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<p><i><font size="+1"><b>November 12, 2020</b></font></i></p>
[report from the information battlegrounds]<br>
<b>The guardians of Wikipedia's climate page</b><br>
An intensely devoted core keeps a bastion of climate science honest<br>
by Mark Kaufman<br>
- - <br>
Moving forward requires focus. Mashable's Social Good Series is
dedicated to exploring pathways to a greater good by spotlighting
issues that are essential to making the world a better place.<br>
- -<br>
Femke Nijsse, a climate researcher, made her first Wikipedia edit
seven years ago. In 2018, she started editing Wikipedia's English
climate change webpage. Since then, she's grown increasingly
obsessed.<br>
<br>
"I slowly got more addicted," said Nijsse, who recently submitted a
Ph.D. thesis in mathematics at the University of Exeter's climate
systems group.<br>
<br>
Nijsse has become the de facto leader (but certainly not ruler) of a
small, impressively devoted group of current editors to Wikipedia's
climate change page. The article is either one of the first, or
first, results that appear when one searches the web for "climate
change" or "global warming," resulting in over 6 million views in
2019 (this doesn't include 135 other "climate change" pages written
in different languages). It's a hugely visible source of
meticulously-vetted climate information, during a time when
scientific misinformation spreads on the web like a furious 21st
century California wildfire. The climate article, with hundreds of
credible citations, counters the stereotype that publicly-policed,
collaboratively-edited Wikipedia pages are inherently unreliable
(though the quality and accuracy of Wikipedia projects certainly
vary considerably and shouldn't be one's sole source of
information).<br>
<br>
The seven-person core now editing the Wikipedia page (though others
certainly contribute!), four of whom spoke with Mashable, seeks to
make climate science graspable and available to everyone. The group
has no tolerance for unsubstantiated facts or biased sources.<br>
<br>
"I'm an engineer by training and profession, and have taken a
special interest in communicating the basic facts and consensus
about global warming and climate change, largely because of the
ghastly ignorance and manipulative politicizing I have seen on Fox
News and by the U.S. president," said a Wikipedia editor who wished
to remain anonymous for privacy reasons. (They'll be referenced as
"anonymous editor.")...<br>
- - <br>
"You need to know the information," emphasized Tetta. "I read around
100 pages of information to edit one sentence, or to significantly
change a sentence or two." And Tetta isn't just editing sentences.
He rewrote an entire section of the page, the "Mitigation" section
(meaning how to reduce or limit the impacts of planetary warming).
Tetta estimated he spent 90 hours doing that, which included reading
3,000 pages of research.<br>
<br>
With such a profound commitment, the writing, though not attributed
to or owned by him, becomes a momentous, compelling achievement.
"Once you have skin in the game, you feel like it's your work," said
Tetta.<br>
<br>
In just over a year working on the climate change page, the
anonymous editor says they have spent hundreds of hours editing the
page and collaborating on the article's graphics. The page's
visualizations show the ocean's relentlessly rising temperature,
skyrocketing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and beyond...<br>
- - <br>
Murray, who is pursuing a master's degree in statistical science at
the University of Oxford, wants his Wikipedia efforts to educate the
public about a human-made problem that's driving significant
planetary change (19 of the last 20 years have been the warmest on
record.) "I hope a layperson leaves [the page] with a basic
understanding of the problem," said Murray. "That human civilization
emits -- and is emitting more every year -- greenhouse gases that
are deeply entangled with an industrialized lifestyle. This,
unfortunately, has been driving a rise in global average
temperatures."<br>
<br>
The core team is clearly an ardent bunch. "We have some of the most
passionate, invested, devoted-to-public-knowledge contributors,"
said Alex Stinson, a senior program strategist with the Wikimedia
Foundation, which hosts Wikipedia. Stinson, who is also a zealous
Wikipedia editor (though not of the climate change page
specifically) and includes himself as one of the "obsessed"
Wikipedians, emphasized that important contributions also come from
the majority of editors who aren't so devout, but still pop in to
flag bad information or mark a citation. In sum, everyone's efforts
make Wikipedia an encyclopedia. "That's the only way Wikipedia
works," said Stinson....<br>
- -<br>
Sometimes people vandalize the Wikipedia climate page. ("Vandalism"
is Wikipedia parlance for maliciously disrupting a page.)<br>
One day, Tetta found that another editor, who usually edited sports
pages, went rogue and wrote "Global warming is a hoax" atop the
climate page. "I caught and reverted it," he said. "It was there for
a few hours. That's how open source crowd-editing works."<br>
<br>
But with ever-vigilant editors, namely the current group overseeing
the climate page, vandalism is easily spotted and cleaned up.
