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<font size="+1"><i>August 17, 2018</i></font><br>
<br>
[emerging]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/aug/17/world-waking-up-to-reality-climate-change-hothouse-earth-author">World
is finally waking up to climate change, says 'hothouse Earth'
author</a></b><br>
Report predicting spiralling global temperatures has been downloaded
270,000 times in just a few days<br>
The scorching temperatures and forest fires of this summer’s
heatwave have finally stirred the world to face the onrushing threat
of global warming, claims the climate scientist behind the <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/aug/06/domino-effect-of-climate-events-could-push-earth-into-a-hothouse-state">recent
"hothouse</a> <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/aug/06/domino-effect-of-climate-events-could-push-earth-into-a-hothouse-state">Earth"
report</a>.<br>
Following an unprecedented 270,000 downloads of <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/08/07/1810141115">his
study</a>, Johan Rockstrom, executive director of the Stockholm
Resilience Centre, said he had not seen such a surge of interest
since 2007, the year the Nobel prize was awarded to Al Gore and the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change...<br>
- - -<br>
With the world <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/aug/14/extreme-temperatures-especially-likely-for-next-four-years">now
believed to be in an "anomalously warm" phase</a> until at least
2022, Rockstrom says the global public will increasingly feel the
impacts of climate change and, he hopes, demand more urgency from
their governments.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/aug/17/world-waking-up-to-reality-climate-change-hothouse-earth-author">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/aug/17/world-waking-up-to-reality-climate-change-hothouse-earth-author</a><br>
- - - -<br>
</font>[the original Hothouse study]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/08/07/1810141115">Trajectories
of the Earth System in the Anthropocene</a></b><br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/08/07/1810141115">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/08/07/1810141115</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Climate Refugees - audio segment 20mins]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/08/16/climate-cast-climate-refugees-ticks-and-clean-jobs">Weather
Channel documents struggles of climate refugees in the U.S.</a></b><br>
Paul Huttner - Aug 16, 2018<br>
There's been a surge in climate refugees on the United States'
coasts as the seas rise. A boom in the tick population as winters
warm. And, on a brighter note, an increase of clean energy jobs in
the Midwest.<br>
Weather Channel documenting climate change in U.S.: The Weather
Channel's most recent series debuted at the beginning of August,
called "Exodus." It focuses on the growing number of Americans who
are moving away from the coasts as the seas rise. Kevin Hayes,
executive editor of weather.com discussed the show and the tough
decisions facing climate refugees.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/08/16/climate-cast-climate-refugees-ticks-and-clean-jobs">https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/08/16/climate-cast-climate-refugees-ticks-and-clean-jobs</a><br>
<br>
<br>
</font> [sometimes toxic]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/08/14/scientists-investigating-unprecidented-algae-bloom-in-lake-superior">Scientists
investigating 'unprecedented' algae bloom in Lake Superior</a></b><br>
Dan Kraker - Aug 14, 2018<br>
The water of Lake Superior along the rocky shoreline of northwestern
Wisconsin's Apostle Islands is normally cold, clear and pristine.
But late last week, kayakers and other visitors to the popular
lakeshore found a scummy algae on Superior's surface.<br>
While the bloom has largely dissipated, reports suggest it stretched
in patches across a distance of about 50 miles along the shoreline
from near Superior, Wis., to the Apostle Islands, said Robert
Sterner, who directs the Large Lakes Observatory at the University
of Minnesota Duluth.<br>
In some places, the algae covered the water in a thin layer of scum
the color of pea-green soup. In other areas, the bloom broke up and
looked more like flecks of pollen suspended in the water.<br>
"They're very noticeable and very unexpected in a place like the
deep and cold and generally low-nutrient Lake Superior," Sterner
said.<br>
- - - -<br>
It started in 2012. That's the year a blue-green algae bloom was
first detected in Lake Superior. It happened a few weeks after a
storm in which 10 inches of rain drenched Duluth and the surrounding
region, wrecking infrastructure and sending a plume of brown
sediment into the lake.<br>
It happened again in 2016 following storms that flooded Lake
Superior tributaries in northern Wisconsin.<br>
And it happened again this year, after historic storms in June
dumped nearly a foot of rain across the region.<br>
"In each of those cases, we've seen a significant algal bloom
develop," said Brenda LaFrancois, a National Park Service aquatic
ecologist.<br>
Those huge rainstorms carry massive amounts of sediment into Lake
Superior. And that sediment contains a lot of nutrients — from
cities, lawns and farm runoff — which feed algae growth.<br>
The increasing frequency in algal blooms is also tied to warmer lake
temperatures. Scientists at the University of Minnesota Duluth have
found that Lake Superior summer surface water temperatures have
increased by 5 degrees over the past 30 years.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/08/14/scientists-investigating-unprecidented-algae-bloom-in-lake-superior">https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/08/14/scientists-investigating-unprecidented-algae-bloom-in-lake-superior</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[more Hothouse discussion]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://phys.org/news/2018-08-opinion-re-think-climate.html#jCp">Opinion:
Time to re-think the climate change challenge</a></b><br>
August 16, 2018 by Will Steffen, ScienceNordic<br>
The climate change challenge has fallen into a familiar pattern -
