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<font size="+1"><i>April 12, 2018</i></font><br>
<br>
[we suspected this years ago]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/04/11/the-oceans-circulation-hasnt-been-this-sluggish-in-1000-years-thats-bad-news/">The
oceans' circulation hasn't been this sluggish in 1,000 years.
That's bad news.</a></b><br>
Chris Mooney April, 11, 2018 <br>
The ocean current North America and Europe depend on is slowing
down, and climate change may be to blame<br>
The Atlantic Ocean circulation that carries warmth into the Northern
Hemisphere's high latitudes is slowing down because of climate
change, a team of scientists asserted Wednesday, suggesting one of
the most feared consequences is already coming to pass.<br>
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has declined in
strength by 15 percent since the mid-20th century to a "new record
low," the scientists conclude in a <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0006-5">peer-reviewed
study published in the journal Nature</a>. That's a decrease of 3
million cubic meters of water per second, the equivalent of nearly
15 Amazon rivers.<br>
The AMOC brings warm water from the equator up toward the Atlantic's
northern reaches and cold water back down through the deep ocean.
The current is partly why Western Europe enjoys temperate weather,
and meteorologists are linking changes in North Atlantic Ocean
temperatures to recent summer heat waves....<br>
- - - - - <br>
The AMOC circulation is just one part of a far larger global system
of ocean currents, driven by differences in the temperature and
salinity of ocean water. Warm surface waters flow northward in the
Atlantic, eventually cooling and - because cold, salty water is very
dense - sink and travel back southward at great depths. The
circulation has thus been likened to a conveyor belt....<br>
- - - - - - - <br>
As for the future, Rahmstorf predicts the circulation will only
weaken further as climate change advances. It may not be slow and
steady: There is great fear that there may be a "tipping point"
where the circulation comes to an abrupt halt.<br>
This is one of the most infamous scenarios for abrupt climate
change, as it is known: Studies from the planet's history suggest
that such a sudden change in the North Atlantic has occurred many
times in Earth's past, perhaps as recently as about 13,000 years
ago. But it's not clear how close the tipping point might be.<br>
"I think in the long run … Greenland will start melting even faster,
so I think the long-term prospect for that ocean circulation system
is that it will weaken further," Rahmstorf said. "And I think that's
going to affect all of us, basically, in a negative way."<br>
<font size="-1">more at:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/04/11/the-oceans-circulation-hasnt-been-this-sluggish-in-1000-years-thats-bad-news/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/04/11/the-oceans-circulation-hasnt-been-this-sluggish-in-1000-years-thats-bad-news/</a><br>
</font>- - - - - -<br>
[here it is]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0006-5.epdf?referrer_access_token=v2scMiZHCJ9jR9lGr0qjm9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OdzeJ18XkImxSDnyYEEsE8kZxiCFQRHXUDVk7z88DZuCVSpNT526jCYc7AolNWO0q1VuAzrHmqVEhSpPio75PuDkbmnZMCM7UNkijPz7lF85lllre35b36xIR2bFKP-N8KD_GUVf7qEKH5RpZgKimkm5eaGY-9_iwbrfmXiiwSKC-h6dYZT5WJkAU7Qi4h8o_8yfGCnteJjUPRVV4rc19oLjmhua0qUJhEChUDiojei-RMbkQSmZbabDCxg6PYZ5OkXhWJN837QcRYGCrYCO9VseoCyzep0GSv6KpZT8xiIdlNe3jN9ba0yu9koCseRziv86ZKF8bYxuhRSDQkj3Rrg5FhShaBImNCh8s-J0LAGdIRNlFwYDfbzVMLwS_thiqq3TVthLoyN2gfK5WLDC9D&tracking_referrer=www.washingtonpost.com">Observed
fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning
circulation</a></b><br>
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC)-a system of
ocean currents in the North Atlantic-has a major impact on climate,
yet its evolution during the industrial era is poorly known owing to
a lack of direct current measurements. <br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0006-5.epdf?referrer_access_token=v2scMiZHCJ9jR9lGr0qjm9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OdzeJ18XkImxSDnyYEEsE8kZxiCFQRHXUDVk7z88DZuCVSpNT526jCYc7AolNWO0q1VuAzrHmqVEhSpPio75PuDkbmnZMCM7UNkijPz7lF85lllre35b36xIR2bFKP-N8KD_GUVf7qEKH5RpZgKimkm5eaGY-9_iwbrfmXiiwSKC-h6dYZT5WJkAU7Qi4h8o_8yfGCnteJjUPRVV4rc19oLjmhua0qUJhEChUDiojei-RMbkQSmZbabDCxg6PYZ5OkXhWJN837QcRYGCrYCO9VseoCyzep0GSv6KpZT8xiIdlNe3jN9ba0yu9koCseRziv86ZKF8bYxuhRSDQkj3Rrg5FhShaBImNCh8s-J0LAGdIRNlFwYDfbzVMLwS_thiqq3TVthLoyN2gfK5WLDC9D&tracking_referrer=www.washingtonpost.com">Read
the study: </a></b><br>
<font size="-2"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0006-5.epdf?referrer_access_token=v2scMiZHCJ9jR9lGr0qjm9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OdzeJ18XkImxSDnyYEEsE8kZxiCFQRHXUDVk7z88DZuCVSpNT526jCYc7AolNWO0q1VuAzrHmqVEhSpPio75PuDkbmnZMCM7UNkijPz7lF85lllre35b36xIR2bFKP-N8KD_GUVf7qEKH5RpZgKimkm5eaGY-9_iwbrfmXiiwSKC-h6dYZT5WJkAU7Qi4h8o_8yfGCnteJjUPRVV4rc19oLjmhua0qUJhEChUDiojei-RMbkQSmZbabDCxg6PYZ5OkXhWJN837QcRYGCrYCO9VseoCyzep0GSv6KpZT8xiIdlNe3jN9ba0yu9koCseRziv86ZKF8bYxuhRSDQkj3Rrg5FhShaBImNCh8s-J0LAGdIRNlFwYDfbzVMLwS_thiqq3TVthLoyN2gfK5WLDC9D&tracking_referrer=www.washingtonpost.com">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0006-5.epdf?referrer_access_token=v2scMiZHCJ9jR9lGr0qjm9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OdzeJ18XkImxSDnyYEEsE8kZxiCFQRHXUDVk7z88DZuCVSpNT526jCYc7AolNWO0q1VuAzrHmqVEhSpPio75PuDkbmnZMCM7UNkijPz7lF85lllre35b36xIR2bFKP-N8KD_GUVf7qEKH5RpZgKimkm5eaGY-9_iwbrfmXiiwSKC-h6dYZT5WJkAU7Qi4h8o_8yfGCnteJjUPRVV4rc19oLjmhua0qUJhEChUDiojei-RMbkQSmZbabDCxg6PYZ5OkXhWJN837QcRYGCrYCO9VseoCyzep0GSv6KpZT8xiIdlNe3jN9ba0yu9koCseRziv86ZKF8bYxuhRSDQkj3Rrg5FhShaBImNCh8s-J0LAGdIRNlFwYDfbzVMLwS_thiqq3TVthLoyN2gfK5WLDC9D&tracking_referrer=www.washingtonpost.com</a></font><br>
[The other study]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0007-4.epdf?referrer_access_token=H6z_2ZP9ax_Qq0K8UABeJ9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MAQC0usmARmECubT0sv_73cw8e7Uph8-WdBkYDpwNtr_YcnZI3A5E-WO2r6VQKcjCyXVvhm6vOTmIf8kNGnJHlud1rZFvRlFlVyiP-I9XabM_thcVMzFcjh4WF0HmwA9vWMsxm0fXjdj6F0_ytsjxWt_XSVFyvKQxBWUEwWkGBtAWrAsTM8HmaX9DB9GljiZ_YqjM49kz9QOhlQ2zQnPr7m2lNk8M4lyKr8P77l8FmUEirLajP7IYSPJ8lUiFz6T0epDbRXJ8bAxLcLdtqrTv3AGJYLDyZesk-YR-FhRzdfUwOmSoQ9-Pn22wz5snumV1-0hDg3lgxp0KxlepswVY_HabKnvmNXsX1IyfWsoUOKY3KWG_9tRK0CjCNad5mnyadpnsZxr3MxBSkwaXE9MZp&tracking_referrer=www.washingtonpost.com">Anomalously
weak Labrador Sea convection and Atlantic overturning during the
past 150 years</a></b><br>
Read this study:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0007-4.epdf?referrer_access_token=H6z_2ZP9ax_Qq0K8UABeJ9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MAQC0usmARmECubT0sv_73cw8e7Uph8-WdBkYDpwNtr_YcnZI3A5E-WO2r6VQKcjCyXVvhm6vOTmIf8kNGnJHlud1rZFvRlFlVyiP-I9XabM_thcVMzFcjh4WF0HmwA9vWMsxm0fXjdj6F0_ytsjxWt_XSVFyvKQxBWUEwWkGBtAWrAsTM8HmaX9DB9GljiZ_YqjM49kz9QOhlQ2zQnPr7m2lNk8M4lyKr8P77l8FmUEirLajP7IYSPJ8lUiFz6T0epDbRXJ8bAxLcLdtqrTv3AGJYLDyZesk-YR-FhRzdfUwOmSoQ9-Pn22wz5snumV1-0hDg3lgxp0KxlepswVY_HabKnvmNXsX1IyfWsoUOKY3KWG_9tRK0CjCNad5mnyadpnsZxr3MxBSkwaXE9MZp&tracking_referrer=www.washingtonpost.com">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0007-4.epdf?referrer_access_token=H6z_2ZP9ax_Qq0K8UABeJ9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MAQC0usmARmECubT0sv_73cw8e7Uph8-WdBkYDpwNtr_YcnZI3A5E-WO2r6VQKcjCyXVvhm6vOTmIf8kNGnJHlud1rZFvRlFlVyiP-I9XabM_thcVMzFcjh4WF0HmwA9vWMsxm0fXjdj6F0_ytsjxWt_XSVFyvKQxBWUEwWkGBtAWrAsTM8HmaX9DB9GljiZ_YqjM49kz9QOhlQ2zQnPr7m2lNk8M4lyKr8P77l8FmUEirLajP7IYSPJ8lUiFz6T0epDbRXJ8bAxLcLdtqrTv3AGJYLDyZesk-YR-FhRzdfUwOmSoQ9-Pn22wz5snumV1-0hDg3lgxp0KxlepswVY_HabKnvmNXsX1IyfWsoUOKY3KWG_9tRK0CjCNad5mnyadpnsZxr3MxBSkwaXE9MZp&tracking_referrer=www.washingtonpost.com</a><br>
