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<i><font size="+1"><b>July 3, 2020</b></font></i><br>
<br>
[notice money flow]<br>
<b>Banks' Vows to Restrict Loans for Arctic Oil and Gas Development
May Be Largely Symbolic</b><br>
Financial institutions rarely provide such loans and with oil prices
at rock bottom, the Arctic is not a priority for the energy
industry...<br>
- - <br>
European and Australian banks were among the first to adopt policies
restricting lending, with Goldman Sachs the first American bank to
announce one in December. According to Rainforest Action Network, at
least 20 banks have now implemented some form of restrictions, six
of which include broader corporate-wide limitations for companies
operating in the Arctic.<br>
<br>
For the banks, it may have been an easy sell.<br>
<br>
Oil prices had stagnated after crashing in 2014, and fracking was
surging in Texas, North Dakota and other states, leaving the Arctic
as a side story for much of the industry. Even before the campaign,
one Goldman Sachs analyst told CNBC in 2017, "We think there is
almost no rationale for Arctic exploration," noting the abundance of
other, cheaper options for growth, such as U.S. shale fields.<br>
<br>
Citigroup said in its announcement last month that it had never
provided the type of project-specific financing it would now
prohibit, and Wells Fargo said in its policy that it had actually
halted such lending two years earlier as "part of a larger 2018
risk-based decision."<br>
<br>
Meanwhile, the Trump administration's push for drilling in the
Arctic refuge has stalled...<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04052020/oil-gas-banks-arctic-drilling-coronavirus">https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04052020/oil-gas-banks-arctic-drilling-coronavirus</a><br>
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[Climate models aid understanding]<br>
<b>Some new climate models are projecting extreme warming. Are they
correct?</b><br>
Recent climate models are 'running hot,' projecting catastrophic
global warming. Puzzled scientists are weighing whether the models
need correcting or whether severe warming is a real threat.By Jeff
Berardelli | Wednesday, July 1, 2020<br>
Jeff Berardelli | Wednesday, July 1, 2020<br>
or the past year, some of the most up-to-date computer models from
the world's top climate modeling groups have been "running hot" -
projecting that global warming may be even more extreme than earlier
thought. Data from some of the model runs has been confounding
scientists because it challenges decades of consistent projections.<br>
<br>
"It is concerning, as it increases the risk of more severe climate
change impacts," explains Dr. Andrew Gettelman, a cloud microphysics
scientist from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, in
Boulder, Colorado.<br>
<br>
As a result, there's been a real urgency to answer this important
question in climate science: Are there processes in some new models
that need correcting, or is this enhanced warming a real threat?<br>
<br>
After months of contemplation and study after study, the picture is
becoming much more clear, and providing something of a breather.
Along with those studies, an unprecedented international research
mission, led by NOAA and named ATOMIC, aims to provide climate
science with the most sophisticated insights yet into why some
models point to more warming.<br>
<b>International effort to evaluate climate models</b><br>
For the past 25 years the international community has been
evaluating and comparing the world's most sophisticated climate
models produced by various teams at universities, research centers,
and government agencies. The effort is organized by the World
Climate Research Programme under the United Nations World
Meteorological Organization.<br>
<br>
Climate models are complicated computer programs composed of
millions of lines of code that calculate the physical properties and
interactions between the main climate forces like the atmosphere,
oceans, and solar input. But models also go a lot further,
incorporating other systems like ice sheets, forests, and the
biosphere, to name a few. The models are then used to simulate the
real-world climate system and project how certain changes, like
added pollution or land-use changes, will alter the climate.<br>
<br>
Every few years there is a new comprehensive international
evaluation called the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP).
In the sixth such effort, known as CMIP6 and now under way, experts
are reviewing about 100 models.<br>
<br>
Information gleaned from this effort will act as a scientific
foundation for the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) next major assessment report, scheduled for release in 2021.
