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<font size="+1"><i>June 8, 2018</i></font><br>
<br>
[Pipeline explosion]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gas-pipeline-explosion-rocks-moundsville-area-northern-west-virginia-sends-flames-high-in-air/">Gas
line explosion rocks Moundsville area of northern W.Va., sends
flames high in air</a></b><br>
A powerful gas line explosion sent flames shooting into the sky
early Thursday in the Nixon Ridge area of Marshall County, West
Virginia, reports CBS Wheeling affiliate WTRF-TV. The flames could
be seen for miles around.<br>
The blast, in a TransCanada pipeline, was felt around 4:20 a.m., the
station says.<br>
One person told WTRF it shook his house so badly it felt like a
tornado was ripping through the area.<br>
Moundsville, W. Va. police told CBS News the fire was "very large -
if you can see it from your house, evacuate"<font size="-1"><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gas-pipeline-explosion-rocks-moundsville-area-northern-west-virginia-sends-flames-high-in-air/">https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gas-pipeline-explosion-rocks-moundsville-area-northern-west-virginia-sends-flames-high-in-air/</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Journal nature new report:]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05357-w">Sucking
carbon dioxide from air is cheaper than scientists thought</a></b><br>
NEWS 07 JUNE 2018<br>
Estimated cost of geoengineering technology to fight climate change
has plunged since a 2011 analysis.<br>
Jeff Tollefson<br>
Siphoning carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere could be more
than an<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.nature.com/news/2008/081217/full/news.2008.1319.html">
expensive last-ditch strategy for averting climate catastrophe</a>.
A detailed economic analysis published on 7 June suggests that the
geoengineering technology is inching closer to commercial viability.<br>
The study, in Joule, was written by researchers at Carbon
Engineering in Calgary, Canada, which has been operating a pilot
CO2-extraction plant in British Columbia since 2015. That plant - <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.nature.com/news/commercial-boost-for-firms-that-suck-carbon-from-air-1.18551">based
on a concept called direct air capture</a> - provided the basis
for the economic analysis, which includes cost estimates from
commercial vendors of all of the major components....<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05357-w">https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05357-w</a></font><br>
- - - -<br>
[2015 news story]<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.nature.com/news/commercial-boost-for-firms-that-suck-carbon-from-air-1.18551">Commercial
boost for firms that suck carbon from air</a><br>
Two companies expand their extraction plants and line up customers.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.nature.com/news/commercial-boost-for-firms-that-suck-carbon-from-air-1.18551">https://www.nature.com/news/commercial-boost-for-firms-that-suck-carbon-from-air-1.18551</a></font><br>
- - - -<br>
[Caveats BECSS = bio-energy with carbon capture and storage]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.wired.com/story/the-dirty-secret-of-the-worlds-plan-to-avert-climate-disaster/">THE
DIRTY SECRET OF THE WORLD'S PLAN TO AVERT CLIMATE DISASTER</a></b><br>
Wired 12-10-2017<br>
The UN report (IPCC) envisions 116 scenarios in which global
temperatures are prevented from rising more than 2 degrees C. In 101
of them, that goal is accomplished by sucking massive amounts of
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere - a concept called "negative
emissions" - chiefly via BECCS. And in these scenarios to prevent
planetary disaster, this would need to happen by midcentury, or even
as soon as 2020. Like a pharmaceutical warning label, one footnote
warned that such "methods may carry side effects and long-term
consequences on a global scale."...<br>
- - - -<br>
The models assumed BECCS on a vast scale. According to an analysis
that British climate researcher Jason Lowe shared with Carbon Brief,
at median the models called for BECCS to remove 630 gigatons of CO2,
