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<font size="+1"><i>April 15, 2018</i></font><br>
<br>
[cough, cough, ahem]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/04/11/wildfire-smoke-hurts-heart-not-just-lungs-new-study-finds/">Wildfire
smoke hurts heart, not just lungs, new study finds</a></b><br>
mercurynews.com | Apr. 13<br>
Wildfire smoke is bad for your lungs, but now scientists say it may
be just as bad for your heart.<br>
As rising global temperatures spark more and more intense fires, <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/7/8/e007492">a new study
out of UC San Francisco</a> suggests smoke may rise as an even
bigger problem for cardiovascular health in California - especially
among its senior citizens.<br>
"We think about smoking cigarettes as being related to heart disease
in medical school," said Zachary Wettstein, a graduating medical
student at UC San Francisco and lead author of the study. "But it’s
not a connection physicians typically make with air pollution in
general."<br>
The research published Wednesday in the Journal of the American
Heart Association comes as Californians are coping with some of the
deadliest and destructive wildfire seasons in state history - and it
may change how doctors think about wildfire smoke and heart health.<br>
According to the study, people exposed to wildfire smoke are placed
at higher short-term risk for conditions like heart failure,
ischemic heart disease and stroke. The denser the smoke, the higher
the risk. This effect is seen across all adults, but is most
dramatic among those age 65 and older....<br>
- - - - -<br>
"What we think happens is that you breathe in the particles, they
start an inflammation process in the lungs, and that causes
inflammation around the body and can trigger a cardiovascular
disease event," said Joel Kaufman, a physician-epidemiologist at the
University of Washington who studies how cardiovascular disease is
impacted by environmental factors.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/04/11/wildfire-smoke-hurts-heart-not-just-lungs-new-study-finds/">https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/04/11/wildfire-smoke-hurts-heart-not-just-lungs-new-study-finds/</a></font><br>
- - - - -<br>
[the complete study]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/7/8/e007492">Cardiovascular
and Cerebrovascular Emergency Department Visits Associated With
Wildfire Smoke Exposure in California in 2015</a></b><br>
Journal of the American Heart Association<br>
<b>Abstract</b><br>
<blockquote><b>Background</b> <br>
Wildfire smoke is known to exacerbate respiratory conditions;
however, evidence for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events
has been inconsistent, despite biological plausibility.<br>
<b>Methods and Results</b> <br>
A population‐based epidemiologic analysis was conducted for daily
cardiovascular and cerebrovascular emergency department (ED)
visits and wildfire smoke exposure in 2015 among adults in 8
California air basins. A quasi‐Poisson regression model was used
for zip code‐level counts of ED visits, adjusting for heat index,
day of week, seasonality, and population. Satellite‐imaged smoke
plumes were classified as light, medium, or dense based on
model‐estimated concentrations of fine particulate matter.
Relative risk was determined for smoky days for lag days 0 to 4.
Rates of ED visits by age‐ and sex‐stratified groups were also
examined. Rates of all‐cause cardiovascular ED visits were
elevated across all lags, with the greatest increase on dense
smoke days and among those aged >65 years at lag 0 (relative
risk 1.15, 95% confidence interval [1.09, 1.22]). All‐cause
cerebrovascular visits were associated with smoke, especially
among those 65 years and older, (1.22 [1.00, 1.49], dense smoke,
lag 1). Respiratory conditions were also increased, as anticipated
(1.18 [1.08, 1.28], adults >65 years, dense smoke, lag 1). No
association was found for the control condition, acute
appendicitis. Elevated risks for individual diagnoses included
myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, heart failure,
dysrhythmia, pulmonary embolism, ischemic stroke, and transient
ischemic attack.<br>
<b>Conclusions</b> <br>
Analysis of an extensive wildfire season found smoke exposure to
be associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ED visits
for all adults, particularly for those over aged 65 years.<br>
</blockquote>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/7/8/e007492">http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/7/8/e007492</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Video from the great debunker - potholer54]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="https://youtu.be/FBF6F4Bi6Sg">Top
10 climate change myths (find the answer to your favorite)</a></b><br>
22 minute video by potholer54<br>
Published on Apr 14, 2018<br>
(with SOURCES) <br>
I made this video to summarize all the various climate myths I have
covered over the last 10 years. There is no copyright as long as it
