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    <font size="+1"><i>April 21, 2018</i></font><br>
    <br>
    [new military quote]<br>
    <b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://climateandsecurity.org/2018/04/20/senior-military-leaders-take-climate-change-in-the-arctic-seriously/#more-15810">"The
        damn thing melted" - Secretary of the Navy Richard Spencer on
        the Arctic, April 19, 2018</a></b><br>
    Then on Thursday, April 19, as<span> </span><a
href="https://news.usni.org/2018/04/19/navy-to-release-arctic-strategy-this-summer-will-include-blue-water-arctic-operations"
      style="color: rgb(12, 83, 144); text-decoration: none;">reported
      in<span> </span><em style="font-style: italic;">USNI News</em>,</a><span> </span>Secretary
    of the Navy Richard Spencer, and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral
    John Richardson, both highlighted these climate-related Arctic
    challenges<span> </span><a
href="https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/hearings/18-04-19-posture-of-the-department-of-the-navy"
      style="color: rgb(12, 83, 144); text-decoration: none;">during and
      after a posture hearing</a><span> </span>before the Senate Armed
    Services Committee, in the context of their decision to revise the
    2014 Arctic Strategy. From the<span> </span><em style="font-style:
      italic;">USNI</em><span> </span><a
href="https://news.usni.org/2018/04/19/navy-to-release-arctic-strategy-this-summer-will-include-blue-water-arctic-operations"
      style="color: rgb(12, 83, 144); text-decoration: none;">article</a>:<br>
    <blockquote><b>"Asked what triggered the decision to revise the 2014
        document now, Richardson said "the Arctic triggered it" - and
        Spencer added, "the damn thing melted."</b><br>
      "The Arctic ice caps are as small as they've been in my lifetime,"
      Richardson said.<br>
      "And that gives rise to strategic changes. Waterways that are
      open. The secretary mentioned the blue-water Arctic. Continental
      shelves that are exposed, and the resources on those shelves. So
      there are strategic issues that arise from that shrinking of the
      icecap. And then there's this National Defense Strategy that's
      changed our focus as well. So it's really, from a number of
      perspectives, about time to do that again."<br>
    </blockquote>
    By our count,<span> </span><a
href="https://climateandsecurity.org/2018/02/21/chronology-of-u-s-military-leadership-on-climate-change-and-security-2017-2018/"
      style="color: rgb(12, 83, 144); text-decoration: none;">16 senior
      defense leaders</a><span> </span>during this Administration have
    raised concerns about a changing climate, and its implications for
    the military mission.<font size="-1"><br>
      <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://climateandsecurity.org/2018/04/20/senior-military-leaders-take-climate-change-in-the-arctic-seriously/#more-15810">https://climateandsecurity.org/2018/04/20/senior-military-leaders-take-climate-change-in-the-arctic-seriously/#more-15810</a><br>
    </font>- - - - -<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://news.usni.org/2018/04/19/navy-to-release-arctic-strategy-this-summer-will-include-blue-water-arctic-operations"><br>
        Navy to Release Arctic Strategy This Summer, Will Include Blue
        Water Arctic Operations<br>
      </a></b>By: Megan Eckstein<br>
    April 19, 2018<br>
    CAPITOL HILL - The Navy will release a new Arctic strategy this
    summer to reflect the potential for "blue-water Arctic" operations,
    service leadership said today.<br>
    Navy Secretary Richard V. Spencer told the Senate Armed Services
    Committee that a Navy Arctic Strategy was set for release this
    summer, as a follow-up to the 2014 U.S. Navy Arctic Roadmap.<br>