roughly two-thirds of the carbon dioxide humans have emitted between
preindustrial times and 2011. Was that reasonable?...<br>
- - - <br>
"The most important of the IPCC's projections is that we're screwed
unless we can figure out how to take CO2 out of the atmosphere,
because we haven't acted fast enough," she says. "I think that's the
most important part of the story...<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.wired.com/story/the-dirty-secret-of-the-worlds-plan-to-avert-climate-disaster/">https://www.wired.com/story/the-dirty-secret-of-the-worlds-plan-to-avert-climate-disaster/</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[May 22nd flooding - repeated stress and distress]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.dailyclimate.org/mental-health-impact-of-ellicot-city-floods-2575939674.html">The
psychological toll of Ellicott City's flooding</a></b><br>
Dailyclimate.org<br>
The city's second major flood in two years could have a significant
mental health impact on residents wondering whether they should
rebuild CNN report <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKJQ5J1jXFw">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKJQ5J1jXFw</a><br>
Ellicott City was founded in 1772 around Main Street, "for a very
specific reason. It's a mill town," said Andy Miller, professor at
University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Three tributaries and the
Patapsco River powered the mill. Nowadays, Main Street is lined with
mom and pop stores and parked cars. In the summer months, visitors
and residents walk the streets, popping into the local businesses or
attending one of the summer movie nights at The Wine Bin...<br>
- - - - - (see <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKJQ5J1jXFw">CNN May 27
video </a> <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKJQ5J1jXFw">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKJQ5J1jXFw</a>
)<br>
The street's residents and business owners were still recovering
from a flash flood in 2016 that ripped up the road and gutted
businesses when another storm hit May 27, dumping almost nine inches
of water on the area.<br>
The streets filled with water, almost as high as the second floor of
many of the buildings on Main Street. When the rain stopped, the
rebuilt businesses were once again destroyed and many ... were left
without a home.<br>
When events, like the flood, become overwhelming, they become
traumatic events. That can lead to traumatic stress... It's
important to note that traumatic stress is not abnormal or a sign of
mental illness.<br>
"Traumatic stress reactions are not a sign of weakness. It's just a
sign of being human," he said.<br>
People often feel fear, anxiety, sadness, depression, anger or
guilt, he said. Typically the stress lasts about four to six weeks,
he said.<br>
But it can last longer, said Dr. Emanuela Taioli, director of the
Institute of Translational Epidemiology at Mount Sinai. Taioli has
been studying psychological reactions from Hurricane Sandy and found
that the anxiety lasted more than a year.<br>
<br>
Jessica Lamond, a professor at University of West England Bristol,
who studies flooding in the United Kingdom, said that she has found
people have anxiety about rain as much as five years after severe
flooding.<br>
<br>
In addition to stress, people might also experience post-traumatic
stress disorder, especially in cases where a friend was in danger or
the water started reaching them, Taioli said...<br>
- - - -<br>
For Carney and Radinsky, the psychological impacts may be worse.
Taioli found that people who had gone through flooding before
Hurricane Sandy fared worse than the people who were experiencing
their first flood.<br>
A second flood can be demoralizing, said Richard Tedeschi, professor
of psychology at University of North Carolina Charlotte. But having
gone through a flood might mean that people know how to handle it
and what the recovery process is.<br>
With such psychological impacts - and the threat of more flooding,
will the residents and business owners try to rebuild?...<br>
- - - -<br>
A sense of community can play into the decision to stay or leave.
And community members can also help people with their mental health.