<br>
<br>
[...seems to boil down to one question: censorship or
self-censorship? - A.T.]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/lawmakers-call-probe-human-impact-climate-change-edited/story?id=54369702">Lawmakers
call for probe on whether human impact on climate change was
edited out of report</a></b><br>
By STEPHANIE EBBS - Apr 10, 2018<br>
Lawmakers are asking the Interior Department's watchdog to look into
whether references to the human impact on<span> </span><a
href="http://abcnews.go.com/topics/news/climate-change.htm"
id="ramplink_climate change_" target="_blank" style="box-sizing:
border-box; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant:
inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height:
inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px;
padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;
color: rgb(93, 144, 206); text-decoration: none; outline: 0px
!important;">climate change</a><span> </span>were edited out of a
government report on the impact of<span> </span><a
href="http://abcnews.go.com/topics/news/energy/sea-level-rise.htm"
id="ramplink_sea level rise_" target="_blank" style="box-sizing:
border-box; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant:
inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height:
inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px;
padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background: transparent;
color: rgb(93, 144, 206); text-decoration: none; outline: 0px
!important;">sea level rise</a><span> </span>on national parks.<br>
<a
href="https://www.revealnews.org/article/wipeout-human-role-in-climate-change-removed-from-science-report/"
target="_blank" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px;
font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit;
font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit;
font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align:
baseline; background: transparent; color: rgb(93, 144, 206);
text-decoration: none; outline: 0px !important;">Reveal News, a
nonprofit investigative journalism organization, reported last
week</a>that<span> </span><a
href="http://abcnews.go.com/topics/news/us/national-park-service.htm"
id="ramplink_National Park Service_" target="_blank"
style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px; font-style: inherit;
font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch:
inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size:
18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;
background: transparent; color: rgb(93, 144, 206);
text-decoration: none; outline: 0px !important;">National Park
Service</a><span> </span>officials deleted every mention of the
human influence on climate change from 18 draft versions of the
report. For example, terms like "anthropogenic" and references to
"human activities" causing climate change were reportedly deleted or
crossed out.<br>
- - - - - <br>
Five senators wrote the to Interior Department's inspector general
on Monday calling for an investigation into whether the report was
altered to remove references to the human impact of climate change.