more research papers on climate change, another COP (Conference of
the Parties) meeting, more pledges by the world's governments to do
something, continuing rises in greenhouse gas emissions, worsening
extreme weather events, and so on and so on.<br>
It's time we re-think the nature of this challenge.<br>
That's just what a group of Earth System scientists did in our
recent paper "Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene",
published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.<br>
The paper could have been titled, in more reader-friendly language,
"Where on Earth are we going?" Still, it captured media attention
around the glob<br>
- - - -<br>
Our article offers a different perspective - that the Earth System
may behave as 'complex system', with well-defined states and
transitions between them driven largely by feedback processes within
the system, not only by 'external' drivers. This perspective is not
as radical as it sounds.<br>
- - - - <br>
We argue that our current, very high human emissions of greenhouse
gases could activate some important feedback processes within the
system.<br>
Examples include melting of Arctic summer sea ice that accelerates
warming in the north, increasing wildfires in the boreal forests and
Amazon rainforest that release more carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere, and the melting of permafrost in Siberia, which could
release vast amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, to the
atmosphere.<br>
<b>A domino effect to a Hothouse Earth</b><br>
Our analysis points to a risk that if enough of these feedback
processes are activated, they could act like a row of dominoes that
would form a global cascade.<br>
Ultimately, such a feedback cascade could take the trajectory out of
human control and irreversibly towards 'Hothouse Earth', with
temperatures of four or five degrees centigrade above
pre-industrial.<br>
Such conditions would have massive impacts on humans, threatening
the viability of contemporary civilisation.<br>
<b>How credible is this analysis?</b><br>
Not only do we understand the nature of several of these feedback
processes that have operated in the past, we are beginning to see
signs of instabilities in some of these processes today. And we know
that the Earth System existed in stable, much hotter conditions in
the very recent geological past.<br>
We can't yet put specific probabilities on the size of the risk that
a planetary threshold could exist that might propel us into a
Hothouse Earth. That requires more research. But we know enough
about the nature of the Earth System that this risk needs to be
taken very seriously.<br>
There is likely to be much more at stake in transgressing the Paris
climate targets than just a slightly warmer planet.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://phys.org/news/2018-08-opinion-re-think-climate.html#jCp">https://phys.org/news/2018-08-opinion-re-think-climate.html#jCp</a></font><br>
- - - - -<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://phys.org/news/2018-08-planet-hothouse-earth-state.html#jCp">Planet
now at risk of heading toward 'hothouse Earth' state</a></b><br>
Keeping global warming to within 1.5-2 degrees C may be more
difficult than previously assessed, according to researchers. An
international team of scientists has published a study in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) showing that
even if the carbon emission reductions called for in the Paris
Agreement are met, there is a risk of Earth entering what the
scientists call "Hothouse Earth" conditions.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://phys.org/news/2018-08-planet-hothouse-earth-state.html#jCp">https://phys.org/news/2018-08-planet-hothouse-earth-state.html#jCp</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[follow the money]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.climateliabilitynews.org/2018/08/16/wildfires-california-liability-utilities/">As
Wildfires Rage in California, So Does the Battle Over Who Will
Pay</a></b><br>
"Everything is fire related these days," said Mayor Chris Coursey,
as he wearily recounted efforts to recover the losses, including an
estimated $1.2 million in lost property taxes and $1.1 million in
sales taxes from the current fiscal year.<br>
What's happening in Santa Rosa is playing out in other communities
as Californians struggle with who should pay for the escalating
financial cost from one of its biggest climate risks.<br>
Climate change has set the stage for the dramatic increase in
wildfires across the West, with rising temperatures, shrinking
snowpack, more frequent and intense droughts combining to dry out
forests and grasslands, providing fuel for raging fires.<font
size="-1">..</font><br>
- - - -<br>
Historically, insurance companies, utilities and taxpayers have
shared the bulk of the expenses of wildfire damage, though not in
equal measures.<br>
With the damage piling up, fierce fights have broken out in
courtrooms and in the state capitol to try to shift the financial
burden. A novel strategy emerged over the past year as eight cities
and counties sued oil and gas companies for money to pay for the
impacts of climate change, from sea level rise and flooding to
wildfires.<br>
California leads the country in the number of municipal climate
lawsuits against fossil fuel companies, such as Chevron, Exxon
Mobil and Shell, but holding the companies accountable for climate
impacts has been a tough road so far. In June, a federal judge
dismissed the lawsuits from San Francisco and Oakland, ruling that
the five fossil fuel defendants shouldn't be held accountable for a
global problem created by so many people. While San Francisco and
Oakland appeal the ruling, six other cities and counties are working
through their cases in state court...<br>
- - - -<br>
The October fires generated about $10 billion in insured losses for
homes, businesses and cars, and a set of massive blazes in Southern
California last December added an additional $1.8 billion, according
to a tally released by the California Department of Insurance.<br>
State lawmakers face a deadline of Aug. 31 to vote on several bills
related to fire costs, including a controversial proposal by Gov.