Paul Hudson, a doctor of psychology at the University of Potsdam in
Germany, found that floods can bring communities together and help
people rebuild.<br>
Psychologists recommend the community members not affected by the
flood be a listening ear for people who need to talk. It can help
them work through the traumatic event, they said.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.dailyclimate.org/mental-health-impact-of-ellicot-city-floods-2575939674.html">http://www.dailyclimate.org/mental-health-impact-of-ellicot-city-floods-2575939674.html</a><br>
<br>
</font> <b><br>
</b>[a little learning]<b><br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/391050-nasa-chief-on-changing-view-of-climate-change-i-heard-a-lot-of">NASA
Administrator Jim Bridenstine says he changed his mind on the
existence of man-made climate change because he "read a lot."</a></b><br>
By Aris Folley - 06/06/18<br>
"I heard a lot of experts, and I read a lot," Bridenstine told The
Washington Post on Tuesday. "I came to the conclusion myself that
carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that we've put a lot of it into
the atmosphere and therefore we have contributed to the global
warming that we've seen. And we've done it in really significant
ways." <br>
<br>
The former congressman from Oklahoma had long denied the scientific
consensus on climate change and said in a 2013 speech on the House
floor that "global temperatures stopped rising 10 years ago." <br>
<br>
In May, Bridenstine first announced publicly that he now believes
human activity is the main cause of climate change. <br>
<br>
"The National Climate Assessment that includes NASA, and it includes
the Department of Energy and it includes NOAA, has clearly stated it
is extremely likely - is the language they use - that human activity
is the dominant cause of global warming," he said at a Senate
Appropriations Committee subpanel's hearing last month.<br>
<br>
President Trump and Environmental Protection Agency Administrator
Scott Pruitt have not made similar pronouncements, however.<br>
Trump has long denied climate change is real, once saying without
evidence that it was "created by and for the Chinese in order to
make U.S. manufacturing noncompetitive."<br>
Last December, the president tweeted during a period of cold weather
that "perhaps we could use a little bit of that good old Global
Warming."<br>
In March, Pruitt told CNBC that he didn't think humans were a
primary contributor to climate change, saying there's "tremendous
disagreement about the degree of impact."<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/391050-nasa-chief-on-changing-view-of-climate-change-i-heard-a-lot-of">http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/391050-nasa-chief-on-changing-view-of-climate-change-i-heard-a-lot-of</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Global Water Forum]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.globalwaterforum.org/2018/05/22/improving-irrigation-management-in-conditions-of-scarcity-myth-vs-truth/">Improving
irrigation management in conditions of scarcity: Myth vs Truth</a></b><br>
AGRICULTURE GOVERNANCE<br>
May 22nd, 2018<br>
Dr. Chris Perry, Emeritus Editor in Chief, Agricultural Water
Management<br>
<blockquote>"Often, myths serve the rhetorical purposes of
particular stakeholders. And they persist because our public
policy debates are not sufficiently grounded in solid technical
and scientific information about how we use and manage water."<br>
</blockquote>
Across the developed and developing world, important issues are
widely misunderstood, misrepresented or "mythologised" in the
irrigation sector. The result is excessive debate (and investment)
based on misconceptions - or the hope that different outcomes will
be achieved if the same experiment is repeated enough times. To
improve analysis, policy, and investments we must understand what
science actually reveals about the use and management of water in
the irrigation sector. This article will examine five myths that
permeate the sector and contribute to misunderstandings about how to
tackle water scarcity within agriculture.<br>
<br>
<b>Myth 1: There is an impending water crisis.</b><br>
In most places where irrigation is required, the fear of an
impending water crisis was accurate some decades ago. Today we are
often well beyond the threshold of physical sustainability: current
demand exceeds the renewable supply. A global study by Wada et al.
concluded that around 18% of current water consumption in irrigation
depends on groundwater depletion.2,3 This means that we need, on
average, an 18% reduction in irrigated crop water consumption just
to restore the balance between recharge and abstraction from
aquifers...<br>
- - - -<br>
<b>Truth 1: We are already in a water crisis,</b> and the challenge
for irrigation is not about restricting additional future water
consumption, but rather reducing current consumption to restore
balance and health to rivers and aquifers.<br>
<br>
<b>Myth 2: Large quantities of water can be saved by more
"efficient" irrigation.</b><br>
Irrigation systems deliver water to projects, farms, and fields. A
proportion of that water is "consumed" by crop transpiration and
evaporation from wet surfaces, leaving the local hydrological system
as water vapour. The rest of the water returns to the environment,
percolating into the soil or running off to drains. The FAO Report
43 reveals water "losses" at the local level often reappear as
"sources" at the catchment or aquifer level...<br>
- - - -<br>
<b>Truth 2: More "efficient" irrigation typically increases local
water consumption.</b><br>
<br>
<b>Myth 3: The productivity of irrigation water can be substantially
improved.</b><br>
This myth is half true, but separating the elements of truth from
myth is vital.<br>
It is true that an improved irrigation service (better timing,
higher reliability, precise matching to the differentiated needs of
a variety of crops, etc.) facilitates conversion to higher value
agriculture - more water-sensitive, higher yielding cultivars, or a
switch from basic grains to vegetables or fruit...<br>
- - - - <br>
<b>Truth 3: Increased water productivity depends on multiple factors
and does not automatically follow from an improved irrigation
service.</b><br>
<br>
<b>Myth 4: Water demand will fall as irrigation efficiency and water
productivity improve.</b><br>
Myth 4 is perhaps the most commonly believed.<br>
Value added by irrigated agriculture can be maintained with lower
water consumption if the multiple interventions required to improve
water productivity are introduced. But because these enhancements
generally result in higher returns to water delivered to the farmer,
water demand and consumption are likely to increase: pumping will
become more affordable, marginal land more productive, and so on.<br>
<br>
<b>Truth 4: As long as water is scarce, demand tends to increase as
irrigation efficiency and water productivity improve.</b><br>
<br>
<b>Myth 5: Pricing alone can fix water overconsumption issues.</b><br>
Broadly, two types of intervention can restrict and reduce water
consumption - pricing and some form of rationing.<br>
Irrigation services are often provided at less than the cost of
delivery and far less than the value of water to the farmer.