They wrote that the report "raises serious concerns with respect to
how the department is - or is not - applying its scientific
integrity policies to publicly released scientific reports."<br>
- - - - -<br>
The House Natural Resources Committee's ranking member, Rep. Raul
Grijalva, D-Ariz., and four other Democrats have also asked the
department's inspector general to look into whether any of those
changes violate the agency's scientific integrity policy, which is
in place to ensure that scientific reports are impartial and not
politically influenced. Grijalva previously asked Zinke about
reports that he asked to see a U.S. Geological Survey report before
it was published, a request that led two scientists to resign. Zinke
denied altering any reports and said he never would.<br>
- - - - - <br>
"While it is possible that his own tenor keystroke did not alter the
NPS climate change report, at least one person that worked under his
leadership did," Democrats from the House Natural Resources
Committee wrote in their own letter. "It is essential that we
understand whether the changes were made in response to explicit
verbal or written direction, or whether they were the result of a
culture of climate denial that leads employees to believe the path
of least resistance for them and their work is to follow that lead."<br>
(Zinke is scheduled to testify on the department's budget in front
of a House Appropriations subcommittee on Wednesday.)<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/lawmakers-call-probe-human-impact-climate-change-edited/story?id=54369702">http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/lawmakers-call-probe-human-impact-climate-change-edited/story?id=54369702</a><br>
<br>
<br>
[The best Senator Sheldon Whitehouse speech so far]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FomyqWP6ePs">Time to Wake
Up: Climate Denial (Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (April 2018)</a></b><br>
Video speech Understanding Climate Change<br>
From the transcript: <br>
<blockquote>"... if the 14 million internal tobacco industry memos
and documents show one thing, clearly it is this: Political
campaign networks - built to defend and promote large corporate
interests with integrated goals messaging targets and allies
simply don't materialize overnight. The funding and strategies
behind them take years to develop before reaching maturity and
they build on each other over time. "<br>
</blockquote>
Published on Apr 11, 2018<br>
Time to Wake Up: Climate Denial (Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (April
2018)<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FomyqWP6ePs">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FomyqWP6ePs</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[California Opinion]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-mckibben-brown-phaseout-oil-and-gas-20180411-story.html">Jerry
Brown's work to seal his climate legacy is only half done</a></b><br>
By BILL MCKIBBEN - Apr 11, 2018<br>
It seems a little churlish to prod Jerry Brown on carbon issues.