    Spencer noted that Russia is paving 12,000-foot runways and building
    up a military presence in the Arctic in the name of "search and
    rescue," he said while making air-quotes. The U.S. Navy, meanwhile,
    does not have ice-hardened ships and has minimal presence in the
    region, aside from the annual ICEX submarine event.<br>
    "We need to have presence up there," he told lawmakers.<br>
    <font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://news.usni.org/2018/04/19/navy-to-release-arctic-strategy-this-summer-will-include-blue-water-arctic-operations">https://news.usni.org/2018/04/19/navy-to-release-arctic-strategy-this-summer-will-include-blue-water-arctic-operations</a></font><br>
    <font size="-1">- - - - -<br>
    </font>[Russian dog fight]<br>
    <b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2018/04/20-fighter-jets-played-war-game-arctic-sky">20
        fighter jets played war game in Arctic sky</a></b><br>
    Pilots from the Russian Air Force and Northern Fleet together hunted
    down and destroyed simulated violators of Russian Arctic airspace.<br>
    by Atle Staalesen - April 18, 2018<br>
    More than 20 aircrafts participated in the drills, the Northern
    Fleet informs. Among them was a group of Mig-31 interceptor planes,
    which was supported by four teams of Su-24 supersonic attack
    aircrafts.<br>
    The aircrafts belong to the air wing of the Northern Fleet, as well
    as to the Air Force, and the joint exercise included strikes against
    simulated enemy targets in the Arctic.<br>
    The exercise took place in both daytime and night time, the Northern
    Fleet informs. The pilots conducted independent search of violators
    of the country's Arctic airspace and shot with missiles against
    targets.<br>
    This helps the pilots perfect their skills in complicated and
    high-altitude flying, a press release reads. For the crews of the
    Mig-31s, it helps enhance coordination and improve efficiency in
    intercepting and eliminating enemy air targets...<br>
    <font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2018/04/20-fighter-jets-played-war-game-arctic-sky">https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2018/04/20-fighter-jets-played-war-game-arctic-sky</a></font><br>
    <br>
    <br>
    [I knew it!]<br>
    <b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
        href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180418141344.htm">Republicans
        more persuasive than scientists on climate change</a></b><br>
    Date:<br>
    April 18, 2018<br>
    Regardless of political affiliation, people are more likely to
    believe facts about climate change when they come from Republicans
    speaking against what has become a partisan interest in this
    country, says a new University of Connecticut study.<br>
    In fact, Republicans are even more persuasive than scientists when
    it comes to correcting misinformation about climate change,
    researchers found.<br>
    "Unfortunately, correcting misinformation is much harder than simply
    providing 'facts'," says Lyle Scruggs, professor of political
    science at UConn, who co-authored the paper with Salil Benegal, a
    recent UConn Ph.D. graduate, now at DePauw University. The study is
    published in Climatic Change.<br>
    "For science issues such as climate change, we might expect
    scientists to be a credible and neutral authority," says Benegal.
    "However, partisanship increasingly influences perceptions of
    scientific credibility."...<br>
    - - - -<br>
    The findings have implications for environmental communication
    strategies that seek to improve awareness about climate change.<br>
    "Citing Republican elites who endorse the scientific consensus on
    climate change may be the most effective way to persuade citizens
    that climate change is a real and important problem," says Scruggs.