Malicious edits aren't hard to find: Each edit to the article is
documented and visible to everyone on the page's history. "Any edit
that is blatant vandalism or in some way or another non-encyclopedic
will quickly get removed," explained Murray. So, overall, there's
little incentive for vandalizing the climate page. Being a jerk
simply doesn't pay off. What's more, Wikipedia has given the climate
change page the status of "semi-protection," which makes it more
difficult, but not impossible, for random people to sign in and
temporarily disrupt a page (semi-protection requires editors to have
an account for at least four days and already to have made 10
Wikipedia edits). If one looks back on the page's history, like in
2008 when the page didn't have semi-protection, vandalism and poor,
biased edits were "a major problem," noted Nijsse.<br>
<br>
The keepers of the page, however, don't make furtive edits when no
one is looking. The real editing is more like a public discussion,
where edits are talked about (online) and nothing is hidden,
explained Nijsse. You can see the dialogue on the "Talk" page. The
goal is to present readers with understandable, yet cold and hard
facts. The climate editors avoid brand new research or anyone's
singular opinions. Instead, they often rely on deeply vetted
publications that synthesize hundreds to thousands of studies, like
the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or
IPCC, reports. "It's really important that Wikipedia remains
neutral," Nijsse said. "The IPCC is a brilliant source for us."<br>
- -<br>
Nijsse, however, will candidly point out flaws or potential problems
with anyone's edits. The "guardian" of the page, who is also busy
pursuing a Ph.D., probably has no choice but to speak frankly. "I
think your edits yesterday were a bit sloppy, not what I'm used [to]
from you," she wrote in September 2020, in response to an edit about
a well-publicized cloud study. "There are multiple problems with the
sentence, and I'm not sure that the sourcing is sufficiently good,"
Nijsse wrote in October 2020, referencing an estimate of over 1
billion people becoming displaced by climate change. "I think this
is a strong deterioration," Nijsse recently said of a proposed
paragraph about air pollution.<br>
<br>
The climate page keepers aren't all climate researchers like Nijsse,
but they have a strong grasp of science, and stay attuned to new
developments. "I've found that this particular set of editors as a
whole has been very well-informed, intelligent, careful to
accurately represent the science as disclosed in reliable sources,
and mutually respectful -- more so than with other random topics on
Wikipedia," said the anonymous editor, who has edited other pages...<br>
- -<br>
Human-created climate change isn't going away in our lifetimes.
Those who study the oceans know this all too well. The ocean,
explained Josh Willis, a NASA oceanographer, is the true keeper of
climate change. Over 90 percent of the heat humans trap on Earth is
soaked up by the seas. It's inevitable that the oceans will continue
absorbing heat as humans turn up the atmospheric temperature dial
this century. (Even if global civilization, hypothetically,
completely stopped burning oil, gas, and coal right now, Earth
wouldn't stop warming for at least decades).<br>
<br>
The consequences are ever-warming waters that melt Earth's great ice
sheets, raise sea levels, acidify the water, intensify hurricanes,
and make habitats for many sea creatures unlivable.<br>
<br>
"It's not going to stop anytime soon," said Willis, who has no
involvement with Wikipedia. "Our grandkids will still be watching
the oceans warm."<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://mashable.com/feature/climate-change-wikipedia/">https://mashable.com/feature/climate-change-wikipedia/</a><br>
- - <br>
[Wikipedia Article]<br>
<b>Climate change mitigation</b><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation</a><br>
- -<br>
[Wikipedia tab for the "talk" page]<br>
<b>Talk:Climate change mitigation</b><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change_mitigation">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change_mitigation</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
[Serious]<br>
<b>'Buddha would be green': Dalai Lama calls for urgent climate
action</b><br>
Exclusive: The Dalai Lama warns of terrible consequences of climate
inaction...<br>
- -<br>
He says his greatest personal contribution to fighting climate
change is education and promoting the concept of compassion. The
Dalai Lama is most passionate when talking about his idea of oneness
among 7 billion people. "We see too much emphasis on my nation, my
religion, their religion. That really is causing all these problems
due to different religions and different nations are fighting. So
now we really need oneness." He even says he can now live as one
with China, which he claims is "the biggest Buddhist population
now"...<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/11/buddha-would-be-green-dalai-lama-calls-for-urgent-climate-action">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/11/buddha-would-be-green-dalai-lama-calls-for-urgent-climate-action</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
[11-11-2020]<br>
<b>The Energy 202: Biden's climate diplomacy has already begun</b><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/11/11/energy-202-biden-climate-diplomacy-has-already-begun/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/11/11/energy-202-biden-climate-diplomacy-has-already-begun/</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
[plan ahead]<br>
<b>Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable.