He's done as much as any leader in the world to move forward on the
climate and energy crises that are the defining challenges of our
time.<br>
But the truth is Brown's not done anywhere near what he could, nor
what the situation demands. As a coalition of nearly 800 groups from
across the state, the country and the planet make clear in a letter
to Brown released Wednesday, he's addressed no more than half the
crisis: All of California's environmental measures have been aimed
at reducing the demand for energy, and none at slowing down the
production of fossil fuel. Supply and demand are two equal halves of
this fight; if we don't recognize that fact we simply will not solve
the climate conundrum....<br>
<b>"All of California's environmental measures have been aimed at
reducing the demand for energy, and none at slowing down the
production of fossil fuel."...</b><br>
more at:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-mckibben-brown-phaseout-oil-and-gas-20180411-story.html">http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-mckibben-brown-phaseout-oil-and-gas-20180411-story.html</a><br>
<br>
<br>
[Climate Liability News]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.climateliabilitynews.org/2018/04/11/sea-level-rise-california-liability-san-francisco/">Sea
Level Rise Poses Huge Threat to California, Heightening Urgency
of Liability Cases</a></b><br>
<span style="box-sizing: inherit;">Dana Drugmand</span><br>
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 400;">As fossil fuel
companies try to fend off<span> </span><a
href="https://www.climateliabilitynews.org/2018/03/22/climate-tutorial-judge-alsup-chevron-liability/"
style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;
color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight:
500;">climate liability lawsuits</a><span> </span>from coastal
California communities,<span> </span></span><a
href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaap9234"
style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; color:
rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 500;"><span
style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 400;">a recent study</span></a><span
style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 400;">revealed some
alarming flood projections for the San Francisco Bay Area,
bolstering the communities' argument that rising seas pose
imminent harm.</span><br>
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 400;">The<span> </span></span><a
href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaap9234"
style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; color:
rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 500;"><span
style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 400;">study</span></a><span
style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 400;"><span> </span>looked
at land subsidence, or land that is sinking, which exacerbates
flooding risk as sea levels rise. Previous flood hazard maps
underestimated the land area at risk<span> </span></span><a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/03/07/climate/san-francisco-sinking-land-flooding-climate-change.html"
style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; color:
rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 500;"><span
style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 400;">by up to 90
percent</span></a><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight:
400;">, researchers found, because they were based only on sea
level rise projections.</span><br>
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 400;">Taking the
sinking land into account adds to the urgency, and projected
costs, of adaptation.</span><br>
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 400;">"As sea levels
rise and subsidence increases, and possibly groundwater increases,
we have a perfect storm of very significant challenges and
problems," said Diana Sokolove, senior planner for the San
Francisco Planning Department. "We're looking at billions of
dollars [in costs] over time."</span><br>
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 400;">San Francisco
and neighboring Oakland are demanding that the big oil
companies-ExxonMobil, Chevron, Shell, BP, and ConocoPhillips-help
foot the bill. The cities claim the companies knowingly extracted
and sold a dangerous product that resulted in climate change harms
like sea level rise, which constitutes a public nuisance. For
relief, the cities want the companies to pay into an abatement
fund that will help cover the costs of building seawalls and other
adaptive infrastructure...<br>
- - - - - - -<br>
San Francisco is examining vulnerabilities of specific areas and
properties, building off of a Sea Level Rise Action Plan study
completed in 2016.<br>
"What we're doing is trying to get an understanding of what assets
are at risk, and what the consequences of those assets becoming
exposed and inoperable may be," said Sokolove, who is also
co-chair of the Adapt SF initiative.<br>
She described some areas that are most vulnerable, including Ocean
Beach on the western shore and the waterfront and Mission Bay
areas on the eastern shore. Ocean Beach is experiencing
significant erosion and storm surge impacts from sea level rise.