The goal of the report - the sixth in 30 years - is to inform the
international community about how much the climate has changed, and,
importantly, how much change can be expected in coming decades.<br>
<br>
<b>A conundrum emerges</b><br>
Over the past year, the CMIP6 collection of models being reviewed
threw researchers an unexpected curveball: a significant number of
the climate model runs showed substantially more global warming than
previous model versions had projected. If accurate, the
international climate goals would be nearly impossible to achieve,
and there would be significantly more extreme impacts worldwide.<br>
<br>
A foundational experiment in every report addresses "sensitivity":
If you double levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) that were in the air
before the Industrial Revolution, how much warming do the models
show? This doubling is not expected for a few more decades, but it
is a quick way to communicate the critical role of greenhouse gases
in changing the climate.<br>
The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased by 35% since the
1800s because of the burning of fossil fuels. As a result, global
temperatures have already increased by more than 2 degrees
Fahrenheit.<br>
<br>
In the first IPCC assessment report, published in 1990, the answer
to that question about the impact of doubling carbon dioxide gave a
fairly wide range of results - between 2.7-8 degrees F of global
warming. Since then, four more assessments issued six to seven years
apart reached nearly the exact same conclusion on sensitivity.<br>
<br>
But that sensitivity may, for the first time, change significantly
in next year's assessment. Why? Because starting last year, numerous
models in the CMIP6 collection displayed even bigger spikes in
temperature upon doubling of CO2 concentrations. We're in serious
trouble if the climate sensitivity falls in the mid or upper range
of the previous assessments. But if the new, higher estimates are
correct, the impacts on civilization would be catastrophic...<br>
<b>New and encouraging evidence is emerging</b><br>
At first, scientists were uncertain whether the new model runs were
on to something, so the international modeling community dug in to
produce multiple studies. The results are not yet conclusive, but a
gradual collective sigh of relief seems to be materializing.<br>
<br>
"Evidence is emerging from multiple directions that the models which
show the greatest warming in the CMIP6 ensemble are likely too
warm," explains Dr. Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA's Goddard
Institute for Space Studies.<br>
<br>
For example, a study released April 28 evaluated the past
performance of the models making up the CMIP6 ensemble. The team
assigned weights to each model based upon historical performance of
their warming projections, weighing the poorer performing models
less. By doing so, both the mean warming and the range of warming
scenarios in the CMIP6 ensemble decreased, meaning the warmest
models were the ones with weaker historical performance. This result
supports a finding that a subset of the models are too warm.<br>
<br>
<b>Cloud science 'isn't rocket science ... It's much, much harder
than that.</b><br>
That conclusion is supported by another new study evaluating one
particular model - the Community Earth System Model (CESM2) - that
showed greater warming. Using that model, the researchers simulated
the climate in the early Eocene era, about 50 million years ago,
when rainforests thrived in the Arctic and Antarctic. The CESM2
simulated a historical climate that seems way too warm compared with
what is known about that era from geological data, indicating that
the model is likely also too warm in its future projections.<br>
<br>
Two other recent studies of the CMIP6 models being evaluated use
clever analysis methods to narrow the range of future warming
projections and also reduce the projected warming of the CMIP6
models by 10 to 15%.<br>
<br>
Through the intensive research spurred by the CMIP6
climate-sensitivity curveball, scientists have been able to turn a
confounding challenge into a confidence builder, providing even
greater certainty than they had before in both the abilities of the
climate science community and in the computer models used. Moreover,
the experience has helped unearth uncertainties remaining in the
modeling process.<br>
<br>
Experts conclude much of this uncertainty probably lies in the
complexity of clouds. "We have been looking as a community at why
the models with greater warming are doing what they are doing - and
it's tied to cloud feedbacks in the southern mid-latitudes mostly,"
explains Schmidt.<br>
<br>
In fact, a new study addressing the increased sensitivity was
published in Science Advances stating, "Cloud feedbacks and
cloud-aerosol interactions are the most likely contributors to the
high values and increased range of ECS [sensitivity] in CMIP6."<br>
<br>
<b>Understanding the complexity of clouds</b><br>
It's long been known in climate modeling circles that cloud
processes and interactions are a potential weak link for climate
modeling. That reality has been brought front and center by the
urgent challenges posed during this CMIP6 evaluation period, but the
current evaluation of models also provides an opportunity for
discovery and improvement.<br>
