agriculture in California is very diverse and each
crop responds to climate differently, climate adaptation research
should be locally focused along with effective stakeholder
engagement and systematic outreach efforts for effective adoption
and implementation. The expected readership of this paper includes
local stakeholders, researchers, state and national agencies, and
international communities interested in learning about climate
change and California's agriculture.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/3/25/htm">http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/8/3/25/htm</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Conclusion]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.gazettenet.com/Columnist-Marty-Nathan-describes-disturbing-signs-pointing-to-runaway-global-warming-15882526">Columnist
Marty Nathan: Signs point to runaway global warming</a></b><br>
However, if we go about business as usual, increasing the burning of
fossil fuels until 2050, sea level will ultimately rise 4 feet above
the present. That does not take into account ocean storm surges or
flooding from megastorms and hurricanes.<br>
But glacial and sea melts are not perhaps the most threatening. Yale
Climate Connections published a chilling must-read about the state
of the tundra entitled "<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2018/02/the-permafrost-bomb-is-ticking/">The
Permafrost Time Bomb Is Ticking: We Must Act Now to Defuse It.</a>"<br>
For quite some time scientists have been discussing the melting of
the upper layers of the soil that covers one-fifth of the earth's
surface in Siberia, Northern Europe, Canada and Alaska - soil that
has been mostly frozen for the last half-million years.<br>
That process has begun. If allowed to increase by business-as-usual
emissions causing further warming, the permafrost will release more
and more methane, a greenhouse gas 80 times as potent as carbon
dioxide, that will independently reinforce climate change.<br>
Further, the melting will create a "compost bomb" phenomenon we
gardeners have all witnessed in our back yard, when "decomposition
of (melted) organic matter, once initiated,.. become(s) a source of
heat itself, causing an explosive increase in soil temperatures,
additional decomposition, and methane release." If you have ever
stuck your hand in your compost heap in spring, you get the idea...<br>
This provides a picture of a more complex and explosive feedback
loop, self-reinforcing and unresponsive to human intervention, that
could be the tipping point to runaway global warming...<br>
To reach greenhouse gas peak emissions, we must stop the burning of
fossil fuels, not increase it. That means no more new fossil fuel
infrastructure, meaning no Columbia Gas pipeline expansion to
Holyoke. Instead we must deal with peak loads by other less
expensive means....<br>
<font size="-1">Dr. Marty Nathan lives in Northampton and is a
physician at BaystateBrightwood Health Center in Springfield. She
is on the steering committee of Climate Action NOW and drinks
coffee with 2degreesatgreenneighbors.earth. She may be reached at
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
href="mailto:martygjf@comcast.net">martygjf@comcast.net</a>.</font><br>
<font size="-1"><span class="moz-txt-link-freetext"><a
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.gazettenet.com/Columnist-Marty-Nathan-describes-disturbing-signs-pointing-to-runaway-global-warming-15882526">http://www.gazettenet.com/Columnist-Marty-Nathan-describes-disturbing-signs-pointing-to-runaway-global-warming-15882526</a></span></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[legal solutions]<br>
<b><a
href="https://sustainable-economy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Fossil-Fuel-Risk-Bonds-May-25.pdf">Fossil
Fuel Risk Bonds - Center for Sustainable Economy</a></b><br>
Safeguarding public finances from product life cycle risks of oil,
gas, and coal<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://sustainable-economy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Fossil-Fuel-Risk-Bonds-May-25.pdf">https://sustainable-economy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Fossil-Fuel-Risk-Bonds-May-25.pdf</a><br>
by J Talberth - 2016 - Cited by 1 - Related articles<br>
Fossil fuel risk bond programs offer a solution. Fossil fuel risk
bond programs are systematic efforts by state and local governments
to evaluate and respond to the financial risks they face at each
stage of the fossil fuel product ... The second approach includes
surcharge-based trust funds that can be tapped to cover.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://sustainable-economy.org">https://sustainable-economy.org</a><br>
-<b><br>
</b>[legal struggles]<b><br>
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=giMlyiDt8Z8">"a good
summary of our work on fossil fuel infrastructure and risk
bonds"</a><br>
</b><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://sustainable-economy.org/">https://sustainable-economy.org/</a><br>