is not edited, so please feel free to mirror it. I hope this will be
a definitive visual guide to the most common pieces of nonsense
doing the rounds of the internet.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://youtu.be/FBF6F4Bi6Sg">https://youtu.be/FBF6F4Bi6Sg</a><br>
- - - - - <br>
</font>[And the great science correction site]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.skepticalscience.com/2018-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_15.html">Explaining
climate change science & rebutting global warming
misinformation</a></b><br>
2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #15<br>
A chronological listing of news articles posted on the Skeptical
Science Facebook Page during the past week.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.skepticalscience.com/2018-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_15.html">https://www.skepticalscience.com/2018-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_15.html</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[video documentary 23 minutes]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2018/apr/13/the-climate-and-the-cross-us-evangelical-christians-tussle-with-climate-change">The
Climate and the Cross</a></b><br>
An internal battle is simmering among US Christians over whether
climate change is a call to protect the Earth, the work of God to be
welcomed, or does not exist at all.<br>
Evangelicals have traditionally been the bedrock of conservative
politics in the US, including on climate change. But a heated debate
is taking pace across the country, with some Christians protesting
in the name of protecting the Earth, seeing it as a duty to be done
in God's name. One group has even built a chapel in the way of a
pipeline and a radical pastor has encouraged his congregation to put
themselves in the way of the diggers. Meanwhile, a firm supporter of
Donald Trump criss-crosses the country promoting solar power.<br>
But there is still the traditional resistance - a climate scientist
who denies the world is warming and a preacher in Florida who sees
the fact he was flooded as a good sign of divine presence. With
stories from across the country featuring pastors and churchgoers,
and showing conflict between generations, races and classes, could
it be a surprising section of Christian Americans who could provide
hope for the country's attitude to climate change?<br>
<font size="-1">Key credits<br>
Directors, producers and cinematographers: Chloe White and Will
Davies<br>
Editors: Chloe White, Will Davies and Nina Rac<br>
Executive producers for the Guardian: Charlie Phillips and Lindsay
Poulton</font><br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2018/apr/13/the-climate-and-the-cross-us-evangelical-christians-tussle-with-climate-change">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2018/apr/13/the-climate-and-the-cross-us-evangelical-christians-tussle-with-climate-change</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Another disease from global warming]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2018/04/06/why-hoosiers-may-soon-have-worry-diseases-such-malaria-and-zika/487389002/">This
is why Hoosiers may soon have to worry about diseases such as
malaria and Zika</a></b><br>
Emily Hopkins<br>
Tropical illnesses such as malaria, dengue fever and the Zika virus
could be commonplace in Indiana by the end of the century. Why?
Climate change.<br>
Lyme disease and West Nile virus could also become more common,
according to a new report released in association with the ongoing
Indiana Climate Change Impact Assessment. The report outlines an
Indiana that is warmer and wetter, posing a number of public health
risks, including an increase of mosquitoes, ticks and other
illness-spreading insects. <br>
"Conditions are already ripe in southern Indiana to host these
diseases," said Gabriel Filippelli, director of the Center for Urban
Health at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis and lead
author on the report. "Diseases that we eradicated in the U.S. 100
years ago are likely to be raging back in the near future."<br>
That's because climate change will increase temperatures and
flooding in the state. The declining number of days when the
temperature reaches below 5 degrees, which have a controlling effect
on insect populations, will also contribute to the increase. <br>
Marion County has already seen a 500 percent increase in mosquitoes
since 1981.The increase in the number of extreme rainfall and
flooding will also bring such risks as toxic algal blooms,
gastrointestinal illnesses and prevalence of lead and mold inside
homes.<br>
- - - - - -<br>
Other effects of climate change the report discusses include
increased allergens from weeds, poorer air quality, and mental
health effects. Extreme, climate-related events can cause anxiety
and depression, and the stress caused by these events could
exacerbate hypertension and other cardiac conditions.<br>
This assessment is the first time that the impact of climate change
