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<font size="+1"><i>April 14, 2018</i></font><br>
<b><br>
</b>[first big tipping point]<b><br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/13/avoid-at-all-costs-gulf-streams-record-weakening-prompts-warnings-global-warming">Avoid
Gulf stream disruption at all costs, scientists warn</a><br>
</b>How close the world is to a catastrophic collapse of giant ocean
currents is unknown, making halting global warming more critical
than ever, scientists say<br>
Serious disruption to the Gulf Stream ocean currents that are
crucial in controlling global climate must be avoided "at all
costs", senior scientists have warned. The alert follows the
revelation this week that the system is at its weakest ever
recorded.<br>
Past collapses of the giant network have seen some of the most
extreme impacts in climate history, with western Europe particularly
vulnerable to a descent into freezing winters. A significantly
weakened system is also likely to cause more severe storms in
Europe, faster sea level rise on the east coast of the US and
increasing drought in the Sahel in Africa.<br>
The new research worries scientists because of the huge impact
global warming has already had on the currents and the
unpredictability of a future "tipping point".<br>
The currents that bring warm Atlantic water northwards towards the
pole, where they cool, sink and return southwards, is the most
significant control on northern hemisphere climate outside the
atmosphere. But the system, formally called the Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation (Amoc), has weakened by 15% since 1950,
thanks to melting Greenland ice and ocean warming making sea water
less dense and more buoyant.<br>
This represents a massive slowdown - equivalent to halting all the
world's rivers three times over, or stopping the greatest river, the
Amazon, 15 times. Such weakening has not been seen in at least the
last 1,600 years, which is as far back as researchers have analysed
so far. Furthermore, the new analyses show the weakening is
accelerating...<br>
<blockquote>"We are dealing with a system that in some aspects is
highly non-linear, so fiddling with it is very dangerous, because
you may well trigger some surprises," he said. "I wish I knew
where this critical tipping point is, but that is unfortunately
just what we don't know. We should avoid disrupting the Amoc at
all costs. It is one more reason why we should stop global warming
as soon as possible."<br>
</blockquote>
Oceanographer Peter Spooner, at University College London, shares
the concern: "The extent of the changes we have discovered comes as
a surprise to many, including myself, and points to significant
changes in the future."<br>
<font size="-1">more at: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/13/avoid-at-all-costs-gulf-streams-record-weakening-prompts-warnings-global-warming">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/13/avoid-at-all-costs-gulf-streams-record-weakening-prompts-warnings-global-warming</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Follow the money]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/13/mike-pompeo-disaster-climate-change-democrats">Mike
Pompeo is a disaster for the planet. Why do Democrats back him?</a></b><br>
Sarah Meyerhoff<br>
Pompeo is extreme in his denial of climate change. We must pressure
Democrats who have backed him to change course <br>
Ignorant, dangerous, and absolutely unbelievable." This is how Mike
Pompeo, then the nominee for CIA director, described the idea that
climate change threatens our nation's security in his<span> </span><a
href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?421225-1/cia-director-nominee-mike-pompeo-rules-torture-confirmation-hearing-testimony"
data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline"
style="background: transparent; touch-action: manipulation; color:
rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none
!important; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220);
transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out;">2017 Senate confirmation
hearings</a>. It's also how our generation and many to come will
remember any senator who votes to confirm Pompeo as our next
secretary of state.<br>
Donald Trump's decision to nominate Pompeo to replace the former
ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson signals loud and clear that he wants
fossil fuel barons to continue running our government and state
department. Infamous as the "congressman from Koch", Pompeo is the<span> </span><a
href="https://twitter.com/OpenSecretsDC/status/799778722048045056"
data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline"
style="background: transparent; touch-action: manipulation; color:
rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none
!important; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220);
transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out;">top all-time recipient<span> </span></a>of
Koch Industries campaign contributions; he accepted<span> </span><a
href="https://www.opensecrets.org/members-of-congress/summary?cid=N00030744&cycle=CAREER&type=I"
data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline"
style="background: transparent; touch-action: manipulation; color:
rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none
!important; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220);
transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out;">nearly $1.5m<span> </span></a>from
the fossil fuel companies between 2009 and 2017.
