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<p><i><font size="+1"><b>September 27, 2020</b></font></i></p>
[UK Guardian takes notice]<b><br>
</b><b>Meet the doomers: why some young US voters have given up hope
on climate</b><br>
Alexandra Villarreal - 21 Sep 2020 <br>
Politically active young people are often championed as the Earth's
great hope to reverse the climate crisis - but many believe we've
already passed the tipping point<br>
<br>
'You're not seeing people who are planning for the future, because
the future seems so precarious and so unpredictable.'<br>
<br>
When Siddharth Namachivayam casts a ballot in Colorado this fall,
he'll forego Democratic nominee Joe Biden, whom he sees as just a
"Band-Aid," and instead support the longshot Green party candidate
focused on climate action.<br>
<br>
"I guess, yeah, it'd be marginally better if Biden was president,
but I don't think Biden being president is more important than the
Green party growing in the next couple of years," Namachivayam says.<br>
<br>
If we continue on our current track, he predicts food shortages,
global economic instability, refugee crises, populist reactionary
movements: all the forces that are already plaguing humanity,
intensified. He has little confidence that the world will do what's
necessary to curtail the climate crisis, and he wrestles with the
sheer scale of what needs to happen - such as disrupting the
entrenched economic interests that run counter to disaster
prevention.<br>
"When I think about things like that, I'm just like, 'I don't know
what to do,'" says Namachivayam, a college junior in California.<br>
<br>
Generation Z - the cohort born after 1996 - has the most at stake in
the effort to save the environment. They're often championed as
Earth's great hope, the young people whose optimism and activism
will help reverse catastrophic climate change. But while teens and
young adults protest in droves, some of their peers fear the cards
are already stacked against them.<br>
<br>
Sometimes called "doomers", these deflated young people often insist
that radical, systemic change is the only chance for salvation - but
find it difficult to believe that the world will actually rise to
the occasion.<br>
<br>
"You're not seeing people who are planning for the future, because
the future seems so precarious and so unpredictable," says Max
Bouratoglou, a 19-year-old student in California, where 25 major
wildfires are currently burning.<br>
<br>
He believes "enormous devastation" is coming and that the world has
accelerated toward "a climate singularity".<br>
<br>
Because of Bouratoglou's position on the climate crisis, he's
skeptical of getting married or having children. "Considering how
nihilistic I feel about the future and how I will be immediately
affected, do I wanna rain that burden upon someone else?" he asks.<br>
<br>
Recent events haven't helped: American Gen Zers are living through a
collapsed social safety net during the coronavirus pandemic, a
presidential administration that has played into big polluters'
interests, shrinking career opportunities coupled with a volatile
gig economy, and the uphill battle to tackle structural racism, says
Juanita Constible, senior adviser to the Natural Resources Defense
Council Action Fund...<br>
- -<br>
The doomist argument largely relies on an unsubstantiated premise
around "unstoppable tipping point-like responses" and a "runaway
greenhouse effect", says Michael E Mann, a distinguished professor
of atmospheric science at Pennsylvania State University. Scientific
evidence doesn't back that conclusion, but its prominent peddlers
have still garnered success through "climate doom porn", inspiring
an entire cottage industry while discouraging hopeful youth climate
activists.<br>
<br>
"Promoting doom and despair, and the notion that it's too late to do
anything, is literally stealing their future away from them," Mann
says. "It is taking away agency on their part."<br>
<br>
Meanwhile, an "ecosystem" of powerful agitators - from the Russian
state to fossil fuel stakeholders - have deployed doomism and lies
online to disillusion young progressives and craft a false
equivalency between Biden and Donald Trump, says Mann, whose
forthcoming book The New Climate War details how "forces of delay"
are stifling fervor.<br>
<br>
"These youth who have become dispirited about climate change and
jaded about prospects for climate action, they are victims of a
disinformation campaign by bad actors like Russia that have sought