Americans Are Still Moving There.</b><br>
Instead of moving away from areas in climate crisis, Americans are
flocking to them. As land in places like Phoenix, Houston and Miami
becomes less habitable, the country's migration patterns will be
forced to change...<br>
- -<br>
New data from the Rhodium Group, analyzed by ProPublica, shows that
climate damage will wreak havoc on the southern third of the
country, erasing more than 8% of its economic output and likely
turning migration from a choice to an imperative.<br>
<br>
The data shows that the warming climate will alter everything from
how we grow food to where people can plausibly live. Ultimately,
millions of people will be displaced by flooding, fires and
scorching heat, a resorting of the map not seen since the Dust Bowl
of the 1930s. Now as then, the biggest question will be who escapes
and who is left behind.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there">https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
[most assuredly]<br>
<b>What Will Trump's Most Profound Legacy Be? Possibly Climate
Damage</b><br>
President-elect Biden can restore many of the 100-plus environmental
regulations that President Trump rolled back, but much of the damage
to the climate cannot be reversed.<br>
Economists see little evidence that Mr. Trump's rollbacks of
environmental protections bolstered the economy.<br>
By Coral Davenport - Nov. 9, 2020<br>
<br>
WASHINGTON -- President-elect Joseph R. Biden Jr. will use the next
four years to try to restore the environmental policies that his
predecessor has methodically blown up, but the damage done by the
greenhouse gas pollution unleashed by President Trump's rollbacks
may prove to be one of the most profound legacies of his single
term.<br>
<br>
Most of Mr. Trump's environmental policies, which erased or loosened
nearly 100 rules and regulations on pollution in the air, water and
atmosphere, can be reversed, though not immediately. Pollutants like
industrial soot and chemicals can have lasting health effects,
especially in minority communities where they are often
concentrated. But air quality and water clarity can be restored once
emissions are put back under control.<br>
<br>
That is not true for the global climate. Greenhouse pollution
accumulates in the atmosphere, so the heat-trapping gases emitted as
a result of loosened regulations will remain for decades, regardless
of changes in policy.<br>
<br>
"Historically, there is always a pendulum to swing back and forth
between Democratic and Republican administrations on the
environment, and, theoretically, the environment can recover," said
Jody Freeman, a professor of environmental law at Harvard and a
former adviser to the Obama administration. "You can put rules back
in place that clean up the air and water. But climate change doesn't
work like that."<br>
<br>
Moreover, Mr. Trump's rollbacks of emissions policies have come at a
critical moment: Over the past four years, the global level of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere crossed a long-feared threshold
of atmospheric concentration. Now, many of the most damaging effects
of climate change, including rising sea levels, deadlier storms, and
more devastating heat, droughts and wildfires, are irreversible.<br>
<br>
At home, Mr. Biden may find it more difficult than his former boss,
President Barack Obama, to use executive authority to create tough,
durable climate change rules because the six-justice conservative
majority on the Supreme Court is expected to look unfavorably on
policies that significantly expand federal agencies' authority to
regulate industry.<br>
<br>
And abroad, the influence that the United States once had in climate
talks was almost certainly damaged by Mr. Trump's policy rollbacks
and withdrawal from the 2015 Paris climate agreement. Those actions
slowed down international efforts to reduce emissions and prompted
other governments to follow the American lead in weakening emissions
rules, though none have followed the United States out of the
agreement.<br>
<br>
All of that means that as Mr. Biden works to enact domestic climate
change rules and rejoin the Paris accord, emissions attributable to
Mr. Trump's actions will continue, tipping the planet further into a
danger zone that scientists say will be much harder to escape.<br>
<br>
"Donald Trump has been to climate regulation as General Sherman was