on Indiana has been so thoroughly examined. Another assessment was
published by Purdue in 2008, but is outdated and only scratched the
surface of what impacts climate change is having on the state.<br>
This is the latest of several reports that will make up the Indiana
Climate Change Impacts Assessment. The<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://ag.purdue.edu/indianaclimate/indiana-climate-report/">
first report</a>, released in March, discussed the baseline
changes Hoosiers can expect from global warming, including higher
temperatures, increased precipitation, and longer growing seasons.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2018/04/06/why-hoosiers-may-soon-have-worry-diseases-such-malaria-and-zika/487389002/">https://www.indystar.com/story/news/2018/04/06/why-hoosiers-may-soon-have-worry-diseases-such-malaria-and-zika/487389002/</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Cornell scientists]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://climatestate.com/2018/04/13/in-just-10-15-years-world-may-hit-2-degrees-of-warming/">In
Just 10-15 Years World May Hit 2 Degrees of Warming</a></b><br>
( 14 minute Video)<br>
<font color="#330033">Back in 2011, a Cornell University research
team first made the groundbreaking discovery that leaking methane
from the shale gas<br style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;">
fracking boom could make burning fracked gas worse for the climate
than coal.<span> </span><a
href="https://www.desmogblog.com/2018/04/11/climate-change-two-degree-warming-fracking-natural-gas-rush-ingraffea"
style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">https://www.desmogblog.com/2018/04/11/climate-change-two-degree-warming-fracking-natural-gas-rush-ingraffea</a><br>
Why a half-degree temperature rise is a big deal<span> </span><a
href="https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2458/why-a-half-degree-temperature-rise-is-a-big-deal"
style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2458/why-a-half-degree-temperature-rise-is-a-big-deal</a><br>
Paris 1.5-2 degrees C target far from safe, say world-leading
scientists<span> </span><a
href="http://www.climatecodered.org/2017/07/paris-15-2c-target-far-from-safe-say.html"
style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">http://www.climatecodered.org/2017/07/paris-15-2c-target-far-from-safe-say.html</a></font><br>
<blockquote>The climate is changing faster and more dramatically
than it might have otherwise, and - far from serving as a bridge
fuel -<br>
fracking huge amounts of natural gas has already played a
significant role in pushing the world toward a vastly more
difficult future.<br>
</blockquote>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://climatestate.com/2018/04/13/in-just-10-15-years-world-may-hit-2-degrees-of-warming/">http://climatestate.com/2018/04/13/in-just-10-15-years-world-may-hit-2-degrees-of-warming/</a><br>
</font>---<br>
[Sea level rise map - enter global temperature rise ]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://seeing.climatecentral.org/#12/40.7298/-74.0070?show=lockinAnimated&level=0&unit=feet&pois=hide">Surging
Seas SEEING CHOICES</a></b><br>
Enter a coastal city<br>
Scroll up the temperature rise.<br>
See the consequential sea level rise<br>
<blockquote><font color="#330033">This map shows sea levels locked
in by different amounts of carbon pollution, according to recent<span> </span><a
href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1511186112"
target="_blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px
0px;">scientific</a><span> </span><a
href="http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/uploads/research/Global-Mapping-Choices-Report.pdf"
target="_blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px
0px;">research</a>. If we burn enough fossil fuels to heat the
planet by 4 degrees C - continuing a path of unchecked
pollution-we could drown coastal cities worldwide. If we make a
rapid transition to a global clean energy economy and achieve
the main goal of the Paris Agreement, limiting warming to 2
degrees C, some cities will be saved. If we go faster and
further to achieve the most ambitious Paris goal, 1.5 degrees C,
the outlook improves dramatically. Still, it is sobering to map
the challenges following after 1degrees C of warming, a level we
have just passed.</font><br>
<font color="#330033">According to<span> </span><a
href="http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/uploads/research/Global-Mapping-Choices-Report.pdf"
target="_blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px
0px;">Climate Central’s analysis</a>, 470 to 760 million
people (central finding, 627 million) live on land that would be
condemned by 4 degrees C warming. The number drops by more than
half for 2 degrees C, and more than half again for 1.5 degrees
C.</font><br>
<font color="#330033">These<span> </span><a
href="https://www.climateinteractive.org/tools/scoreboard/"
target="_blank" style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px