    "That may be a step forward in reducing the partisan gap in public
    opinion on the subject."<br>
    <font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
        href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180418141344.htm">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180418141344.htm</a></font><br>
    <br>
    <br>
    [like layers of vinegar and oil]<br>
    <b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
        href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180418141520.htm">Study
        reveals new Antarctic process contributing to sea level rise and
        climate change</a></b><br>
    Date:  April 18, 2018<br>
    Source:  University of Tasmania<br>
    Summary: A new study has revealed a previously undocumented process
    where melting glacial ice sheets change the ocean in a way that
    further accelerates the rate of ice melt and sea level rise. The
    research found that glacial meltwater makes the ocean's surface
    layer less salty and more buoyant, preventing deep mixing in winter
    and allowing warm water at depth to retain its heat and further melt
    glaciers from below.<br>
    - - - - - -<br>
    "This process is similar to what happens when you put oil and water
    in a container, with the oil floating on top because it's lighter
    and less dense," Mr Silvano said.<br>
    - - - - -<br>
    "The same happens near Antarctica with fresh glacial meltwater,
    which stays above the warmer and saltier ocean water, insulating the
    warm water from the cold Antarctic atmosphere and allowing it to
    cause further glacial melting.<br>
    "We found that in this way increased glacial meltwater can cause a
    positive feedback, driving further melt of ice shelves and hence an
    increase in sea level rise."<br>
    The study found that fresh meltwater also reduces the formation and
    sinking of dense water in some regions around Antarctica, slowing
    ocean circulation which takes up and stores heat and carbon dioxide.<br>
    "The cold glacial meltwaters flowing from the Antarctic cause a
    slowing of the currents which enable the ocean to draw down carbon
    dioxide and heat from the atmosphere.<br>
    <blockquote> <b>"In combination, the two processes we identified
        feed off each other to further accelerate climate change."</b><br>
    </blockquote>
    Mr Silvano said a similar mechanism has been proposed to explain
    rapid sea level rise of up to five metres per century at the end of
    the last glacial period around 15,000 years ago.<br>
    "Our study shows that this feedback process is not only possible but
    is in fact already underway, and may drive further acceleration of
    the rate of sea level rise in the future.<br>
    "Currently the ice shelves resist the flow of ice to the ocean,
    acting like a buttress to hold the ice sheet on the Antarctic
    continent.<br>
    <blockquote> <b>"Where warm ocean waters flow under the ice shelves
        they can drive rapid melting from below, causing ice shelves to
        thin or break up and reducing the buttressing effect.</b><br>
    </blockquote>
    "This process leads to rising sea levels as more ice flows to the
    ocean.<br>
    "Our results suggest that a further increase in the supply of
    glacial meltwater to the waters around the Antarctic shelf may
    trigger a transition from a cold regime to a warm regime,
    characterised by high rates of melting from the base of ice shelves
    and reduced formation of cold bottom waters that support ocean
    uptake of atmospheric heat and carbon dioxide," Mr Silvano said.<br>
    <font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
        href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180418141520.htm">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180418141520.htm</a></font><br>
    <br>
    <br>
    [PBS NOVA program]<br>
    <b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.thirteen.org/programs/nova/decoding-the-weather-machine-vgqhot/">"Decoding
        the Weather Machine" </a></b><br>
    EPISODE S45 E7: <br>
    Disastrous hurricanes. Widespread droughts and wildfires. Withering
    heat. Extreme rainfall. It is hard not to conclude that something's
    up with the weather, and many scientists agree. It's the result of
    the weather machine itself-our climate-changing, becoming hotter and
    more erratic. In this 2-hour documentary, NOVA will cut through the
    confusion around climate change.<br>
    AIRED: 3/9/2018 | 1:53:21 | EXPIRES: 5/16/2018<br>
    <font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.thirteen.org/programs/nova/decoding-the-weather-machine-vgqhot/">https://www.thirteen.org/programs/nova/decoding-the-weather-machine-vgqhot/</a></font><br>
    <br>
    <br>
    [Video lecture starts about 16 minutes in]<br>
    <b><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ck8u1-XS9rM">Antarctica
        & The Southern Ocean: Prof Matthew England (February 2018)</a></b><br>
    Understanding Climate Change<br>
    Published on Mar 5, 2018<br>
    Main lecture starts around the 16:00 mark<br>
    <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
      href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ck8u1-XS9rM">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ck8u1-XS9rM</a><br>
    <br>
    <br>
    [Russian Travel]<br>
    <b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/travel/2018/04/five-nuclear-powered-voyages-north-pole">Five
        nuclear-powered voyages to melting North Pole</a></b><br>
    Been there, seen that: 600 tourists pay up to $43,000 each to crush
    through the ice towards the top of the world before it melts away.<br>
    By Thomas Nilsen - April 18, 2018<br>
    "50 let pobedy" - the most powerful icebreaker ever built will serve
    as a cruise-ship for some of the best-paying travelers this summer.