"We're really losing our beach," Sokolove said. "A lot of the
infrastructure that is protected by the beach sea wall is at
risk." She said that amounts to several billion dollars of
wastewater infrastructure, homes and businesses. Historic
buildings and piers on the eastern side of the city are also at
risk. "A lot of the area on the eastern shoreline is just made up
of fill and rubble from the 1906 earthquake. It's artificially
built waterfront land, and that land is subject to subsidence."<br>
Sokolove said that despite the challenges, the city is gearing up
to protect residents and vulnerable waterfront areas.<br>
The cost burden of doing so should be on the fossil fuel
companies, said San Francisco City Attorney Dennis Herrera. "These
companies have made enormous profits while putting our cities in
harm's way. Now, the bill has come due. It's time for them to pay
for the seawalls and other infrastructure needed to protect San
Francisco and Oakland," he said in a statement following the
recent climate change tutorial.<br>
Pine echoed the call for polluters to pay their fair share of the
damages. "SFO, Foster City and other San Mateo County shoreline
communities now face extraordinary costs to defend against sea
level rise," he said. "The fossil fuel companies who obfuscated
the causal link between their products and climate change must be
held accountable for the harm their products have caused. With
land subsidence occurring along the Bay Area shoreline, the threat
of sea level rise has only grown worse."<br>
</span><font size="-1">more at:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.climateliabilitynews.org/2018/04/11/sea-level-rise-california-liability-san-francisco/">https://www.climateliabilitynews.org/2018/04/11/sea-level-rise-california-liability-san-francisco/</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[with butter, please]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2018/04/carbon-emissions-of-lobster-and-shrimp-outstrip-chicken-and-pork-and-sometimes-even-beef/">Carbon
emissions of lobster and shrimp outstrip chicken and pork-and
sometimes even beef</a></b><br>
by Emma Bryce | Apr 6, 2018<br>
If you want to clean up your carbon footprint, cut lobster and
shrimp from your diet. That's what a new study suggests after
finding that these fisheries chug through huge quantities of fuel
and produce almost a quarter of global fisheries emissions.<br>
The new Nature Climate Change study finds that since 1990, emissions
from fishing overall have surged by a striking 28%, despite
production staying the same. That means that the emissions load per
ton of catch has shot up by 21% over just 20 years, because of more
intensive fuel use. Our appetite for crustaceans, it turns out, is
the primary culprit.<br>
In just a few decades, the rising popularity of lobster and shrimp
has driven a 60% increase in production, the study found. Paired
with the more intensive fuel use that shrimp and lobster trawling
methods require, these fisheries have become the biggest drivers of
fishing-related emissions increase: today they account for 22% of
the emissions total, despite making up just 6% of global catch
landings. In fact, the results suggested that lobster and shrimp
fisheries produced enough emissions to outstrip chicken and pork
farming, and that certain fisheries even produced more than beef. <br>
On the other hand, pelagic fisheries like anchovies and sardines
accounted for a huge chunk of global landings, but just 2% of
overall fisheries emissions, because of their more fuel-efficient
capture methods....<br>
<font size="-1">more at:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2018/04/carbon-emissions-of-lobster-and-shrimp-outstrip-chicken-and-pork-and-sometimes-even-beef/">http://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2018/04/carbon-emissions-of-lobster-and-shrimp-outstrip-chicken-and-pork-and-sometimes-even-beef/</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[accelerating trend] <br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://phys.org/news/2018-04-hotter-longer-frequentmarine-heatwaves.html">Researchers
connect the data to show an accelerating trend for marine
heatwaves in our oceans</a></b><br>
Phys.Org<br>
An international study in Nature Communications co-authored by
researchers from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes
(CLEX) and the Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS)
reveals globally marine heatwaves have increased over the past
century in number, length and intensity as a direct result of
warming oceans.<br>
"With more than 90% of the heat from human caused global warming
going into our oceans, it is likely marine heatwaves will continue
to increase. The next key stage for our research is to quantify
exactly how much they may change. "The results of these projections
are likely to have significant ...<br>
From 1925-2016, the study found the frequency of marine heatwaves
had increased on average by 34% and the length of each heatwave had
increased by 17%. Together this led to a 54% increase in the number
of marine heatwave days every year.<br>
"Our research also found that from 1982 there was a noticeable
acceleration of the trend in marine heatwaves," said lead author, Dr
Eric Oliver from Dalhousie University, Canada.<br>
"While some of us may enjoy the warmer waters when we go swimming,
these heatwaves have significant impacts on ecosystems,
biodiversity, fisheries, tourism and aquaculture. There are often
profound economic consequences that go hand in hand with these
events."<br>
Some recent examples show just how significant marine heatwave
events can be.<br>