0px;">two</a><span> </span><a
href="http://climateactiontracker.org/" target="_blank"
style="box-sizing: inherit; background: 0px 0px;">efforts</a><span> </span>evaluate
how much warming we can currently expect in light of the
national pledges made at Paris and the policies developed since
then.</font><br>
</blockquote>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://seeing.climatecentral.org/#12/40.7298/-74.0070?show=lockinAnimated&level=0&unit=feet&pois=hide">https://seeing.climatecentral.org/#12/40.7298/-74.0070?show=lockinAnimated&level=0&unit=feet&pois=hide</a><br>
<br>
<br>
[weekend warrior watch]<br>
<b><a
href="https://aeon.co/essays/how-lyme-disease-became-the-first-epidemic-of-climate-change">Ticks
rising</a></b><br>
In a warming world, ticks thrive in more places than ever before,
making Lyme disease the first epidemic of climate change...<br>
Calves not even a year old harboured up to 60,000 blood-sucking
arthropods known as winter ticks. In Vermont, dead moose were
turning up with 100,000 ticks - each. In New Hampshire, the moose
population had dropped from 7,500 to 4,500 from the 1990s to 2014,
the emaciated bodies of cows, bulls and calves bearing similar
infestations of ticks. These magnificent animals were literally
being bled to death...<br>
In Minnesota, the number of moose dropped by 58 per cent in the
decade through to 2015, similar to losses in New England.
Environmentalists believe moose could well be eradicated in the
Midwest by 2020, with stocks declining precipitously in Wisconsin,
Minnesota and Michigan...<br>
- - - - - - <br>
Moose like and need the cold. They become sluggish when it’s warm,
failing to forage as they should, and becoming weak and vulnerable.
In the warmer, shorter winters of the US Midwest and Northeast,
bumper crops of winter ticks are surviving to wake up when the trees
burst to life in earlier springs; they have more time in longer
falls to cling in veritable swarms on the edges of high bushes,
their legs outstretched, waiting for a ranging, unsuspecting, and
wholly unprepared moose. When the moose lie in the snow, they leave
carpets of blood from engorged ticks. When a baby moose emerges from
the womb in Minnesota, a band of thirsty ticks moves from mother to
neonate. The moose shed those fat, flush ticks onto fall and winter
ground, and the ticks snuggle into the leaf litter rather than
freeze in the snow, as they once might have, reducing tick mortality
but upping that of the moose.<br>
Samuel is a careful scientist who does not jump to conclusions, and
he sees many forces working together to kill off moose in the finely
tuned orchestra that is the outdoors. Wolves, liver fluke, brain
worms, unmanaged hunting, habitat loss - they are all part of the
picture. Because of how it affects and is affected by those other
factors, ‘Climate change,’ he told me, ‘might be the major one.’<br>
‘It’s the ticks.’<br>
- - - - - - <br>
Auerbach, an active woman in her 70s, was bitten in her 40s by a
small tick that thrives in the woods, thickets and backyard edges of
the county in which she lives, in New York State’s Hudson Valley.
She lost 10 years of her life to that tick, had to retire as a
highly rated programmer at the nearby IBM plant, and still suffers
the aftermath of a case of Lyme disease that was caught too late.
‘It brought me to my knees,’ said Auerbach, among an all-too
significant share of people infected with Lyme who suffer long-term
symptoms. To her, the rise of winter ticks is one more indicator of
an environment out of whack, and so is the more measured, but
nonetheless relentless, surge in blacklegged ticks, like the one
whose bite haunts her 30 years on.<br>
- - - -<br>
Ticks merge ‘to form a single contiguous focus … a shifting
landscape of risk for human exposure’<br>
But it is the change over the course of 18 years of maps that is
telling, depicting the flowering of Lyme in a sort of cartoon
flip-book style as it spreads across the Northeast and Midwest of
the US. North it goes up New York’s Hudson River Valley and into the
state’s Adirondack Mountains, jumping the border to Vermont’s Green
and New Hampshire’s White Mountains. West and south it moves great
guns into Maryland and northern Virginia. By 2014, the dots consume
much of Pennsylvania and darken New York’s Southern Tier to the
shores of the Great Lakes and the St Lawrence River. The Upper
Midwest is liberally peppered. Dots appear in many other states,
too.<br>
- - - - - -<br>
In Europe, ticks are on a similarly relentless march north. In
Sweden, researchers studied the range of the castor bean tick from
1994 to 1996 by dragging cloths in 57 locations and querying
residents about bites and sightings. They were able to establish a
boundary line at about 60degrees 5′N, above which the ticks could
not survive. By 2008, the ticks were found to have moved some 300
miles north, mainly along the Baltic coast, to about 66degrees N. In
Norway, the story was repeated....<br>
- - - -<br>
The questions are these: did a changing climate cause this epidemic?