<br>
Cloud complexity comes from the reality that clouds have a multitude
of sizes, altitudes, and textures. Some clouds cool Earth by
providing shade, reflecting sunlight back into space. Others act
like a blanket, trapping heat and warming the world.<br>
<br>
What happens with clouds drives what happens to our climate … and to
our planet.<br>
<br>
Given that about 70% of the globe is covered by clouds at any given
time, it's no surprise that they play an integral role in regulating
the climate. The challenge is to figure out which types of clouds
will increase, which will decrease, and what the net effect will be
on cooling or warming as the climate changes.<br>
<br>
One study last year reached an alarming conclusion: Left unchecked,
the release of CO2 into the atmosphere may lead to a tipping point
where shallow low clouds disappear - leading to runaway,
catastrophic warming of nearly 15 degrees F. While scientists see
that outcome as only a remote possibility, it drives home the urgent
need to better understand clouds.<br>
<br>
"We have a saying at NOAA: It isn't rocket science - it's much, much
harder than that," quips Dr. Chris Fairall, ATOMIC's lead
investigator. "One of the major problems for modeling is there is
not clean separation of scales." The photo below is one that Fairall
took from the NOAA P-3 aircraft.<br>
<br>
"Think about trying to code up a model that can produce this,"
Fairall muses. "Huge cloud systems are made up of a spectrum of
clouds from the size of Kansas to ones that fit in the trunk of your
Volkswagen."<br>
<br>
In the real world and the simulated model world, cloud formation
depends partially on how moisture interacts with aerosols, tiny
floating particles in the air. Aerosols are fine particles like
smoke, sea spray, and pollutants. These tiny dust-like particles act
as condensation nuclei, allowing gaseous water vapor to turn into
cloud droplets.<br>
<br>
The interplay between clouds, aerosols, and a warming climate in a
model affects how much of a cooling or warming influence that model
calculates.<br>
<br>
Recently a new international dataset of emissions - including
changes in the concentrations of aerosols - has been introduced into
some climate models with improved cloud physics. As a result, some
scientists conclude, the changes have affected cloud dynamics in
these models, leading to additional warming.<br>
<br>
But despite the increased confidence that a subset of the CMIP6
models are likely overdoing warming projections, Gettelman believes
there is at least some merit to the warmer projections because this
generation of models has more sophisticated cloud physics.<br>
<br>
So in order to get to the bottom of cloud complexity and improve
these vital model projections, the international community is
collaborating on a massive research project.<br>
<br>
<b>Investigating the secrets of clouds</b><br>
To address the urgent question about the dynamics and role of clouds
in a warming world, NOAA and European partners launched their
ongoing research effort unprecedented in scale. The U.S.
contribution, ATOMIC - short for Atlantic Tradewind Ocean-Atmosphere
Mesoscale Interaction Campaign - is an international science mission
that was featured recently on "CBS This Morning: Saturday."<br>
According to the highly regarded climate site Carbon Brief, which
did an independent evaluation of the model suite, 30% of models
showed a significant increase in their sensitivity to a doubling of
atmospheric CO2.<br>
"The research that originally motivated this project was an analysis
that showed that the single biggest factor that separated the CMIP
models into big warming and not so big warming was treatment of
shallow convective clouds," Fairall explains.<br>
<br>
The best places to find shallow convective clouds are tropical
waters. So in February, a group of scientists from more than 40
partner institutions from countries including the U.S., Germany,
France, and the U.K. painstakingly probed hundreds of miles of
tropical air and sea near the island of Barbados. They used every
tool in their arsenals: five research aircraft, four large
fact-finding vessels, buoys, radar and futuristic air and ocean
drones to examine the makeup of these complicated and crucial
clouds.<br>
<br>
Scientists expect that the vast, concurrent and diverse types of
observations captured in ATOMIC will allow them to improve how
clouds are represented in climate models, enabling them to make more
precise predictions of future climate and impacts.<br>
<br>
Fairall says the data from ATOMIC is ideal for such assessments, and
he expects the findings will inform the upcoming 2021 comprehensive
IPCC report. With the data from ATOMIC still being analyzed,
scientists have not yet reached conclusions.<br>
<br>
On the whole, however, these unprecedented research efforts to
troubleshoot discrepancies in the latest models have already borne
critical fruit. They are providing scientists with more insights,
illustrating the crucial value of the scientific method, lending
credibility to the capability of climate models, and helping build
more confidence within the climate science community.<br>
<br>
Jeff Berardelli is CBS News Meteorologist and Climate Specialist in
New York City, and a regular contributor to Yale Climate