    With start in Murmansk, the nuclear-powered giant sails towards the
    North Pole five times from June to August. Each tour takes 120
    passengers.<br>
    Poseidon Expeditions, one of the operators organizing the tours,
    promotes the feeling of crushing through the ice like this:<br>
    <blockquote> "As we make our way across the ice cap, you witness
      firsthand the ship's awesome power as massive ice blocks give way
      under the enormous bulk of the spoon-shaped bow. The sensation of
      being on deck at this time is surreal and unforgettable."<br>
    </blockquote>
    Maybe more unforgettable today than tomorrow. The sea ice is
    currently melting away in record speed. Arctic sea ice gets thinner
    and younger, making it move faster and breaks up more easily. This
    is the consequences of global warming, making the last few winters
    in the high north weirdly warm.<br>
    National Snow & Ice Data Center at the University of Colorado
    Boulder follows the development by studying satellite data. As the
    Arctic sea ice was at its maximum extent in March, the centre
    concluded that 2018 became the second lowest extent in the 39-year
    satellite record, falling just behind 2017. Worse: the four lowest
    seasonal maxima have all occurred during the last four years.<br>
    <b>Polar scientists predict the North Pole could be ice free within
      a few decades. In summer.</b><br>
    Russia's fleet of nuclear-powered icebreakers is state-owned and
    operated by Rosatomflot in Murmansk. Director of the fleet,
    Vyacheslav Ruksha, says bringing tourists to the North Pole in the
    summer season isn't among the most profitable voyages the
    icebreakers make.<br>
    <font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/travel/2018/04/five-nuclear-powered-voyages-north-pole">https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/travel/2018/04/five-nuclear-powered-voyages-north-pole</a></font><br>
    <br>
    <br>
    [Every day has been Earth Day]<br>
    <font size="+1"><b>These various Earth Days in Climate History -
        April 21, 1993 - 2012   -  from D.R. Tucker</b></font><br>
    April 21, 1993: President Clinton pledges to combat carbon pollution<br>
    in an Earth Day address.<br>
    <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
      href="http://c-spanvideo.org/program/DayAd">http://c-spanvideo.org/program/DayAd</a><br>
    <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
      href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=46460">http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=46460</a><br>
    - - - - -<br>
    April 21, 2004: At a Washington, D.C. press conference, Martha Marks<br>
    of Republicans for Environmental Protection issues an Earth Day<br>
    message to the GOP, urging the party to "[pursue] bipartisan
    solutions<br>
    to the very real problem of global warming, instead of stonewalling<br>
    and hoping the problem will go away."<br>
    <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040602191537/http://www.rep.org/opinions/speeches/44.html">http://web.archive.org/web/20040602191537/http://www.rep.org/opinions/speeches/44.html</a><br>
    - - - - -<br>
    April 21, 2007: At the White House Correspondents' Association
    dinner,<br>
    White House senior advisor Karl Rove reacts scornfully to a request
    by<br>
    environmentalist Laurie David to have the George W. Bush<br>
    administration reconsider its approach to the climate-change issue.<br>
    <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/22/AR2007042200353.html?hpid=moreheadlines">http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/22/AR2007042200353.html?hpid=moreheadlines</a><br>
    <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
      href="http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/46501">http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/46501</a><br>
    <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
      href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/23/washington/23rove.html?_r=0">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/23/washington/23rove.html?_r=0</a><br>
    - - - - - -<br>
    April 21, 2008: Americans for Prosperity--the front group owned by<br>
    billionaire oilmen (and climate-change deniers) Charles and David<br>
    Koch--kicks off a "Hot Air Tour" intended to stir up opposition to<br>
    bipartisan climate-change legislation in the US Senate.<br>
    <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=show_mesg&forum=389&topic_id=3210645&mesg_id=3210645">http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=show_mesg&forum=389&topic_id=3210645&mesg_id=3210645</a><br>
    - - - - -<br>
    April 21, 2012: Former EPA Administrator Christine Todd Whitman,<br>
    former New York Times columnist Bob Herbert, meteorologist Paul<br>
    Douglas, political consultant Victoria DeFrancesco Soto and<br>
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