Jerry Brown that calls for changing how courts apply a
constitutional doctrine called inverse condemnation.<br>
Utilities say the doctrine creates "essentially unlimited
liabilities" because it compels them to settle lawsuits regardless
of fault. Inverse condemnation holds that utilities could be liable
even if they weren't negligent. That means power companies will have
to compensate property owners when the companies' equipment caused a
fire, even if they had followed safety rules.<br>
Brown's proposal would eliminate that strict liability and require
the courts to consider whether a utility followed safety rules and
other factors that contributed to a fire, such as high winds. The
courts also need to weigh the public benefits of electricity
transmission against the harm caused to private property.<br>
The proposal would also increase the maximum fine for each safety
violation from $50,000 to $100,000, prohibit electric companies from
passing on the fines to their customers via rate hikes, and require
the utilities to submit an annual plan to improve fire safety.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.climateliabilitynews.org/2018/08/16/wildfires-california-liability-utilities/">https://www.climateliabilitynews.org/2018/08/16/wildfires-california-liability-utilities/</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Cough, cough...Cough,cough,cough,cough]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.geekwire.com/2018/perfect-storm-wildfires-puts-seattles-terrible-air-quality-record-books/">A
'perfect storm' of wildfires puts Seattle's terrible air quality
in the record books</a></b><br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.geekwire.com/2018/perfect-storm-wildfires-puts-seattles-terrible-air-quality-record-books/">https://www.geekwire.com/2018/perfect-storm-wildfires-puts-seattles-terrible-air-quality-record-books/</a></font><br>
- - - <br>
[Cliff Mass Weather and Climate Blog]<b><br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://cliffmass.blogspot.com/2018/08/seattles-worst-24h-air-quality-on-record.html">Seattle's
Worst 24h Air Quality on Record</a></b><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://cliffmass.blogspot.com/2018/08/seattles-worst-24h-air-quality-on-record.html">https://cliffmass.blogspot.com/2018/08/seattles-worst-24h-air-quality-on-record.html</a><br>
<br>
<br>
[Zinke dinky]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/401984-fewer-than1-percent-of-offshore-drilling-tracts-auctioned-by">Fewer
than 1 percent of offshore drilling tracts auctioned by Trump
receive bids</a></b><br>
Of the 14,622 tracts made available by the Interior department for
bidding on 801,288 acres in federal waters off the Gulf of Mexico,
only 144 received bids.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/401984-fewer-than1-percent-of-offshore-drilling-tracts-auctioned-by">http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/401984-fewer-than1-percent-of-offshore-drilling-tracts-auctioned-by</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Methane is new to the models]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.highnorthnews.com/thawing-permafrost-releases-more-methane-than-expected/">Thawing
permafrost releases more methane than expected</a></b><br>
Challenging current theories, a new study suggest that
water-saturated permafrost soils produce substantial amounts of
methane, which would have enormous effects on climate change.<br>
Until now, previous studies underestimated the amount of methane
produced from thawing permafrost. "Our theory is that more methane
is produced than observed until now and that previous experiments
didn't last long enough," says Christian Knoblauch of the
Universität Hamburg's Institute of Soil Science to HNN. The results
of the study were published in 'Nature Climate Change' in March.<br>
<b>Paradigm shift in methane and CO2 production</b><br>
"Thawing permafrost has the potential to produce much more methane
than thought, because studies have not taken into account the long
time it takes for methane producing microorganisms to become active
in thawing permafrost."<br>
In the study Knoblauch presented at the annual meeting of the
European Geophysical Union (EGU) in Vienna, Austria, long-time
laboratory experiments were conducted for the first time using soils
samples from Siberia. In some samples, methanogens, which are
microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic end-product under
anoxic conditions, started to develop only after one to three years.