<aside class="element element-rich-link element--thumbnail
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<h1 class="rich-link__title" style="margin: 0px; font-style:
inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit;
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inherit; padding: 0px;"><a class="rich-link__link"
style="background: transparent; touch-action:
manipulation; color: inherit; cursor: pointer;
text-decoration: none;">Mike Pompeo: what will the US
state department look like under his control?</a></h1>
</div>
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<a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/13/climate/pompeo-state-department-climate-change.html"
data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline"
style="background: transparent; touch-action: manipulation; color:
rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none
!important; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220);
transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out;">In exchange for these
payments</a>, he used his tenure in the House of Representatives
to stymie progress on climate action, curry favors for big oil and
gas, and regularly spread misinformation and lies about climate
science to help pad the Koch brothers' pocketbooks.<br>
There's no doubt that Pompeo, widely recognized as a militant
climate denier and "yes man" to the president, will pick up where
Tillerson left off in<span> </span><a draggable="true"
href="https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060059076"
data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline"
style="background: transparent; touch-action: manipulation; color:
rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none
!important; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220);
transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out;">gutting the department's
climate diplomacy programs</a><span> </span>and<a draggable="true"
href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/18052017/arctic-council-climate-change-rex-tillerson-donald-trump"
data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline"
style="background: transparent; touch-action: manipulation; color:
rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none
!important; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220);
transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out;"><span> </span>opening
the fragile Arctic</a><span> </span>to drilling for oil and gas
that humanity<span> </span><a draggable="true"
href="https://www.ecowatch.com/worlds-top-carbon-reserves-that-must-be-kept-in-the-ground-to-prevent--1882157731.html"
data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline"
style="background: transparent; touch-action: manipulation; color:
rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none
!important; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220);
transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out;">can't afford to burn.</a><br
tabindex="-1">
And though it seems unthinkable that any secretary of state could be
worse for the planet than the former CEO of Exxon, Pompeo is even
more extreme than Tillerson in his climate denialism and his
opposition to the Paris climate agreement (from which Tillerson
urged Trump not to<span> </span><a draggable="true"
href="http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/337578-tillerson-my-view-didnt-change-on-paris-climate-agreement"
data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline"
style="background: transparent; touch-action: manipulation; color:
rgb(224, 94, 0); cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none
!important; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220);
transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out;">withdraw</a>).<br>
What's more, as warming global temperatures spawn extreme weather
events, fuel mass migration, exacerbate humanitarian crises and
undercut global stability, Pompeo's anti-Muslim and anti-woman
stances, war-hawkishness, and abysmal record on human rights will
further endanger billions of people who are hit first and hardest by
climate impacts.<br>
While Democratic lawmakers hit Pompeo hard on a range of foreign
policy and human rights questions in Thursday's confirmation
hearing, climate change was hardly mentioned, and so far, only a
handful of senators have come out publicly against Pompeo's pending
nomination.<br>
- - - - <br>
Over 20,000 young people and citizens across our country have
written letters to six of these Democratic senators, which we, along
with , last week to their Capitol Hill offices. Bowing to
grassroots pressure, Senators Tina Smith and Brian Schatz vowed to
vote against Pompeo's confirmation at a Wednesday rally alongside
Senator Bernie Sanders and activists from MoveOn, Win Without War, J
Street, Indivisible, Sunrise and many other ally organizations.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/13/mike-pompeo-disaster-climate-change-democrats">https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/13/mike-pompeo-disaster-climate-change-democrats</a></font><br>
<br>
<b><br>
</b>[Cleaner spills]<b><br>
<a
href="http://www.climatechangenews.com/2018/04/13/shipping-halve-carbon-footprint-2050-first-sector-wide-climate-strategy/">Shipping