Moreover, most water pricing regimes are designed so that the
marginal cost is zero, which means that there is no extra cost for
each additional unit of water used.<br>
- - - -<br>
<b>Truth 5: While positive marginal pricing, if technically and
administratively feasible, will induce a reduction in demand,
quotas will inevitably be required to ensure that demand is
constrained to sustainable levels - which is why no country relies
on pricing alone to balance supply and demand in the irrigation
sector.</b><br>
<br>
Conclusion<br>
It is clear that popular assumptions about irrigation and water fail
to accurately convey the facts about irrigation. So, why do these
myths about the potential benefits of hi tech irrigation persist?<br>
<blockquote>1. Farmers approve because the myths increase their
(own) income and save labour and chemicals.<br>
2. Engineers approve because they like modern infrastructure and
money to spend on it.<br>
3. Equipment suppliers approve because that is what they sell.<br>
4. Politicians approve because they can claim to be saving the
environment, helping food security, and pleasing their
constituents all in one go.<br>
5. (Some) planners and environmentalists approve because they
believe water will be released from irrigation to other uses,
including restoration of ecosystems.<br>
6. "Experts" approve because they can recommend something and give
optimistic presentations with upward trending graphs at
conferences.<br>
7. Donors like it because they can fund something: policy reform
is cheap, hard, and slow. Modern equipment is expensive, easy, and
quick.<br>
8. Environmentalists often approve because they are told that
water will be released for ecosystems and sustainability improved.<br>
</blockquote>
<b>Thus, those who deny the myths have trouble gaining a foothold
among these groups.</b><br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.globalwaterforum.org/2018/05/22/improving-irrigation-management-in-conditions-of-scarcity-myth-vs-truth/">http://www.globalwaterforum.org/2018/05/22/improving-irrigation-management-in-conditions-of-scarcity-myth-vs-truth/</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Academic interest]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://thesenecatrap.blogspot.com/">The Seneca Effect:
What It Is and Why It Is Important For Us</a></b><br>
Posted by Ugo Bardi<br>
by Ugo Bardi<br>
About 2,000 years ago, the Roman philosopher Lucius Annaeus Seneca
wrote to his friend Licilius noting that "growth is slow, but ruin
is rapid". It was an apparently obvious observation, but one of
those observations that turns out to be not obvious at all if you
just think a little about it.<br>
For example, do you remember Newton's apple? Everyone knows that
apples fall from the trees, but it took Newton to get out of this
well-known thing something that was not at all obvious: the law of
universal gravitation. It is the same thing for Seneca's observation
that "ruin is rapid." Everyone knows that it is true, think of a
house of cards. But why is it like this?<br>
It turns out that Seneca's observation - which I dubbed "The Seneca
Effect" (or the "Seneca Cliff" or the "Seneca Collapse") is one of
the key elements we need to understanding the developments of what
we now call the "science of complexity." In the space of a few
decades, starting since the 60s of the twentieth century, the
development of digital computing has allowed us to tackle problems
that, at the time of Newton (not to mention those of Seneca) could
not be studied except in a very approximate way.<br>
This new science has allowed us to penetrate a world that in a
certain sense was familiar to us: the world of real things that are
born, grow, and sometimes collapse in a ruinous way. But it was also
a world that once upon a time scientists, accustomed to describing
everything with equations, found it difficult to understand and
which - in practice - ignored. But there are no equations for
certain natural phenomena such as earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic
eruptions, or even for seemingly simple things like the bursting of
a balloon. Nor are there any equations for phenomena such as the
collapse of the empires, the collapse of the stock market, the
disappearance of political parties, and many other things...<font