to undermine enthusiasm for climate action," he says. "Part of that
is by driving a wedge within the environmental movement, and doomism
is a great way to create [that] wedge."<br>
<p>There are also less nefarious forces at play, such as dystopian
conclusions drawn from topical literature. Several young people
referenced a book, The Divide, as foundational to their
pessimistic views on climate. But its author, Jason Hickel,
insists that his work actually argues against the idea that
climate change is unstoppable.</p>
"It is true that the existing approach to climate policy is not
going to work," writes Hickel, an economic anthropologist. "But that
is absolutely no reason for doom. It just means we have to be
smarter about how we tackle the problem."<br>
<br>
Through unprecedented access to technology, Gen Z has been exposed
to websites, articles and social media pages propagating doom,
explains Joseph Wilkanowski, an 18-year-old co-founder of the
Re-Earth Initiative. "I think that especially at a young age, you
really catch on very quickly, and you really immerse yourself into
that," he says.<br>
<br>
His organization, which instead espouses action, fields pushback
from other, more fatalistic students who argue that promoting an
environmental movement is a waste of time.<br>
<br>
"These young people are right that what is missing is political
will, but that is something that we collectively have to create,"
says Constible of the Natural Resources Defense Council Action Fund.<br>
<br>
"Just throwing in the towel on that is consigning our current peers
and future generations to a much more terrible future than is
necessary."<br>
<br>
Plenty of Gen Zers are still optimistic about the climate crisis and
recognize an inherent fallacy within doomism. "If it is a point of
no return, we're going down. But if we're saying this, even though
it might not be, it's worth, like, putting in some effort to try and
preserve our planet," says Valentina Doukeris, an 18-year-old
international student at a Chicago-based school.<br>
<br>
Tim Joung, a 20-year-old student in New York, agrees with almost
everything that so-called doomers believe: individual action makes
little difference, and unscrupulous corporations are at fault for
climate change. But he also thinks that society can push for
stricter regulations on big polluters.<br>
<br>
"If we do nothing, the worst is gonna happen," he says. "If we at
least do something, there might be a chance - maybe not now, but
later down the line - for us to save as many people as we can."<br>
<br>
After growing up in a polluted China, Michael He, a student at
Pomona College, felt "doomed to have poisonous water and air" when
he was only 10 years old. But then he watched the Chinese economy
make what he considered substantial progress diversifying from coal
within a decade, challenging his preconceptions.<br>
<br>
"We have a lot of work to do, but I do not believe in the end of
history, you know, end of civilization claims by certain people," he
says.<br>
<br>
"If the Titanic's sinking, I don't wanna just dive into the ocean
and then just not come back up. I'm still gonna struggle like, you
know, Leonardo DiCaprio."<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/21/meet-the-doomers-some-young-us-voters-have-given-up-hope-on-climate">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/21/meet-the-doomers-some-young-us-voters-have-given-up-hope-on-climate</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
[trending]<br>
<b>What to Make of Some Young Evangelicals Abandoning Trump Over
Climate Change?</b><br>
While conservative Christians remain staunch supporters of the
president, the climate consciousness of Generation Z could bring a
political shift in the long-term.<br>
BY JAMES BRUGGERS - Sept 25, 2020...<br>
- -<br>
About a third to a half of all Trump supporters are evangelicals of
some sort, and they're not moving, said Jason Husser, a political
science professor at Elon University in North Carolina. "Most
polling suggests they have stayed with Trump," Husser added. "If
there was a big shift away from President Trump, we'd be seeing it."<br>
- <br>
Like other Christians, evangelicals who are concerned about the
climate draw upon Biblical teachings.<br>
<br>
"Climate change is a profound threat to all of God's creation, but
especially to the vulnerable of God's creation," said the Rev. Jim
Ball, a former Southern Baptist who has been at the forefront of the
evangelical environmental movement for more than three decades.