Observing the microorganisms for another three years led to equal
productions of CO2and methane in the soil samples.<br>
<b>Microorganisms essential for methane production</b><br>
"The microorganisms are incorporated into the thawing permafrost at
the bottom of the soils e.g. by leaching from the surface soil layer
above the permafrost," Knoblauch elaborates. Through the periodic
thawing, the microorganisms are mixed into the permafrost. Field
experiments have shown how the collapsing of the active layer
surface in summer moves the microorganisms into the former
permafrost.<br>
However, "production does not equal release of methane and we need
further modelling and additional field studies," Knoblauch explains.
<br>
<b>More research needed on methane release</b><br>
The release of methane also depends on the vegetation composition.
In the case of vascular plants that have specialized tissues for
conducting gas, methane is released rapidly into the atmosphere. In
comparison, mosses and drained surfaces result in more methane being
oxidized to carbon dioxide before released into the atmosphere. <br>
If the soil is not completely water-saturated, but instead contains
higher levels of oxygen, it provides a good environment for
microorganisms that live off methane. They consume the energy-rich
gas and transform it into CO2, which eventually results in a weaker
effect on climate change.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.highnorthnews.com/thawing-permafrost-releases-more-methane-than-expected/">http://www.highnorthnews.com/thawing-permafrost-releases-more-methane-than-expected/</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Yikes !]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="Citizen%20Scientists%20Show%20Black%20Widows%20Creeping%20North%20In%20Canada,Study%20shows%20online%20observations%20can%20help%20researchers%20refine%20the%20range%20maps%20of%20many%20species%20overlooked%20by%20field%20biologists,,Read%20more:%20https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/citizen-scientists-show-black-widows-creeping-north-canada-180969970/#JsF3pEQsPVXiw1za.99,Give%20the%20gift%20of%20Smithsonian%20magazine%20for%20only%20$12%21%20http://bit.ly/1cGUiGv,Follow%20us:%20@SmithsonianMag%20on%20Twitter">Citizen
Scientists Show Black Widows Creeping North In Canada</a></b><br>
"Distributions of spiders are relatively poorly known, and range
maps are often based just on where scientists have found the
species," Wang says in a statement. "[T]his paper illustrates that
we can (and should!) incorporate citizen-science data and
distribution modeling techniques to help bridge the knowledge gaps
of less-studied species."<br>
One reason the team chose black widows is that the markings on the
spider are quite distinctive, making misidentification less likely.
Though the study was primarily a test case, it did yield some new
data about the black widow. Compared to pre-1990 data, it appears
that the species is slowly but surely marching northward, most
likely as a response to climate change. That means it could be
possible to find the spiders in Montreal, a place they have yet to
be discovered. "They're occupying new habitats that we didn't
previously think they could," Wang tells Chung.<br>
And what should you do if a black widow does take a stab at you when
you're reaching for some poutine or perhaps logging a sighting in
iNaturalist? Typically the bite causes pain at the site, which can
spread to the abdomen or chest along with severe cramping and
excessive sweating. The bite is rarely fatal for healthy adults, but
everyone—most importantly children and the elderly—should check in
with the doctor after an encounter.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/citizen-scientists-show-black-widows-creeping-north-canada-180969970/#JsF3pEQsPVXiw1za.99">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/citizen-scientists-show-black-widows-creeping-north-canada-180969970/#JsF3pEQsPVXiw1za.99</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[no peanut butter]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://e360.yale.edu/digest/as-water-temperatures-rise-freshwater-jellyfish-found-in-british-canal">As
Water Temperatures Rise, Freshwater Jellyfish Found in British
Canal</a></b><br>
AUGUST 15, 2018<br>
A freshwater jellyfish (Craspedacusta sowerbii).<br>
Following weeks of scorching heat in the United Kingdom, a small
transparent freshwater jellyfish that thrives in warm waters has
been found in a British canal. Harmless to humans, the jellyfish,
Craspedacusta sowerbii, is native to the Yangtze basin in China, but
has spread to waterways worldwide over the last century. <br>
In recent decades, the species has become an increasingly common
sight as global temperatures rise, particularly in late summer when
waters exceed 20 degrees Celsius (68 Fahrrenheit.)...<br>
- - - -<br>
Freshwater jellyfish first arrived in Britain in the 19th century
when explorers brought back plants and animals from their travels.