to Atlanta," said Michael Gerrard, director of the Sabin Center for
Climate Change Law at the Columbia Law School, referring to the
Union general who razed the city during the Civil War. "Hopefully it
won't take as long to rebuild."<br>
<br>
- -<br>
Scientists have long warned that if greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere passed 400 parts per million, staving off a warming of 2
degrees Celsius would become far more difficult. The Paris climate
accord agreed to that target because above it, the planet is likely
locked into a fate of rising sea levels, stronger storms, widespread
droughts and heat waves, and mass die-offs of coral reefs.<br>
<br>
Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere first hit 400 parts per
million in 2016, the year Mr. Trump was elected. But the president
put economic growth above emissions targets, arguing that climate
and other environmental regulations were harming job creation.<br>
<br>
Economists see little evidence that Mr. Trump's rollback of climate
change rules bolstered the economy. Jobs in the auto sector have
been declining since the beginning of 2019, and the trend continued
despite the rollback of rules aimed at vehicle pollution from
greenhouse gases. Domestic coal production last year dropped to its
lowest level since 1978. In September, the French government
actually blocked a $7 billion contract to purchase American natural
gas, arguing that gas produced without controls on methane leaks was
too harmful to the climate.<br>
<br>
Meantime, in May, carbon dioxide levels reached 417 parts per
million, the highest level recorded in human history.<br>
<br>
"Because global emissions in 2020 are so much higher than they were
10 or 20 or 30 years ago, that means that a year wasted in the Trump
administration on not acting on climate has much bigger consequences
than a year wasted in Ronald Reagan or George W. Bush or Bill
Clinton's administration," said Michael Wara, a climate and energy
expert at Stanford University.<br>
<br>
Analysts say that the past four years represented a closing window
in which the world's largest polluting economies, working together,
could have charted a path toward slowing the rate of planet-warming
emissions. To do that, a scientific report in 2018 found that the
world's economies would need to reduce emissions 45 percent from
2010 levels by 2030 -- and the policies to do so should be
implemented rapidly.<br>
Instead, in the largest economy in the world, they began to fray.<br>
- - <br>
"We've lost very important time on climate change, which we can ill
afford," said Richard Newell, president of Resources for the Future,
a nonpartisan energy and environment-focused research organization
in Washington. "There is severe damage. To ignore climate for four
years, you can't put a price on that. It's a huge issue that needs
to be confronted with long-term momentum and extreme dedication, and
we have lost that."<br>
- -<br>
A recent analysis by the Rhodium Group, a nonpartisan research
organization, found that if the five largest Trump climate control
rollbacks, including rules on carbon dioxide emissions from auto
tailpipes and power plants and methane leaks from oil and gas wells,
were to go forward, an additional 1.8 billion metric tons of
greenhouse gases would be in the atmosphere by 2035. That's more
than the combined energy emissions of Germany, Britain and Canada in
one year.<br>
<br>
Assuming Mr. Biden succeeds in re-implementing them, two years would
pass before those rules would be legally finalized, resulting in
still more emissions.<br>
<br>
"If Biden puts the rules back in place, the emissions will be lower
than the number in our study, but it will still have a lasting
effect," said Hannah Pitt, a co-author of the study.<br>
<br>
Speaking of Mr. Trump's rollback of Obama-era rules on auto-fuel
economy, which would have lowered tailpipe emissions of carbon
dioxide, she said, "The four years of a Trump administration plus
another one or two years to get a rule in place -- cars purchased in
that period will be less efficient and burn more fossil fuels than
they would have otherwise. And those cars can stick around on the
road for 10 or 12 years. And once those greenhouse gases are in the
atmosphere, they trap heat for decades."....<br>
- -<br>
<br>
Legal experts say that Mr. Trump's appointment of Justices Neil M.