In 2011, Western Australia saw a marine heatwave that shifted
ecosystems from being dominated by kelp to being dominated by
seaweed. That shift remained even after water temperatures returned
to normal.<br>
In 2012, a marine heatwave in the Gulf of Maine led to an increase
in lobsters but a crash in prices that seriously hurt the industry's
profits.<br>
Persistent warm water in the north Pacific from 2014-2016 led to
fishery closures, mass strandings of marine mammals and harmful
algal blooms along coastlines. That heatwave even changed
large-scale weather patterns in the Pacific Northwest.<br>
More recently still, Tasmania's intense marine heatwave in 2016 led
to disease outbreaks and slowing in growth rates across aquaculture
industries.<br>
The researchers used a variety of observational datasets to reveal
the trend of increasing marine heatwaves, combining satellite data
with a range century long datasets taken from ships and various land
based measuring stations. They then removed the influences of
natural variability caused by the El Nino Southern Oscillation, the
Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal
Oscillation to find the underlying trend.<br>
"There was a clear relationship between the rise in global average
sea-surface temperatures and the increase in marine heatwaves, much
the same as we see increases in extreme heat events related to the
increase in global average temperatures," said co-author Prof Neil
Holbrook from IMAS at the University of Tasmania.<br>
"With more than 90% of the heat from human caused global warming
going into our oceans, it is likely marine heatwaves will continue
to increase. The next key stage for our research is to quantify
exactly how much they may change.<br>
"The results of these projections are likely to have significant
implications for how our environment and economies adapt to this
changing world."<br>
Read more at: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://phys.org/news/2018-04-hotter-longer-frequentmarine-heatwaves.html#jCp">https://phys.org/news/2018-04-hotter-longer-frequentmarine-heatwaves.html#jCp</a><br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://phys.org/news/2018-04-hotter-longer-frequentmarine-heatwaves.html">https://phys.org/news/2018-04-hotter-longer-frequentmarine-heatwaves.html</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Resilience]<br>
6 APRIL 2018<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://thebulletin.org/primer-resilience11662">A primer
on resilience</a></b><br>
The March/April issue of the Bulletin magazine (free-access until
June 2018) explores resilience and the climate threat. The issue is
guest-edited by Alice C. Hill, research fellow at the Stanford
University Hoover Institution and former senior director for
resilience policy for the National Security Council. Hill's work
focuses on building resilience to destabilizing catastrophic events,
including the impacts of climate change, and she brings her
considerable expertise to this special issue.<br>
So what is 'resilience?' Why is it a useful term? And what are the
political and financial costs to make it a priority? We asked Hill
to explain.<br>
<b>What is resilience?</b><br>
Resilience is a difficult term to define. We find that there are
many definitions out there, but they all center around this idea of
bouncing back - that you can prepare yourself, your character or
your infrastructure to be ready for shocks, absorb those shocks, and
then bounce back from the shock. <br>
"Resilience" is particularly attractive to many people. In fact, the
use of the word has just exploded in recent decades because it
allows a common vocabulary for sometimes difficult issues. Climate
change is one of those issues. If you have a risk of flooding, you
can talk about an effort to prepare for flooding risk by being
resilient, versus talking about "climate adaptation".<br>
When you have politicians who are working with communities that may
have a polarized electorate-some of whom don't believe or subscribe
to the science that has indicated climate change is occurring-those
politicians will use the word resilience as well as other community
members to build a coalition, to take action, to better prepare the
community. <br>
<b>Is resilience expensive?</b><br>
There's a recent study (built on prior work) that says that for
every dollar we spend [on resilience] we'll save $6 in recovery
costs. That's a remarkable cost benefit ratio. It's a higher figure
than we had from the earlier study, which said it was $4 for every
$1 spent.<br>
This study is not widely known yet. I think it's because most people
don't think in terms of cost-benefit analysis. But as we plan for
the future impacts of climate change, we necessarily have to judge
whether a particular investment-for example, to raise a road-makes
sense in the light of the risk that's faced. This ratio will help us
better understand what is a worthy investment and what is not. <br>
<b>Are we investing enough in resilience? Why not?</b><br>
We are underinvesting in resilience. There's no question about that
here in the United States as well as worldwide. Some countries
simply don't have the funds at hand to invest in resilience. They're
challenged too much by poverty and other drivers that prevent them
from focusing on resilience.<br>
In other nations, including our own, we are underinvesting in
resilience because it's difficult for people to understand the
cost-benefit analysis that, if they take measures now to better
protect their home, they could save themselves a lot of damage and
money if a bad event-for example, a hurricane or wildfire-were to
occur. For many ordinary citizens, that's not a common analysis.