"That includes the poor, the children, and future generations."<br>
<br>
He added, "It is essentially a way of taking back the blessing of
God, in Genesis." Ball is a former executive director of the
Evangelical Environmental Network, whose provocative "What would
Jesus drive" campaign in the 2000s grabbed headlines by questioning
the moral value of gas-guzzling sport utility vehicles. <br>
<br>
"Instead of doing what we were created to do, which is reflect God's
care for his creation and for others, climate change does the
opposite," Ball said.<br>
<br>
The Rev. Mitchell C. Hescox, the president and CEO of the
Evangelical Environmental Network, says that a "pro-life" stand must
go beyond abortion...<br>
- - <br>
"There is an indisputable call for Christians to care about our
fellow brothers and sisters. Coal is causing illness and death. It
is not providing for human flourishing," she said.<br>
<br>
Young people raised in evangelical churches are wrestling with "a
panoply of issues that the religious right wants to lock together,"
such as views on science, gender roles and sexuality, said Kearns,
the Drew Theological School professor. As a result, he added,
evangelical churches are losing a lot of young people as they grow
into adulthood.<br>
<br>
Among evangelicals, younger members are more likely to have an
awareness that Black and brown communities pay the highest cost for
environmental pollution and will be the most affected by the impacts
of climate changes, she said...<br>
- - <br>
Without explicitly telling her fellow students whom they should vote
for, she said she will try to make it clear what voting for the
climate means as a Christian.<br>
<br>
"You can care about the Earth," she said. "God created it. We can
listen to scientists and discern what we will from what they say. We
can follow God's commandments, and we can be good stewards of the
Earth, and we can vote with that in mind."<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24092020/evangelical-christian-voting-climate-change-biden-trump-2020">https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24092020/evangelical-christian-voting-climate-change-biden-trump-2020</a><br>
<p>- -</p>
[from 2018]<br>
<b>Generation Climate: Can Young Evangelicals Change the Climate
Debate?</b><br>
For students at this top evangelical college, loving God means
protecting creation. That includes dealing with the human sources of
climate change.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21112018/evangelicals-climate-change-action-creation-care-wheaton-college-millennials-yeca">https://insideclimatenews.org/news/21112018/evangelicals-climate-change-action-creation-care-wheaton-college-millennials-yeca</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
[Cough, cough]<br>
<b>Scientists fear the Western wildfires could lead to long-term
lung damage</b><br>
Young children, older adults, and people with preexisting conditions
face the highest risks.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.vox.com/21451219/wildfire-2020-california-oregon-washington-health-air-quality">https://www.vox.com/21451219/wildfire-2020-california-oregon-washington-health-air-quality</a><br>
- -<br>
[particle interest]<br>
<b>What We Don't Know About Wildfire Smoke Should Scare Us</b><br>
When it comes to the long-term effects of smoke exposure, "we're all
research subjects," one public health expert said.<br>
By Lydia O'Connor<br>
There's clear consensus that wildfire smoke is bad for us in the
short term: It leaves people coughing and suffering from headaches
and sore throats; it inflames some existing health conditions, such
as asthma and heart problems; and it may even make a person more
susceptible to COVID-19 symptoms. But when it comes to the long-term
effects that wildfire smoke may have on people, the experts still
have a lot more questions than answers.<br>
<br>
"Unfortunately for all of us, we're all research subjects," said Dr.
Gina Solomon, a principal investigator at the Public Health
Institute and a clinical professor of medicine at the University of
California, San Francisco. "[There are] a lot of people that are
being exposed repeatedly to wildfire smoke, so we're going to know a
lot more in the coming years."...<br>
- -<br>
The outstanding question, Solomon said, is whether particulate
matter -- the dangerous mixture of tiny particles and liquid
droplets in the air -- in wildfire smoke is just as toxic as the air
tainted by cigarettes, tailpipes and other year-round pollutants.<br>
<br>
"If wildfire smoke particulate matter behaves just like other
particles, then the picture is not good for for long-term health,"
she said. Exposure to particulate matter from air pollution reduces
lung function, and it's especially harmful for children since their
lungs are still developing, she added.<br>
<br>
There are still big gaps in our knowledge, largely because wildfires
have never been as bad as they've been in recent years and because
smoke is so hard to isolate from other air pollutants.<br>
<br>
A review of the research on this subject in 2017, when some of the
worst wildfires in history hit California, emphasized the missing
puzzle pieces in understanding the long-term impact of particulate
matter in wildfire smoke. The review noted that it remains
"completely unknown" what the cumulative effect of repeated exposure
may have on a person's lung health.<br>
<br>
One of the authors of that review was Dr. Lisa Miller, the associate
director of research at the California National Primate Research
Center and a professor at the University of California, Davis.