to halve carbon footprint by 2050 under first sector-wide
climate strategy</a></b><br>
Published on 13/04/2018<br>
For the first time ever, there is a climate target for shipping,
after a tense week of talks at the International Maritime
Organization (IMO).<br>
It is a compromise between a concerted push by Pacific islands and
Europe for high ambition and strong resistance to any emissions cap
at all from the US and emerging economies.<br>
While nobody was thrilled by the outcome, it sends a signal to the
industry to start investing in clean technology and low carbon
fuels.<br>
Big fights are still to come, not least on reconciling the
principles of the UN climate and shipping bodies. The first puts the
onus on the developed world to lead on emissions cuts, while the
second demands a level playing field for all ships, regardless of
where they are registered.<br>
Under the deal, the IMO must apply both principles as it develops
measures to put the climate target into practice, Sara Stefanini
reports.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.climatechangenews.com/2018/04/13/shipping-halve-carbon-footprint-2050-first-sector-wide-climate-strategy/">http://www.climatechangenews.com/2018/04/13/shipping-halve-carbon-footprint-2050-first-sector-wide-climate-strategy/</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Looking up]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/12/new-satellite-to-spot-planet-warming-industrial-methane-leaks">New
satellite to spot planet-warming industrial methane leaks</a></b><br>
Multimillion dollar project will scan and make public methane leaks
from oil and gas plants that are a major contributor to global
warming <br>
The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) has announced it aims to launch
a satellite called MethaneSAT by 2021 to scan the globe and make
major leaks public...<br>
Plugging methane leaks is widely seen as a fast, cheap way to tackle
climate change. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates half
of the gas leaks could be stopped at zero cost, because the cost of
doing so is offset by the value of the extra gas captured and then
sold. But currently public information about the leaks is scarce and
near-absent in regions where scrutiny is unwelcome...<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/12/new-satellite-to-spot-planet-warming-industrial-methane-leaks">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/12/new-satellite-to-spot-planet-warming-industrial-methane-leaks</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[do worry honey]<br>
<b>Bee Worried: A new </b><b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://climatenexus.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=d1f5797e59060083034310930&id=9651c62793&e=95b355344d">study</a></b><b>
</b>set to be published today in Global Change Biology found that
drought, increased by climate change, will reduce the availability
of flowers, impacting bee populations. Researchers modeled the
effect of droughts on flower populations, and found populations are
poised to halve, as well as produce less nectar. This severely
limits the availability of pollen for insects like bees,which not
only serve important roles as pollinators but also have rippling
effects up the food chain. <br>
- - - - - <b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://phys.org/news/2018-04-droughts-bees.html"><br>
Droughts mean fewer flowers for bees<br>
</a></b>Droughts are expected to become more common and more
intense in many parts of the world, and researchers studied the
impact on flowering plants using a field experiment.<br>
They found that drought roughly halved the overall number of
flowers. This means less food for bees and other pollinators, which
visit flowers for the nectar and pollen that they provide...<br>
"The level of drought that we looked at was calculated to be a rare
event, but with climate change such droughts are expected to become
much more common."<br>
<font size="-1">Read more at: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://phys.org/news/2018-04-droughts-bees.html#jCp">https://phys.org/news/2018-04-droughts-bees.html#jCp</a></font><br>
- - - - <br>
Global Change Biology <br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.14130">PRIMARY
RESEARCH ARTICLE</a></b><br>
TOOLS SHARE<br>
<b>Abstract</b><br>
<blockquote>Climate change is predicted to result in increased
occurrence and intensity of drought in many regions worldwide. By
increasing plant physiological stress, drought is likely to affect
the floral resources (flowers, nectar and pollen) that are
available to pollinators. However, little is known about impacts
of drought at the community level, nor whether plant community
functional composition influences these impacts. To address these
knowledge gaps, we investigated the impacts of drought on floral
resources in calcareous grassland. Drought was simulated using
rain shelters and the impacts were explored at multiple scales and
on four different experimental plant communities varying in
functional trait composition. First, we investigated the effects
of drought on nectar production of three common wildflower species
(Lathyrus pratensis, Onobrychis viciifolia and Prunella vulgaris).