Connections.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2020/07/some-new-climate-models-are-projecting-extreme-warming-are-they-correct/">https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2020/07/some-new-climate-models-are-projecting-extreme-warming-are-they-correct/</a><br>
<br>
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[Understanding climate models]<br>
<b>Clouds the Likely Cause of Increased Global Warming in Latest
Generation of Climate Models</b><br>
By NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH JUNE 27, 2020<br>
<br>
New representations of clouds are making models more sensitive to
carbon dioxide.<br>
<br>
As scientists work to determine why some of the latest climate
models suggest the future could be warmer than previously thought, a
new study indicates the reason is likely related to challenges
simulating the formation and evolution of clouds.<br>
<br>
The new research, published in Science Advances, gives an overview
of 39 updated models that are part of a major international climate
endeavor, the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project (CMIP6). The models will also be analyzed for the upcoming
sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC).<br>
<br>
Compared with older models, a subset of these updated models has
shown a higher sensitivity to carbon dioxide - that is, more warming
for a given concentration of the greenhouse gas -though a few showed
lower sensitivity as well. The end result is a greater range of
model responses than any preceding generation of models, dating back
to the early 1990s. If the models on the high end are correct and
Earth is truly more sensitive to carbon dioxide than scientists had
thought, the future could also be much warmer than previously
projected. But it's also possible that the updates made to the
models between the last intercomparison project and this one are
causing or exposing errors in their results.<br>
<br>
In the new paper, the authors sought to systematically compare the
CMIP6 models with previous generations and to catalog the likely
reasons for the expanded range of sensitivity.<br>
<br>
"Many research groups have already published papers analyzing
possible reasons why the climate sensitivity of their models changed
when they were updated," said Gerald Meehl, a senior scientist at
the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and lead author
of the new study. "Our goal was to look for any themes that were
emerging, especially with the high-sensitivity models. The thing
that came up again and again is that cloud feedbacks in general, and
the interaction between clouds and tiny particles called aerosols in
particular, seem to be contributing to higher sensitivity."<br>
<br>
The research was funded in part by the National Science Foundation,
which is NCAR's sponsor. Other supporters include the U.S.
Department of Energy, the Helmholtz Society, and Deutsches Klima
Rechen Zentrum (Germany's climate computing center).<br>
<br>
<b>Evaluating model sensitivity</b><br>
Researchers have traditionally evaluated climate model sensitivity
using two different metrics. The first, which has been in use since
the late 1970s, is called equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS). It
measures the temperature increase after atmospheric carbon dioxide
is instantaneously doubled from preindustrial levels and the model
is allowed to run until the climate stabilizes.<br>
<br>
Through the decades, the range of ECS values has stayed remarkably
consistent - somewhere around 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1
degrees Fahrenheit) - even as models have become significantly more
complex. For example, the models included in the previous phase of
CMIP last decade, known as CMIP5, had ECS values ranging from 2.1 to
4.7C (3.6 to 8.5F).<br>
<br>
The CMIP6 models, however, have a range from 1.8 to 5.6C (3.2 to
10F), widening the spread from CMIP5 on both the low and high ends.
The NCAR-based Community Earth System Model, version 2 (CESM2) is
one of the higher-sensitivity models, with an ECS value of 5.2C.<br>
<br>
Model developers have been busy picking their models apart during
the last year to understand why ECS has changed. For many groups,
the answers appear to come down to clouds and aerosols. Cloud
processes unfold on very fine scales, which has made them
challenging to accurately simulate in global-scale models in the
past. In CMIP6, however, many modeling groups added more complex
representations of these processes.<br>
<br>
The new cloud capabilities in some models have produced better
simulations in certain ways. The clouds in CESM2, for example, look
more realistic when compared to observations. But clouds have a
complicated relationship with climate warming - certain types of
clouds in some locations reflect more sunlight, cooling the surface,
while others can have the opposite effect, trapping heat.<br>
<br>
Aerosols, which can be emitted naturally from volcanoes and other
sources as well as by human activity, also reflect sunlight and have
a cooling effect. But they interact with clouds too, changing their
formation and brightness and, therefore, their ability to heat or
cool the surface.<br>
<br>
Many modeling groups have determined that adding this new complexity
into the latest version of their models is having an impact on ECS.