Miller is one of the experts working to expand what we know about
the long-term effects of smoke exposure.<br>
<br>
When severe wildfires left her Davis-based research facility
blanketed in smoke in 2008, Miller had the idea to observe wildfire
smoke exposure on baby monkeys living in enclosed, half-acre fields
outdoors at the facility. During the 10-day period of smoky
conditions, the amount of particulate matter in the area was far
above the federal standard for healthy air and sometimes more than
doubled the safe amount per cubic meter.<br>
<br>
The study followed those monkeys from infancy to around three years
of age, and it led to grim findings.<br>
<br>
"The animals that were exposed to the smoke during that period of
time when they were babies had deficiencies in their immune system,
and their lungs appear to be more stiff," Miller said.<br>
<br>
A stiff lung in humans is early evidence of pulmonary fibrosis, a
condition in which people's lungs become irreversibly scarred and
less functional, leaving them short of breath, she added.<br>
<br>
The study also showed some evidence that the animals affected by the
smoke exposure passed on immune deficiencies to their offspring,
leaving both of them more susceptible to disease...<br>
- - <br>
"I think it's important for people to really understand that this
isn't just wood burning," she said.<br>
<br>
Solomon agreed, saying, "There's other stuff in that smoke."<br>
<br>
"If you live near the fire, there's a lot a lot of other material,
including chemicals like benzene that are emitted from combustion
that are very, very toxic substances," she said.<br>
<br>
Solomon has seen that problem show up in unexpected places. When a
small group of residents in Santa Rosa, California, returned home
after the catastrophic Tubbs fire in 2017, several of them found
that their tap water suddenly had a strong, foul odor. Testing found
that their water contained extraordinarily high concentrations of
benzene, a carcinogen known to cause leukemia in humans.<br>
<br>
I think it's important for people to really understand that this
isn't just wood burning.<br>
Dr. Lisa Miller, associate director of research at the California
National Primate Research Center<br>
"Levels were about up to about 1,000 times higher than the legally
allowable concentrations," Solomon said.<br>
<br>
When the same phenomenon was observed in Paradise, California, after
people returned home following the 2018 Camp fire, Solomon secured
funding to try and figure out what was happening. She's still
putting the data together, but one explanation appears the most
likely: The water systems lost pressure when the fires stormed those
communities and pipes instead sucked in wildfire smoke, which
contains benzene, she said. Those levels of benzene were made worse
by all the incinerated plastics inside people's homes and the
charred plastic water pipes, which both released benzene when they
burned.<br>
<br>
"Anytime you have a fire come through and there's a loss of pressure
in the system, there's a risk of having severe contamination of the
water system afterwards," Solomon said.<br>
<br>
"Unfortunately," she concluded, "this can happen again."<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wildfire-smoke-what-we-dont-know_n_5f626f53c5b6c6317cff0f13">https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wildfire-smoke-what-we-dont-know_n_5f626f53c5b6c6317cff0f13</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<br>
[on the record]<br>
<b>Meteorologists determine the Creek Fire created two fire tornados</b><br>
Bill Gabbert - September 25, 2020...<br>
The Mammoth Pool tornado, which touched down inside the Wagner
Campground, snapped several two-foot-diameter trees about 20 to 30