In the drought treatment, L. pratensis and P. vulgaris had a lower
proportion of flowers containing nectar and O. viciifolia had
fewer flowers per raceme. Second, we measured the effects of
drought on the diversity and abundance of floral resources across
plant communities. Drought reduced the abundance of floral units
for all plant communities, irrespective of functional composition,
and reduced floral species richness for two of the communities.
Functional diversity did not confer greater resistance to drought
in terms of maintaining floral resources, probably because the
effects of drought were ubiquitous across component plant
communities. The findings indicate that drought has a substantial
impact on the availability of floral resources in calcareous
grassland, which will have consequences for pollinator behaviour
and populations.<br>
</blockquote>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.14130">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.14130</a><br>
<br>
</font><br>
[Big, bigger, biggest battery, and more]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2018/04/11/worlds-largest-solar-battery-tesla-may-get-beat/504963002/">World's
largest solar battery? Tesla's may get beat</a></b><br>
PALM SPRINGS, Calif. — An energy company wants to build another huge
solar farm in the California desert — and it may come with the
world's biggest battery.<br>
That battery would be triple the size of the one Tesla drew
worldwide attention for building in Australia last year.<br>
The Crimson solar project would span 2,500 acres of public land
south of Interstate 10, east of Palm Springs at the base of the Mule
Mountains.<br>
San Francisco-based developer Recurrent Energy has asked the federal
government for permission to build 350 megawatts of solar power at
the site and up to 350 megawatts of battery storage. The biggest
battery currently in existence is a 100-megawatt system that Elon
Musk's Tesla, the electric-car maker and solar energy provider,
installed in Australia.<br>
- - - - -<br>
But energy storage is also taking off in places such as Arizona,
Hawaii and Texas, and other markets are likely to follow as costs
continue to fall. Finn-Foley, from GTM Research, said lithium-ion
batteries saw "spectacular price declines" of up to 30% in 2015 and
2016 and should continue to get up to 8% cheaper every year for the
next few years.<br>
Already, California officials have started rejecting proposed gas
plants and asking utilities for more batteries instead. Finn-Foley
thinks that before too long, economics will make the choice between
a new gas plant and a solar-plus-storage facility an easy one.<br>
"Within five years, batteries could potentially compete head to
head," he said. "Within 10 years, I think storage wins."<br>
Recurrent Energy was founded in 2006 and acquired in 2015 by
Canadian Solar, an Ontario-based solar panel manufacturer that has
operations in two dozen countries. Recurrent has developed 2
gigawatts, or 2,000 megawatts, of operating solar projects,
including several large facilities in Kern County, Calif.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2018/04/11/worlds-largest-solar-battery-tesla-may-get-beat/504963002/">https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2018/04/11/worlds-largest-solar-battery-tesla-may-get-beat/504963002/</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Come fly with heat]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://lgi-consulting.com/how-climate-services-could-revolutionise-the-aviation-industry-and-save-you-money/">How
climate services could revolutionise the aviation industry (and
save you money)</a></b><br>
Flying is a contributor to climate change, but how will climate
change impact flying? A new report finds that under the emissions
scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5,* both medium- and large-sized
aircraft will be unable to lift as much weight at their current
speeds. The reason is that the predicted higher temperatures will
result in lower air density, yielding a less-effective plane lift.