Meehl said this isn't surprising.<br>
<br>
"When you put more detail into the models, there are more degrees of
freedom and more possible different outcomes," he said. "Earth
system models today are quite complex, with many components
interacting in ways that are sometimes unanticipated. When you run
these models, you're going to get behaviors you wouldn't see in more
simplified models."<br>
<br>
<b>An unmeasurable quantity</b><br>
ECS is meant to tell scientists something about how Earth will
respond to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. The result,
however, cannot be checked against the real world.<br>
<br>
"ECS is an unmeasurable quantity," Meehl said. "It's a rudimentary
metric, created when models were much simpler. It's still useful,
but it isn't the only way to understand how much rising greenhouse
gases will affect the climate."<br>
<br>
One reason scientists continue to use ECS is because it allows them
to compare current models to the earliest climate models. But
researchers have come up with other metrics for looking at climate
sensitivity along the way, including a model's transient climate
response (TCR). To measure that, modelers increase carbon dioxide by
1% a year, compounded, until carbon dioxide is doubled. While this
measure is also idealized, it may give a more realistic view of
temperature response, at least on the shorter-term horizon of the
next several decades.<br>
<br>
In the new paper, Meehl and his colleagues also compared how TCR has
changed over time since its first use in the 1990s. The CMIP5 models
had a TCR range of 1.1 to 2.5C, while the range of the CMIP6 models
only increased slightly, from 1.3 to 3.0C. Overall, the change in
average TCR warming was nearly imperceptible, from 1.8 to 2.0C (3.2
to 3.6F).<br>
<br>
The change in TCR range is more modest than with ECS, which could
mean that the CMIP6 models may not perform that differently from
CMIP5 models when simulating temperature over the next several
decades.<br>
<br>
But even with the larger range of ECS, the average value of that
metric "did not increase a huge amount," Meehl said, only rising
from 3.2 to 3.7C.<br>
<br>
"The high end is higher but the low end is lower, so the average
values haven't shifted too significantly," he said.<br>
<br>
Meehl also noted that the increased range of ECS could have a
positive effect on science by spurring more research into cloud
processes and cloud-aerosol interactions, including field campaigns
to collect better observations of how these interactions play out in
the real world.<br>
<br>
"Cloud-aerosol interactions are on the bleeding edge of our
comprehension of how the climate system works, and it's a challenge
to model what we don't understand," Meehl said. "These modelers are
pushing the boundaries of human understanding, and I am hopeful that
this uncertainty will motivate new science."<br>
<br>
Reference: "Context for interpreting equilibrium climate sensitivity
and transient climate response from the CMIP6 Earth system models"
by Gerald A. Meehl, Catherine A. Senior, Veronika Eyring, Gregory
Flato, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Ronald J. Stouffer, Karl E. Taylor
and Manuel Schlund, 24 June 2020, Science Advances.<br>
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba1981<br>
<br>
<p><br>
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<br>
[video may help with understanding models]<br>
<b>Climate extremes in a warming climate: 1.5C, 2C and higher</b><br>
Nov 24, 2019<br>
Vetenskapsakademien<br>
Professor Sonia I. Seneviratne, Institute for Atmospheric and
Climate Science,<br>
Land-Climate Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. Introduction by
Professor Deliang Chen, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. From:
Extreme weather events in a warming world - open key note lectures,
2019-11-11.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6HwqB3-3dV4">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6HwqB3-3dV4</a><br>
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[Follow the Money]<br>
<b>Banks Love Renewable Energy, But Their Boardrooms Are Still
Linked With Fossil Fuels Corporations...</b><br>
The analysis by Bloomberg reported that the world's largest banks
issued billions in loans to sustainable businesses and have even
taken steps to limit funding for some of the world's worst
polluters, but this mentality hasn't reached the boardroom. Many
executives who sit on the boards at 20 of the leading banks in both
the U.S. and Europe have more ties to the fossil fuel industry than
not. Bloomberg analyzed past and present professional affiliations
of over 600 executives and directors at these banks, and the
findings are a bit alarming.<br>
<br>
73 of those analyzed held a position at some point in time with one
or more of the largest corporate greenhouse gas polluters -- 16 were
connected to oil or refining companies. These same 20 banks have
helped create $1.4 trillion of debt financing for fossil fuel
producers since the signing of the Paris agreement in 2015...<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2020/07/01/banks-love-renewable-energy-but-their-boardrooms-are-still-linked-with-fossil-fuels-corporations/">https://cleantechnica.com/2020/07/01/banks-love-renewable-energy-but-their-boardrooms-are-still-linked-with-fossil-fuels-corporations/</a><br>
<br>
<br>
[Netflix]<br>