feet above the ground; it was rated as having winds of 115 to 125
mph. The Huntington Lake fire tornado had winds of 90 to 107 mph,
and the NWS noted that it was "the result of unprecedented fire
activity."<br>
<br>
The article reports that the NWS personnel on duty while the
tornados were occurring had concerns about activating their severe
weather warning system.<br>
<br>
"A tornado warning was considered but not issued," said [Jerald
Meadows, the warning coordination meteorologist at the Hanford
Office], who feared that disseminating such an alert might leave
people unnecessarily conflicted about deciding whether to shelter or
evacuate.<br>
<br>
"A tornado warning for a fire opens up a can of worms," he said. "We
want to make sure we're messaging properly, and we were talking to
fire crews letting them know of the circulations we were seeing."<br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://wildfiretoday.com/2020/09/25/meteorologists-determine-the-creek-fire-created-two-fire-tornados/">https://wildfiretoday.com/2020/09/25/meteorologists-determine-the-creek-fire-created-two-fire-tornados/</a><br>
- -<br>
[first great firenado video]<br>
<b>Fire Tornado Sucks Fire Hose Into Air</b><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eWv3cUzJvA">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eWv3cUzJvA</a><br>
<br>
<p><br>
</p>
[CBS 60 minutes discovers global warming]<br>
<b>Sir David Attenborough on why his new film is a "witness
statement" to climate change</b><br>
Legendary wildlife filmmaker David Attenborough tells Anderson
Cooper the terrible things people have done throughout history pale
in comparison to the damage brought to the Earth from climate
change. See the full interview, Sunday.<br>
<br>
The world's foremost wildlife filmmaker tells Anderson Cooper
humanity has committed a crime against his beloved natural world.
BBC legend Sir David Attenborough, who at one time had been
skeptical about climate change, now says scientists are right about
the harm to the planet humans are causing and considers it a crime.
Attenborough speaks to Cooper for a report to be broadcast on the
next edition of 60 Minutes, Sunday, September 27 at 7 p.m. ET/PT. <br>
<br>
Attenborough calls his latest film and book "A Life on Our Planet,"
a "witness statement." Because "a crime has been committed," he
says of dreadful damage humans have done. "And it so happens that
I'm of such an age, I was able to see it beginning." <br>
<br>
In his many films, including "Planet Earth" and "Blue Planet,"
Attenborough, 94, has taken hundreds of millions of television
viewers to the mountains, valleys, deserts and the depths of the
ocean but his newest documentary might be his most important. In "A
Life on Our Planet," he says the Earth is headed for disaster.
"Deserts in Africa have been spreading. There could be whole areas
of the world, where people can no longer safely live. The hottest
temperatures yet recorded…" Higher temperatures are coming, he says.
"Wait another few months. Wait another year. See again," warns
Attenborough. <br>
<br>
He's convinced what's happening now to the natural world because of
climate change is far worse than what humans have done over the
ages. "Even the biggest and most awful things that humanity has
done, so-called civilizations have done, pale to significance when
you think of what could be around the corner, unless we pull
ourselves together," says Attenborough.<br>
<br>
He says the continuing use of fossil fuels and the destruction of
the planet's natural habitat is tantamount to suicide. "If there
were no more trees, we would suffocate." But in the current
pandemic, he finds some hope with the new appreciation of nature.