size="-1"><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://thesenecatrap.blogspot.com/">https://thesenecatrap.blogspot.com/</a><br>
- - - -<br>
</font>[Ancient History]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://cassandralegacy.blogspot.com/2018/05/new-data-reveal-hidden-mechanisms-of.html">New
Data Reveal the Hidden Mechanisms of the Collapse of the Roman
Empire </a></b><br>
he Ancient Romans never understood what hit them. Nor did later
historians: there exist literally hundreds of theories on what
caused the fall of the Roman Empire. In 1984 Demandt listed 210 of
them, ranging from moral decline to the diffusion of Christianity.
Today, some historians still say that the fall is a "mystery" and
some attribute it to the improbable piling up of several independent
factors which, somehow, happened to gang up together. <br>
Why is it so difficult to understand something that was so massive
as the fall of the Western Empire? There is more than one reason,
but one is the lack of data. We have scant written material about
the last centuries of the Empire and very little has arrived to us
in terms of quantitative data. Things are changing, though. Modern
archaeology is generating astonishing results telling us a lot about
the mechanisms of the collapse of the ancient Empire...<br>
- -- - <br>
So, you see how the Roman system went down in a cascade of effects
that was originated by the depletion of their precious metal mines.
It was slow and it wasn't recognized by the Roman themselves, nor by
modern historians. But it was unavoidable: no mine can last forever.
It is what's happening to us, today, with our "black gold,"
petroleum. Depletion may well cause crude oil production to go
through a "Seneca Collapse" not because we are running out of oil,
but because extracting it is becoming progressively more expensive.
A new perturbation, such as a regional war, could be the straw that
breaks the oil industry's back. And that could have devastating
consequences on the modern empire we call "globalization".<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://cassandralegacy.blogspot.com/2018/05/new-data-reveal-hidden-mechanisms-of.html">http://cassandralegacy.blogspot.com/2018/05/new-data-reveal-hidden-mechanisms-of.html</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[all scientists: 11 min clip American Geophysical Union meeting Dec
2017]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMbMrcaZ7JE">Scientist
openly talks 2.5 meter Sea Level Rise by 2100</a></b><br>
Climate State - summary presentation <br>
Published on Mar 23, 2018<br>
Excerpts from the AGU 2017 Fall Meeting summary presentation of the
Climate Science Special Report, the Fourth National Climate
Assessment. First part on U.S. xtremes, second part discusses sea
level rise.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMbMrcaZ7JE">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMbMrcaZ7JE</a><br>
Speakers<br>
David R Easterling, NOAA Asheville<br>
Robert E Kopp, Rutgers University, Department of Earth &
Planetary Sciences<br>
[and 1.5 feet by mid century]<br>
[Original source videos - first hour series of presentations]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDJP5RgKkj4">(full
video)2017 Fall Meeting - U23A: Climate Science Special Report </a></b><br>
U23A: Climate Science Special Report: An Assessment of the Science
Focusing on the United States <br>
Tuesday, 12 December 2017 <b>starts about 10:22 in</b><br>
Donald J Wuebbles, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign<br>
Patrick C Taylor, NASA Langley Research Center<br>
David R Easterling, NOAA Asheville<br>
Robert E Kopp, Rutgers University, Department of Earth &
Planetary Sciences<br>
Michael F Wehner, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory<br>
Benjamin Joseph DeAngelo, US Global Change Research Program<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDJP5RgKkj4">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDJP5RgKkj4</a></font><br>
<b><br>
<br>
</b>[Realism meets Midwestern Can-Do attitude]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.ninenet.org/climate-summit-archive/">Carl Pope
| Keynote Session | Saint Louis Climate Summit</a></b><br>
Nine Network<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.ninenet.org/climate-summit-archive/">http://www.ninenet.org/climate-summit-archive/</a><br>