Summer sightings have increased in England since the 1980s in
canals, shallow freshwater lakes, and flooded quarries as high water
temperatures have become more common. In previous years, the
species' main "blooms" appear in August and September, and disappear
by October.<br>
Blooms of these freshwater jellyfish have also been increasingly
observed across Canada and the United States, particularly in the
Great Lakes region; several parts of Europe, including Ireland,
Sweden and Lithuania; in southeast Asia; and even as far as
Patagonia in Chile and Argentina.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://e360.yale.edu/digest/as-water-temperatures-rise-freshwater-jellyfish-found-in-british-canal">https://e360.yale.edu/digest/as-water-temperatures-rise-freshwater-jellyfish-found-in-british-canal</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Check the basement for old newspapers]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.livescience.com/63334-coal-affecting-climate-century-ago.html">News
Clip Linked Coal to Climate Change — 106 Years Ago Today</a></b><br>
A note published in a New Zealand paper 106 years ago today (Aug.
14) predicted the Earth's temperature would rise because of 7
billion tons of carbon dioxide produced by coal consumption.<br>
"The effect may be considerable in a few centuries," the article
stated.<br>
The clip was one of several one-paragraph stories in the "Science
Notes and News" section of<span> </span><a
href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/rodney-and-otamatea-times-waitemata-and-kaipara-gazette/1912/8/14/7"
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style:
inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit;
font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit;
font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 153,
204); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">The
Rodney and Otamatea Times</a>, published Wednesday, Aug. 14,
1912. <br>
The paragraph seems to have been originally printed in the<span> </span><a
href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tt4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA341&lpg=PA341&dq=this+tends+to+make+the+air+a+more+effective+blanket+for+the+earth&source=bl&ots=QvdH-SgFLl&sig=WiPUNOIzM6udOSTBm2VXzRQB9K8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQq8apj_bPAhUa3YMKHfCZDLQQ6AEIKTAC#v=onepage&q&f=false"
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style:
inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit;
font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit;
font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 153,
204); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">March
1912 issue of Popular Mechanics</a><span> </span>as the caption
for an image of a large coal factory. The image goes with a story
titled "Remarkable Weather of 1911: The Effect of the Combustion of
Coal on the Climate — What Scientists Predict for the Future," by
Francis Molena. [<a
href="https://www.livescience.com/58774-time-lapse-photos-show-retreating-glaciers.html"
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style:
inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit;
font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit;
font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 153,
204); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">Photographic
Proof of Climate Change: Time-Lapse Images of Retreating Glaciers</a>]<br>
In the article, Molena described how carbon dioxide in the air is
associated with<span> </span><a
href="https://www.livescience.com/37003-global-warming.html"
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style:
inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit;
font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit;
font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 153,
204); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">warmer
temperatures</a>, and "since burning coal produces carbon dioxide,
it may be inquired whether the enormous use of that fuel in modern
times may be an important factor in filling the atmosphere with this
substance, and consequently<span> </span><a
href="https://www.livescience.com/37743-greenhouse-effect.html"
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style:
inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit;
font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit;
font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 153,
204); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">indirectly
raising the temperature</a>of the Earth."<br>
When Molena's story was published, scientists had already been
predicting the effects of coal combustion on climate for the past
few decades. Researchers were studying the topic at least as early
as 1882, as evidenced by H.A. Phillips' paper titled "Pollution of
the Atmosphere," published that year in the journal<span> </span><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/027127c0" style="margin:
0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant:
inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height:
inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16px; vertical-align:
baseline; color: rgb(0, 153, 204); text-decoration: none;
background-color: transparent;">Nature</a>.<br>
Jeff Nichols, a historian at the University of Illinois at Chicago,<span> </span><a
href="https://qz.com/817354/scientists-have-been-forecasting-that-burning-fossil-fuels-will-cause-climate-change-as-early-as-1882/"
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style:
inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit;
font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit;
font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 153,
204); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">told
Quartz</a>that he's found many examples of newspaper articles
published between 1883 and 1912 that make predictions about how
rising carbon dioxide levels alter the climate. The New York Times,
The Philadelphia Inquirer, and The Kansas City Star all published