Indeed, The Economist reports that this has already happened, with
dozens of planes being grounded in Arizona on a particularly hot day
in 2017...<br>
Several factors of course play into this equation, but the report
notes that aircraft flying out of airports with higher elevations,
as well as aircraft using shorter runways in high temperatures, will
be the most affected. Anywhere from 10%-30% of all flights taking
off during the daily high temperatures are predicted to have reduced
lift abilities, resulting in the need to cut as much as 4% of their
overall weight.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://lgi-consulting.com/how-climate-services-could-revolutionise-the-aviation-industry-and-save-you-money/">http://lgi-consulting.com/how-climate-services-could-revolutionise-the-aviation-industry-and-save-you-money/</a><br>
- - - - - - <br>
<b><a
href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-017-2018-9">The
impacts of rising temperatures on aircraft takeoff performance</a></b><br>
Ethan D. Coffel<br>
<blockquote>Abstract<br>
Steadily rising mean and extreme temperatures as a result of
climate change will likely impact the air transportation system
over the coming decades. As air temperatures rise at constant
pressure, air density declines, resulting in less lift generation
by an aircraft wing at a given airspeed and potentially imposing a
weight restriction on departing aircraft. This study presents a
general model to project future weight restrictions across a fleet
of aircraft with different takeoff weights operating at a variety
of airports. We construct performance models for five common
commercial aircraft and 19 major airports around the world and use
projections of daily temperatures from the CMIP5 model suite under
the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 emissions scenarios to calculate required
hourly weight restriction. We find that on average, 10-30% of
annual flights departing at the time of daily maximum temperature
may require some weight restriction below their maximum takeoff
weights, with mean restrictions ranging from 0.5 to 4% of total
aircraft payload and fuel capacity by mid- to late century. Both
mid-sized and large aircraft are affected, and airports with short
runways and high temperatures, or those at high elevations, will
see the largest impacts. Our results suggest that weight
restriction may impose a non-trivial cost on airlines and impact
aviation operations around the world and that adaptation may be
required in aircraft design, airline schedules, and/or runway
lengths.<br>
</blockquote>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-017-2018-9">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-017-2018-9</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[2017 animation in the imperative voice]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQ7S0D1iucY">A Brief
History of CO2 Emissions</a></b><br>
Potsdam Institute<br>
Published on Sep 13, 2017<br>
An animated short film on greenhouse gas emissions.<br>
Greenhouse gas emissions are one of the driving forces behind
climate change. In our short film "A Brief History of CO2
Emissions", we visualize the geographic distribution and the
historic dimension of carbon dioxide emissions.<br>
By combining data from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis
Center (CDIAC) and the baseline projections of CO2 emissions by the
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), we were able to
visualize the CO2 emissions from 1751 to 2100 on a highly detailed
geographical level.<br>
Our aim was to make the relationship between CO2 emissions and
global warming comprehensible to the general public. Essential to
our film is the concept of an emissions budget. At the 2015 UN
Climate Conference in Paris it was agreed to keep global warming to
well below two degrees Celsius. In order to achieve this goal, we
can only emit a limited amount of CO2 into the atmosphere.
Ultimately, we have to reduce the CO2 emissions to zero.<br>
Animated information graphics and data visualizations were used to
illustrate the complexity of the topic<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://uclab.fh-potsdam.de/projects/co2">https://uclab.fh-potsdam.de/projects/co2</a><br>
Release via Potsdam Institute<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQ7S0D1iucY">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQ7S0D1iucY</a><br>
<br>
<br>
[University of California Television - 5 year old video still valid
]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hhL93BVU_E">How Hot will
it Get? - Science at the Theater</a></b><br>
University of California Television (UCTV)<br>
Published on Jun 6, 2013<br>
(Visit: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.uctv.tv">http://www.uctv.tv</a>)
Explore the latest projections about the extent of planetary warming
and the dire consequences of our growing carbon imbalance. Tune in
to hear presentations by Lawrence Berkeley Lab climate scientists
Bill Collins, Margaret Torn, Michael Wehner, and Jeff Chambers, as
well as UC Berkeley economist Max Aufhammer. Series: "Science at the
Theater" [9/2013] [Science] [Show ID: 25473]<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hhL93BVU_E">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hhL93BVU_E</a></font><br>
<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/05/reviews/carson-obit.html"><br>
</a><font size="+1"><b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/05/reviews/carson-obit.html">This
Day in Climate History - April 14, 1964 </a> - from D.R.
Tucker</b></font><br>
April 14, 1964: Writer and biologist Rachel Carson, whose 1962 book
"Silent Spring" galvanized a generation to take environmental
concerns seriously, passes away at 56.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/05/reviews/carson-obit.html">http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/05/reviews/carson-obit.html</a><br>
</font><br>
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