Published on May 29, 2018<br>
Carl Pope was a keynote speaker of the Saint Louis Climate Summit.<br>
Carl Pope worked at the Sierra Club for nearly 30 years before
stepping down as its Executive Director in 2012. More recently, he
is better known for having written the insightful book, Climate of
Hope: How Cities, Businesses, and Citizens Can Save the Planet,
which was co-authored by Michael Bloomberg, former mayor of New York
City. Climate of Hope resonates with the message that even though we
are "in a time when national leadership seems bent on denying the
facts of climate change, and has failed to plan for its likely
consequences, smaller-scale efforts will achieve the desired
results, by empowering cities, regions, businesses, and citizens to
accelerate the progress they are already making on their own."<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.ninenet.org/climate-summit-archive/carl-pope-keynote-session/">http://www.ninenet.org/climate-summit-archive/carl-pope-keynote-session/</a><br>
- - - -<br>
</font>[Summit - 12 video speeches - to public audiences]<b><br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.ninenet.org/climate-summit-archive/">2018 Saint
Louis Climate Summit</a><br>
</b>Videos from the "Saint Louis Climate Summit"<br>
On April 22-24, Saint Louis University in Missouri, USA hosted the
"Saint Louis Climate Summit: Working to Fulfill Pope Francis' Call
to Unite in Care of our Common Home." The Summit brought together
some of the most authoritative minds in climate science, ecology,
sustainable development, and related disciplines. Cardinal Peter
Turkson, Mary Evelyn Tucker, Heather Eaton, Richard Cizik, Peter
Raven, Peter Gleick, and many others participated. You can watch
videos from the "Saint Louis Climate Summit" here. <br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.ninenet.org/climate-summit-archive/availability-of-water-and-sea-level-rise/">http://www.ninenet.org/climate-summit-archive/availability-of-water-and-sea-level-rise/</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://youtu.be/F97lI6jaGwU">https://youtu.be/F97lI6jaGwU</a><br>
</font><br>
<br>
<font size="+1"><b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8177663.html">This Day
in Climate History - June 8, 1990</a> - from D.R. Tucker</b></font><br>
June 8, 1990: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology hosts a
global-warming debate between climate scientist Stephen Schneider
and climate denier Dick Lindzen. Reporting on the debate the next
day, the Boston Globe notes:<br>
<blockquote>"A long-anticipated showdown at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology yesterday between two prominent voices in
the global-warming debate brought little agreement about the
reliability of current predictions for the rate and magnitude of
climate change. But despite the seriousness of the topic, the
event did provide a theatrical and sometimes humorous presentation
of the arguments on either side.<br>
<br>
"Underscoring the range of scientific opinion on the issue, the
organizers put MIT meteorologist Richard Lindzen on one side and
climate researcher Stephen Schneider of the National Center for
Atmospheric Research on the other side of a table divided down the
middle. Schneider, who believes there is a better-than-even chance
of 'unprecedentedly fast climate change' in the next century, sat
at the red end in front of a palm tree, while Lindzen, one the
most vocal skeptics, commanded the blue extreme before a scraggly
spruce. The moderator straddled the border.<br>
<br>
"These models are made up of equations that are meant to represent
the important physical processes - such as motion and heat
transport in the atmosphere -- that work together to create
weather and climate. Based on the work of five climate modeling
teams in the United States and Britain and forecasts of energy
use, scientists have projected that the earth's average
temperature will rise between 3 and 9 degrees Fahrenheit by the
middle of the next century. While such a temperature rise might
not sound like much, climate researchers say that such a sharp
rise in global temperature in such a short time almost certainly
would cause major shifts in climate."<br>
</blockquote>
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