"In the course of this particular pandemic that we're going through,
I think people are discovering that they need the natural world for
their very sanity," he tells Cooper. "People who have never listened
to a birdsong are suddenly thrilled, excited, supported, inspired by
the natural world. And they realize they're not apart from it. They
are part of it."<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sir-david-attenborough-new-film-climate-change-witness-statement-60-minutes-2020-09-24/">https://www.cbsnews.com/news/sir-david-attenborough-new-film-climate-change-witness-statement-60-minutes-2020-09-24/</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
[Movies]<br>
<b>Rebuilding Paradise review - after the wildfire in a California
town</b><br>
The town of Paradise tries to get back on its feet in Ron Howard's
quietly harrowing documentary<br>
Ellen E Jones - 25 Sep 2020 <br>
As America's west coast continues to burn, this Ron Howard-directed
documentary tells of the aftermath of the 2018 wildfires in
Paradise, California. At the time it was the deadliest and most
destructive fire in California history. Paradise first entered the
international consciousness via a Trumpian gaffe that seemed to
encapsulate the administration's casual indifference to climate
change; the president referred to the town as "Pleasure" while
touring the devastation. That clip is featured again here, this time
utterly drained of even the bitterest humour by the harrowing images
that precede it.<br>
<br>
Footage garnered from emergency response vehicle dashcams and
survivors' mobiles shows the now-familiar ash clouds, orange skies
and deadlocked queues of fleeing traffic - no less shocking for that
familiarity. In one remarkable shot, four horses gallop away from
the inferno, as if having already abandoned the four horsemen in
their haste to escape the apocalypse. The irony is stark: Paradise
sure looks a lot like hell.<br>
It is the small-town heroes who are ultimately the film's centre,
however. These include square-jawed local cop Matt Gates, tireless
school district superintendent Michelle John and the
town-drunk-turned-town-mayor Woody Culleton (how's that for living
out the American Dream?). At one point the real-life Erin Brockovich
even pops up to lend support to a class action suit. These displaced
characters from a Frank Capra movie are now just displaced;
scattered across the state, living half-lives in motels and
trailers, while they await any news.<br>
<br>
Rebuilding Paradise might easily have blazed with righteous fury,
but its conclusions are quieter and bleaker. There are big societal,
historical and pyrogeographical reasons why such disasters now
happen with increasing frequency. But none of that is the fault of
these good people. They just want to go home.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/sep/25/rebuilding-paradise-review-after-the-wildfire-in-a-california-town">https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/sep/25/rebuilding-paradise-review-after-the-wildfire-in-a-california-town</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
[Internationalism]<br>
<b>Climate change is making the Arctic more hospitable, says Russian
nuclear icebreaker captain</b><br>
Experienced Arctic shipmaster Aleksandr Skryabin tells President
Putin that it is time to take advantage of warmer weather and
shrinking sea-ice...<br>
- - <br>
As shown from our working experience, the harsh Arctic has over the
last years been very friendly towards our industry and, as I see it,
adheres with great hospitality towards state corporation Rosatom."<br>
<br>
He described how Rosatom soon will be able to operate along the
whole Northern Sea Route for 9-10 months per year, up from the
current 7-8 months...<br>
- -<br>
<b>Dramatic warming</b><br>
Sea-ice conditions in the area has changed dramatically over the
last decades. In 2020, two tankers sailed across the eastern part of
the route already in May, and in July the route was completely
ice-free.<br>
<br>
The major changes come as temperatures in the region have reached an
unprecedented high. This summer, the average Russian Arctic
temperatures were as much as 3-5 degrees Celsius higher than normal.<br>
<br>
Since measurements started in year 1881, the temperatures in the
Arctic have never been this high, according to Russia's
meteorological service Roshydromet.<br>
<br>
The trend is leading to massive melting of sea-ice and 2020 marks
the second lowest level on record, the National Snow and Ice Date
Center informs.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/climate-crisis/2020/09/climate-change-making-arctic-more-hospital-says-russian-nuclear-icebreaker">https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/climate-crisis/2020/09/climate-change-making-arctic-more-hospital-says-russian-nuclear-icebreaker</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
[Article nearly a year old]<br>
<b>Firms ignoring climate crisis will go bankrupt, says Mark Carney</b><br>
Bank of England governor warns of financial collapse linked to
climate emergency<br>
Failing to act would have severe consequences, he said. "I don't
normally quote bankers, but James Gorman, who is the CEO of Morgan
Stanley, said the other day: 'If we don't have a planet, we're not
going to have a very good financial system.' Ultimately, that is
true."<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/13/firms-ignoring-climate-crisis-bankrupt-mark-carney-bank-england-governor">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/13/firms-ignoring-climate-crisis-bankrupt-mark-carney-bank-england-governor</a><br>
<br>
<p><br>
</p>
[Digging back into the internet news archive]<br>
<font size="+1"><b>On this day in the history of global warming -
September 27, 1988 </b></font><br>
<p>September 27, 1988: In a speech to the Royal Society in London,
Margaret Thatcher addresses the environmental threats of global
warming, the ozone layer and acid rain, noting the risk of rising
sea levels to the Maldives.<br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107346">http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107346</a><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
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<br>
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