Or is climate change merely driving this sickness - with the ticks
and animals that circulate it - to new places and new peoples?
Evidence most certainly supports the latter. The former is trickier.
But Lyme disease is distinctive as the first disease to emerge in
North America, Europe and China in the age of climate change, the
first to become entrenched, widespread and consequential to
multitudes of people. It is growing, too, in places such as
Australia, where residents are told, as they were in southern Canada
and still are in many parts of the US, Canada and Europe, that they
must have some other illness besides Lyme disease or, if not, they
contracted the infection somewhere else. ‘We’re an island. We have
island thinking,’ said Trevor Cheney, a country GP from the
mid-north coast of New South Wales, who routinely diagnoses Lyme
disease though doctors are told it doesn’t exist in Australia. ‘As
if migratory birds’ - which drop ticks far and wide - ‘don’t come
there,’ he told me at a conference in Paris.<br>
<br>
Such poor advice has cost many Lyme patients valuable time to seek
treatment. It grows from a failure, by public health and medical
experts, to see the past as the future. Lyme disease is moving to
new places, as it has for nearly half a century. In the decades
since the children of Lyme, Connecticut, were infected, little
progress has been made to control ticks, protect people from bites,
test with certainty for the Lyme pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi and,
especially, adequately treat the infected. Ixodes ticks -
blacklegged, castor bean or otherwise - deserve our respect. They
come armed not only with Lyme disease but with a growing menu of
microbes: bacterial, viral and parasitic, known and yet unnamed.
Ticks can, and sometimes do, deliver two, three or four diseases in
one bite. So resourceful are infected ticks that two feeding side by
side on the same animal can pass pathogens, one to the other, and
never infect the host. So clever is the Lyme pathogen that infected
ticks are more efficient at finding prey than uninfected ticks.
These ticks might not be able to fly or jump or trek more than a
couple of human steps. But they have changed many lives, cost
billions in medical care, and coloured a walk in the woods or a
child’s romp in the grass, our very relationship with nature, with
angst.<br>
This is all the more disturbing when we realise, ultimately, that it
is we who unleashed them.<br>
<font size="-1">Excerpted from Lyme: The First Epidemic of Climate
Change by Mary Beth Pfeiffer. Copyright © 2018 Mary Beth Pfeiffer.
Reproduced by permission of Island Press, Washington, DC.
Islandpress.org</font><br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://aeon.co/essays/how-lyme-disease-became-the-first-epidemic-of-climate-change">https://aeon.co/essays/how-lyme-disease-became-the-first-epidemic-of-climate-change</a>
</font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Already in place in most states - or was]<br>
<b><a
href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11042018/climate-treaty-gothenburg-protocol-air-pollution-regulations-global-warming-science-black-carbon-lrtap">The
Most Important Climate Treaty You’ve Never Heard Of</a></b><br>
This unsung treaty limits pollutants that increase global warming or
hurt human health. Its latest update-which adds black carbon-could
be ratified this year.<br>
BY SABRINA SHANKMAN<br>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-14fa9635-b579-99ae-e90d-b345ad25c31e"
style="box-sizing: inherit;">Raise a hand if you've heard of the
Gothenburg Protocol.</span><br>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-14fa9635-b579-99ae-e90d-b345ad25c31e"
style="box-sizing: inherit;">No? Well, you're in good company.