articles about rising carbon dioxide levels affecting the climate
more than a hundred years ago, Quartz reported.<br>
Carbon dioxide continues to make up 65 percent of global<span> </span><a
href="https://www.livescience.com/37821-greenhouse-gases.html"
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style:
inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit;
font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit;
font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 153,
204); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">greenhouse
gas emissions</a>, having increased by 90 percent between 1900 and
2010, according to estimates from the<span> </span><a
href="https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data"
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style:
inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit;
font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit;
font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 153,
204); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">Environmental
Protection Agency</a><span> </span>(EPA). As of 2014, the top<span> </span><a
href="https://www.livescience.com/28530-carbon-dioxide-falling.html"
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style:
inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit;
font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit;
font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 153,
204); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">carbon
dioxide-producing</a><span> </span>regions were China,<span> </span><a
href="https://www.livescience.com/60244-what-is-clean-coal.html"
style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style:
inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit;
font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit;
font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 153,
204); text-decoration: none; background-color: transparent;">the
United States</a>, the European Union, India, the Russian
Federation and Japan, according to the EPA.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.livescience.com/63334-coal-affecting-climate-century-ago.html">https://www.livescience.com/63334-coal-affecting-climate-century-ago.html</a><br>
also see </font><br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/rodney-and-otamatea-times-waitemata-and-kaipara-gazette/1912/8/14/7">https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/rodney-and-otamatea-times-waitemata-and-kaipara-gazette/1912/8/14/7</a><br>
</font><br>
<br>
[OK. you get a gold star]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180213120429.htm">Pride
tops guilt as a motivator for environmental decisions</a></b><br>
Date: February 13, 2018<br>
Source: Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and
International Affairs<br>
Summary:<br>
A lot of pro-environmental messages suggest that people will feel
guilty if they don't make an effort to live more sustainably or
takes steps to ameliorate climate change. But a recent study finds
that highlighting the pride people will feel if they take such
actions may be a better way to change environmental behaviors.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180213120429.htm">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180213120429.htm</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Audio from WBUR]<br>
<b><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/08/16/climate-change-history">Climate
Change Debate And Denial Dates Back Further Than You Might
Think 9:53</a></b><br>
Although climate change is still a relatively new phrase to many,
its debate and denial in the U.S. stretches back a long time.<br>
Here & Now's Robin Young talks about the history of climate
change with Brian Balogh (@historyfellow) and Nathan Connolly
(@ndbconnolly), historians and co-hosts of the podcast "BackStory,"
which is produced at Virginia Humanities.<br>
This segment aired on August 16, 2018.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/08/16/climate-change-history">http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/08/16/climate-change-history</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
[Comic Relief - from the Onion]<br>
<b><a
href="https://www.theonion.com/sighing-resigned-climate-scientists-say-to-just-enjoy-1823265249">Sighing,
Resigned Climate Scientists Say To Just Enjoy Next 20 Years As
Much As You Can</a></b><br>
2/23/18 <br>
GENEVA—Attending a conference to discuss alarming new data on rising
sea levels, a weary group of top climatologists suddenly halted
their presentation Friday, let out a long sigh, and stated that the
best thing anyone can do at this point is just try to enjoy the next
couple decades as much as possible. "You know what, guys? Just go
out there and have a good time—don't worry about any of this," said
climate scientist Annalisa Feldt who tore in half the report she had
compiled and suggested everyone consider traveling to a place
they've never been before, or taking up a pastime they've always
imagined might be fun. "Go see a show. Join an intramural sports
league. Learn a musical instrument. Have more sex. Try skiing, if
you never have, although that's one you'd better do within the next
five years or so." Reiterating the need for people to live it up
while they still can, the climatologists announced that if anyone
was interested in joining them, they would be skipping the remainder
of the conference to get completely shit-faced at the nearest bar.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.theonion.com/sighing-resigned-climate-scientists-say-to-just-enjoy-1823265249">https://www.theonion.com/sighing-resigned-climate-scientists-say-to-just-enjoy-1823265249</a></font><br>
<br>
<br>
<font size="+1"><b>This Day in Climate History - August 17, 2007 -
from D.R. Tucker</b></font><br>
August 17, 2007: The Leonardo DiCaprio-produced documentary "The
11th Hour" is released in the US.<br>
<font size="-1"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://youtu.be/7IBG2V98IBY">http://youtu.be/7IBG2V98IBY</a>
</font><br>
<br>
<br>
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