<b>ZAC EFRON LOOKS FOR SOLUTIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN NEW NETFLIX
SERIES</b><br>
Zac Efron is starring in his own documentary series on Netflix,
'Down to Earth', which is all about exploring solutions to climate
change around the world.<br>
<br>
The actor might be known for his all singing, all dancing role in
the High School Musical films, but he's taking a break from
Hollywood to visit eco communities in search of green ideas and
inspiration.<br>
<br>
"We're trying to find some new perspectives on some very old
problems," he says in the trailer, adding, "we need to start
rethinking how we consume everything, from our food, to our power."<br>
<br>
In the series, Efron travels around the world with wellness expert
Darin Olien to learn from various cultures and explore healthier,
more sustainable ways of life. Granted, some of what he comes across
may be more weird than wonderful, but it all comes under the
umbrella of greener solutions to living.<br>
<br>
In one scene, the actor looks at community fartbags, which are used
to harness renewable sources of energy. In another, he is presented
with a meal which has been smoked in poo, or as the chef calls it
"dung-smoked", to which he replies, "it doesn't taste like dung"...<br>
The adventurous pair visit France, Puerto Rico, London, Iceland,
Costa Rica, Peru and Sardinia on their journey.<br>
<br>
This isn't the first time the actor has been involved in an
environmentally themed show either. Back in April, Efron hosted the
Great Global Cleanup, for the Discovery Channel, in celebration of
Earth Day 2020.<br>
<br>
The show put the spotlight on the next generation of climate
activists and what they are doing to clean up the planet, from
next-level recycling to innovative waste management.<br>
<br>
In an Instagram post at the time, he wrote:<br>
<br>
"Happy Earth Day! I have always been in awe of the magic and mystery
of Mother Nature. Exploring the unknown has always been a true
passion in my life and now, more than ever, I realize how important
it is to take care of our planet, our people and every living thing
we share it with. Please be safe, be healthy and be kind to one
another. Join us tonight for the #greatglobalcleanup."<br>
<br>
'Down to Earth' will be released on Netflix on 10th July.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.euronews.com/living/2020/07/01/zac-efron-looks-for-solutions-to-climate-change-in-new-netflix-series">https://www.euronews.com/living/2020/07/01/zac-efron-looks-for-solutions-to-climate-change-in-new-netflix-series</a><br>
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<p><br>
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[a classic video lesson]<br>
<b>How accurate are scientific predictions about climate?</b><br>
potholer54 channel is at
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/potholer54/featured">https://www.youtube.com/user/potholer54/featured</a><br>
The main purpose of this channel is to explain in simple terms the
conclusions of scientific research, and correct some of the
unsourced crap we hear from bloggers, politicians and the media. I
am a former science journalist (see the "Who I am" video) with a
degree in geology.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugwqXKHLrGk">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugwqXKHLrGk</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
[Pay attention to the fundamentals]<br>
<b>The Basics of Climate Science | Essentials of Environmental
Science</b><br>
Jul 2, 2020<br>
Hot Mess<br>
Welcome to our new special series about the essentials of
environmental science.<br>
Like this video? SUBSCRIBE to Hot Mess! - <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://bit.ly/hotmess_sub">http://bit.ly/hotmess_sub</a><br>
<br>
A series on this channel talking about the environment without
focusing on the era-defining change happening to our planet right
now wouldn't make any sense. Climate Change is after all, the hot
mess we all find ourselves in. <br>
<br>
Climate is the long-term, average weather over a particular region.
It's the typical patterns of temperature, precipitation, wind and
how those change seasonally throughout the year. <br>
<br>
But what does that actually mean? Let's take a trip to a few biomes
and compare what climate looks like around the world. We're going to
the tropical rainforest of Brazil, the savanna of Mozambique, the
desert in Saudi Arabia, and the tundra of Canada. <br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWSY-O5B0mg">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWSY-O5B0mg</a>
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</p>
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[Digging back into the internet news archive]<br>
<font size="+1"><b>On this day in the history of global warming -
July 3, 2009 </b></font><br>
<br>
Alaska Governor Sarah Palin announces her resignation from office;
shortly thereafter, she sets herself up as a right-wing crusader
against climate legislation.<br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://youtu.be/kM0ZbNA8_ro">http://youtu.be/kM0ZbNA8_ro</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2009/jul/20/sarah-palin/palin-flips-her-support-cap-and-trade/">http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2009/jul/20/sarah-palin/palin-flips-her-support-cap-and-trade/</a><br>
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