This treaty has been called an "unsung hero" in the fight against
air pollution and climate change. It may be unknown in the United
States, but it is a landmark international agreement, setting
limits on how much black carbon and other pollutants countries can
emit.</span><br>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-14fa9635-b579-99ae-e90d-b345ad25c31e"
style="box-sizing: inherit;">Black carbon, or soot, is seen as a
unique danger to the climate because its ability to accelerate
warming in the atmosphere is many times stronger than carbon
dioxide. It also speeds up the melting of sea ice. This
double-whammy is responsible for a<span> </span></span><a
href="https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/summary-for-policy-makers-arctic-climate-issues-2015/1196"
style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; color:
rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">half
a degree Celsius</a><span> </span>of warming in the Arctic so far.<br>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-14fa9635-b579-99ae-e90d-b345ad25c31e"
style="box-sizing: inherit;">"The science had evolved to a certain
degree that it was possible for countries, governments to get
involved," said Svante Bodin, the European director of the<span> </span></span><a
href="http://iccinet.org/" style="box-sizing: inherit;
background-color: transparent; color: rgb(131, 190, 68);
text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">International
Cryosphere Climate Initiative</a>, a network of policy experts and
researchers working to preserve the ice-covered portions of the
Earth. "It had become clear that this could have a strong climate
impact."<br>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-14fa9635-b579-99ae-e90d-b345ad25c31e"
style="box-sizing: inherit;">The<span> </span></span><a
href="http://www.unece.org/environmental-policy/conventions/envlrtapwelcome/guidance-documents-and-other-methodological-materials/gothenburg-protocol.html"
style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; color:
rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Gothenburg
Protocol</a>, established in 1999, sets limits on nasty pollutants
like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic
compounds, which are hazardous to human health. (Some also
contribute to global warming). The pact was amended in 2012 to
include black carbon, as the world became more aware of the threat
it posed.<br>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-14fa9635-b579-99ae-e90d-b345ad25c31e"
style="box-sizing: inherit;">As significant as the protocol has
been, it remains unfinished. Some countries, including the EU and
the United States, have taken concrete steps to achieve its goals
via domestic policy, but the amended version has not been ratified
by enough countries to enter into force.</span><br>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-14fa9635-b579-99ae-e90d-b345ad25c31e"
style="box-sizing: inherit;">As evidence becomes clearer of the<span> </span><a
href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/19032018/global-warming-arctic-air-pollution-short-lived-climate-pollutants-methane-black-carbon-hfcs-slcp"
style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent;
color: rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; font-weight:
bold;">impact of black carbon on the Arctic</a> and global
climate change, the agreement faces a test: It still needs six
countries before it becomes official policy, which may happen this
year. The United States was an early adopter-just two days before
President Trump took office.</span><br>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-14fa9635-b579-99ae-e90d-b345ad25c31e"
style="box-sizing: inherit;">The protocol is rooted in the 1979<span> </span></span><a
href="http://www.unece.org/environmental-policy/conventions/envlrtapwelcome/the-air-convention-and-its-protocols/the-convention-and-its-achievements.html"
style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: transparent; color:
rgb(131, 190, 68); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Convention
on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution</a>, known as LRTAP,
which was first organized to tackle the problem of acid rain. The
idea is that air pollution isn't a local problem.<span> </span><span
id="docs-internal-guid-14fa9635-b5bc-0a49-77c6-73869d6887e3"
style="box-sizing: inherit;">What's emitted by industries, power
plants and vehicles in one country can drastically impact another
as pollutants are carried across borders...<br>
- - - - -<br>
Exposure to air pollution has been responsible for 1 in 20 deaths
in the United States, according to recent data in a 2016 report on
LRTAP's progress by the United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe. In the U.S., a 33 percent decrease in exposure to fine
particulate matter and ozone-which are both covered under
LRTAP-could avoid 43,000 premature deaths, tens of thousands of
non-fatal heart attacks and respiratory and cardiovascular
hospitalizations, according to the report..<br>
<font size="-1">more at: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11042018/climate-treaty-gothenburg-protocol-air-pollution-regulations-global-warming-science-black-carbon-lrtap">https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11042018/climate-treaty-gothenburg-protocol-air-pollution-regulations-global-warming-science-black-carbon-lrtap</a></font><br>
- - - - - <br>
[UNECE]<br>
<a
href="http://www.unece.org/environmental-policy/conventions/envlrtapwelcome/guidance-documents-and-other-methodological-materials/gothenburg-protocol.html">Gothenburg
Protocol<br>
Guidance documents and other methodological materials for the
implementation of the 1999 Protocol to Abate Acidification,
Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone (Gothenburg Protocol)</a><br>
</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 15px;
font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal;
font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing:
normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:
0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style:
initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !
important; float: none;"></span><font size="-1"><a
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.unece.org/environmental-policy/conventions/envlrtapwelcome/guidance-documents-and-other-methodological-materials/gothenburg-protocol.html">http://www.unece.org/environmental-policy/conventions/envlrtapwelcome/guidance-documents-and-other-methodological-materials/gothenburg-protocol.html</a></font><br>
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 15px; font-style:
normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;
text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style:
initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !
important; float: none;"></span>- - - - - -<br>
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 15px; font-style:
normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;
text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style:
initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !
important; float: none;"></span>[Wikipedia]<br>
<b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-effect_Protocol">Multi-effect
Protocol</a></b><br>
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 15px; font-style:
normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start;
text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style:
initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !
important; float: none;"></span>The<span> </span><b>1999
Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and
Ground-level Ozone</b><span> </span>(known as the<span> </span><b>Multi-effect
Protocol</b><span> </span>or the<span> </span><b>Gothenburg
Protocol</b>) is a multi-<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant"
style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background:
none;">pollutant</a>protocol designed to reduce acidification,<span> </span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication"
title="Eutrophication" style="text-decoration: none; color:
rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">eutrophication</a><span> </span>and<span> </span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone"
title="Tropospheric ozone" style="text-decoration: none; color:
rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">ground-level ozone</a><span> </span>by
setting emissions ceilings for<span> </span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide"
class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide"
style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background:
none;">sulphur dioxide</a>,<span> </span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides"
class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen oxides"
style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background:
none;">nitrogen oxides</a>,<span> </span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds"
class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds"
style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background:
none;">volatile organic compounds</a><span> </span>and<span> </span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia"
style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background:
none;">ammonia</a><span> </span>to be met by 2010. As of August
2014, the Protocol had been ratified by 26 parties, which includes
25 states and the<span> </span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"
title="European Union" style="text-decoration: none; color:
rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">European Union</a>.<sup
id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1;
unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 11.2px;
font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-effect_Protocol#cite_note-1"
style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128);
background: none;">[1]</a></sup><br>
The Protocol is part of the<span> </span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Long-Range_Transboundary_Air_Pollution"
title="Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution"
style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background:
none;">Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution</a>.
The Convention is an international agreement to protect human health
and the natural environment from<span> </span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air
pollution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128);
background: none;">air pollution</a><span> </span>by control and
reduction of air pollution, including long-range transboundary air
pollution.<br>
The geographic scope of the Protocol includes Europe, North America
and countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EECCA" title="EECCA"
style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background:
none;">EECCA</a>).<br>
On May 4, 2012, at a meeting at the<span> </span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva"
title="United Nations Office at Geneva" style="text-decoration:
none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">United Nations
Office at Geneva</a>, the Parties to the Gothenburg Protocol
agreed on a substantial number of revisions, most important are the
inclusion of commitments of the Parties to further reduce their
emissions until 2020. These amendments now need to be<span> </span><a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification"
title="Ratification" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11,
0, 128); background: none;">ratified</a><span> </span>by Parties
in order to make them binding....<br>
more at: <font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-effect_Protocol">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-effect_Protocol</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
<font size="+1"><b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://c-spanvideo.org/program/GoreCampa">This Day in
Climate History - April 14, 1988</a> - from D.R. Tucker</b></font><br>
April 15, 1988: In a speech at St. John's University in New York,
Democratic presidential candidate Al Gore states (specifically in
reference to the threat of nuclear weapons, though the statement
certainly applies to *another* worldwide threat):<br>
"I believe that it is possible that future generations will look
back on this election year of 1988 and wonder with amazement how we
could have let these problems go unattended for so long."
(22:50--23:01)<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://c-spanvideo.org/program/GoreCampa">http://c-spanvideo.org/program/GoreCampa</a></font><br>
<br>
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