(draft version video <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://youtu.be/giMlyiDt8Z8">https://youtu.be/giMlyiDt8Z8</a>
)<br>
Mar 8, 2017 - The majority of our work has taken place in Portland,
where Mayor Ted Wheeler and Commissioner Chloe Eudaly have expressed
an interest in pursuing risk bonds to shift costs of dangerous
infrastructure from the public onto polluters. They are also
interested in exploring a fossil fuel risk trust fund ...<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://walker-foundation.org/net/org/project.aspx?projectid=107425">Walker
Foundation - Fossil Fuel Risk Bonds</a></b><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://walker-foundation.org/net/org/project.aspx?projectid=107425">http://walker-foundation.org/net/org/project.aspx?projectid=107425</a><br>
<br>
<br>
<b> </b>[A book that Bill Gates likes]<br>
<b><a
href="https://www.ft.com/content/b2bee79e-17b1-11e8-9e9c-25c814761640">Pessimism
is sometimes an enlightened outlook</a></b><b><br>
</b>Bill Gates endorses book a bit hyperbolic about environment<br>
Steven Pinker rejects view that carbon-powered industrial society
could destroy itself<br>
Pilita Clark<br>
Everyone knows about Bill Gates but what of the Bill Gates bump?<br>
That is the jump in book sales that the billionaire philanthropist
can trigger when he tells the world about an author he admires. A
five-year-old doorstopper more than 800 pages long rocketed up
Amazon's rankings last year after Gates tweeted it was "the most
inspiring book I've ever read".<br>
The author was Harvard psychology professor Steven Pinker who
claimed in his book, <u>The Better Angels of our Nature,</u> that
so many types of violence had plunged that we may have entered the
most peaceful time in human history, despite what's on the news.<br>
Gates has just doubled down to declare Prof Pinker's new work,
Enlightenment Now, his "new favourite book of all time". "It's like
Better Angels on steroids," he gushed in his blog, explaining how
Pinker had moved on from violence to 15 other measures of progress
to show how the world was getting better.<br>
On the grounds that it never hurts to know what a man worth $91
billion thinks, I did my bit for a new Bill Gates bump and
downloaded Enlightenment Now. As promised, it bulges with data
showing how much healthier, safer, freer and richer we are than our
forebears. Catastrophic famine has vanished from most of the world.
War between countries is obsolescent. Most of us live in
democracies. We're even getting smarter, as global average IQ scores
rise by about three points every decade...<br>
What is the use of humans getting better in every way if they end up
in a world that becomes unlivable as global temperatures rise?<br>
Pinker makes a serious effort to fit these woes into his theme of
progress but the result is strained and at times oddly hyperbolic.
His chapter on the environment starts with an attack on "greenism" -
a "quasi-religious ideology" he detects in the work of everyone from
Al Gore to Pope Francis, that is suspicious of Enlightenment
commitment to science and reason. The "apocalyptic" creed is "laced
with misanthropy" in his view and prone to "Nazi-like comparisons of
human beings to vermin, pathogens, and cancer". For evidence of the
latter, he cites a quote about "the human virus" from Paul Watson,
neglecting to add that Watson is an anti-whaling activist so
contentious even Greenpeace has criticised him...<br>
But climate change poses a larger problem. Pinker is eager to
disparage the "tragic" view of modernity - that a carbon-powered
industrial society could destroy itself. He concedes we cannot be
complacent about global warming and agrees "humanity has never faced
a problem like it". The answer, he says, is to ditch "eco-pessimism"
and embrace a more enlightened "ecomodernism", because environmental
problems are ultimately "solvable, given the right knowledge".<br>
Prof Pinker knows this. He thinks carbon pricing, nuclear power,
geoengineering or other yet-to-be-invented technologies could
eventually be the answer. I hope he is right. But to question how
long this will take seems not so much pessimistic as perfectly
reasonable and perhaps even positively enlightened.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.ft.com/content/b2bee79e-17b1-11e8-9e9c-25c814761640">https://www.ft.com/content/b2bee79e-17b1-11e8-9e9c-25c814761640</a></font><br>
<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/italy/03/04/environment.climate/"><br>
</a><font size="+1"><b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/italy/03/04/environment.climate/">This
Day in Climate History - March 4, 2001</a> - from D.R.
Tucker</b></font><br>
March 4, 2001: At an international climate summit in Italy, EPA
Administrator Christine Todd Whitman insists that the Bush
administration will take aggressive action to reduce carbon
pollution. (By the end of the month, the Bush administration would
officially disavow the Kyoto Protocol.)<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
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