They assume that if their house is built to the building code,
that's sufficient. What they do not realize is that we have a
compounding future risk in climate change that will make it
difficult for all of us to remain resilient. <br>
Another thing that we see in terms of resilience, and whether public
monies are spent on resilience, is that politicians are faced with
many very urgent demands: crime, schools, transportation challenges.
So, for them to focus on the important issues of building
resilience, which may not present as urgent as other issues,
sometimes we see they may focus on the urgent, rather than the
important. I've heard this described as NIMT: Not In My Term. The
politicians will focus on the immediate things to be fixed and leave
the longer term challenges for the next person that will be leading
the community.<br>
<b>So what can be done now to achieve resiliency?</b><br>
We best achieve resiliency by speaking with one another, looking at
the best available science, applying our best decision-making skills
to determine what our future risk is. Once we determine our future
risk or risk scenario, we're better able to plan how we can prepare
ourselves against that risk.<br>
Politicians can use this format to bring along other members of the
community who may be hesitant to talk about climate change or may
not want to actually discuss the issue, to talk about the immediate
problems in their community, and what they can do to address those.
<br>
Share the full video of Alice Hill's primer on resilience, and learn
more about the topic in the March/April issue of the Bulletin
magazine.<br>
<font size="-1">more at: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://thebulletin.org/primer-resilience11662">https://thebulletin.org/primer-resilience11662</a></font><br>
<br>
<font color="#330033"><br>
[Video from NASA]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uq7SqSEqCSs">NASA-Latest
Arctic Sea Ice Extent 2018</a></b><br>
GlobalClimateNews<br>
Published on Apr 9, 2018<br>
Arctic sea ice reached its annual maximum extent on March 17,
according to analysis by NASA and the National Snow and Ice Data
Center. The 2018 extent reached 5.59 million square miles, only
about 23,000 square miles larger than the lowest maximum on
record, in 2017. <br>
This continues a trend of shrinking sea ice, with the four lowest
Arctic sea ice maximum extents on record in the last four years.
Dr. Claire Parkinson explains how and why NASA studies Arctic sea
ice.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uq7SqSEqCSs">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uq7SqSEqCSs</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
</font>[video channel]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.youtube.com/user/GlobalClimateNews/about">GlobalClimateNews</a></b><br>
This channel is dedicated to the free distribution of scientifically
sound climate change information.<br>
Since starting this channel dozens of videos have been forcibly
taken down and my account has had hundreds of hack attempts
originating from the US. Keep sharing a liking to keep the
information alive. Thanks everyone for your support.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/user/GlobalClimateNews/about">https://www.youtube.com/user/GlobalClimateNews/about</a><br>
<br>
<br>
<font size="+1"><b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/04/12/1859541/yes-climate-change-is-worsening-us-drought-noaa-report-needlessly-confuses-the-issue/">This
Day in Climate History - April 12, 2013</a> - from D.R.
Tucker</b></font><br>
April 12, 2013: Joe Romm of Climate Progress and Kevin Trenberth of
the National Center for Atmospheric Research point out the flaws in
a NOAA study regarding recent droughts in the United States. <br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/04/12/1859541/yes-climate-change-is-worsening-us-drought-noaa-report-needlessly-confuses-the-issue/">http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/04/12/1859541/yes-climate-change-is-worsening-us-drought-noaa-report-needlessly-confuses-the-issue/</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
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