Gorsuch, Brett M. Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett could prove to be
a significant part of Mr. Trump's climate legacy, particularly if
Mr. Biden is unable to persuade Congress to enact new climate change
laws. Then he would seek, as Mr. Obama did, to use the executive
authority of the Environmental Protection Agency to control
greenhouse pollution.<br>
<br>
"I think the new Supreme Court is going to make it much harder to
implement climate policy by regulation than it was four years ago,"
Mr. Wara said. "It is not obvious that Biden will be able to just go
back to a more stringent version of the Obama regulations. It's just
not that easy when you have a court that looks with much greater
suspicion at agencies that exercise executive-branch authority."<br>
<br>
Meantime, Mr. Trump's actions, domestically and internationally,
helped embolden the leaders of some other major economies to weaken
their emissions standards.<br>
- - <br>
"There has been a domino effect," said Laurence Tubiana, who served
as France's chief climate ambassador during the 2015 Paris
negotiations. "As Trump has destroyed U.S. climate policy over the
past four years, he has caused some other countries to do the same."<br>
<br>
Ms. Tubiana pointed specifically to the president of Brazil, Jair
Bolsonaro, who has styled himself after Mr. Trump on climate issues,
calling the movement to reduce global warming a plot by "Marxists"
to stifle economic growth, and to the prime minister of Australia,
Scott Morrison, who, like Mr. Trump, has dismissed the link between
climate change and wildfires while promoting the use of coal.<br>
<br>
Still, Ms. Tubiana noted that other major economies have moved
forward on announcing their plans to reduce emissions, with or
without the United States. China, the world's largest carbon dioxide
polluter, recently pledged to eliminate its emissions by 2060. Japan
pledged to do the same by 2050.<br>
<br>
And, Ms. Tubiana said, a climate-friendly Biden administration will
be welcomed back into the global community.<br>
<br>
"The entire world is waiting for the U.S. to come back on climate,"
she said. "There will be immense relief when it does."<br>
<br>
But Ms. Tubiana and others said it was hard to see how the United
States could step back into the climate leadership role it held when
Mr. Obama helped forge the Paris Agreement.<br>
<br>
"The United States will no longer be seen as the single, individual
leader," she said, but rather will have to work within "a
competitive partnership with the E.U. and China. But that may not be
a bad thing."<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/climate/trump-legacy-climate-change.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/climate/trump-legacy-climate-change.html</a><br>
<br>
<p><br>
</p>
[A 3 minute video]<br>
<b>How the Climate Crisis Will Force A Massive American Migration</b><br>
video <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://youtu.be/pWu_-duWSh8">https://youtu.be/pWu_-duWSh8</a>
<br>
ProPublica<br>
The climate crisis will profoundly interrupt the way we live and
farm in the United States. Extreme heat, massive floods and more
fires may force millions of people to move -- and millions may be
left behind. <br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWu_-duWSh8&feature=emb_logo">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWu_-duWSh8&feature=emb_logo</a>
<p>- -<br>
</p>
<p>THE GREAT CLIMATE MIGRATION<br>
<b>Climate Change Will Make Parts of the U.S. Uninhabitable.
Americans Are Still Moving There.</b></p>
<p>Instead of moving away from areas in climate crisis, Americans
are flocking to them. As land in places like Phoenix, Houston and
Miami becomes less habitable, the country's migration patterns
will be forced to change.<br>
by Lucas Waldron and Abrahm Lustgarten Nov. 10, 2020<br>
</p>
Over the past year, the advent of a professional economy powered by
people working from home has quickened the conversation about where
to live, particularly among millennials. "Is now the right time to
buy property in Minnesota?" "Is Buffalo the new place to be?"<br>
<br>
How important is proximity to fresh water? Should you risk moving
somewhere that has fire seasons? How far north do you have to go to
find liveable summers?<br>
<br>
Americans have defied the norms of climate migration seen elsewhere
in the world, flocking to cities like Phoenix, Houston and Miami
that face some of the greatest risks from soaring temperatures and
rising sea levels.<br>
<br>
Those patterns seem likely to change.<br>
<br>
New data from the Rhodium Group, analyzed by ProPublica, shows that
climate damage will wreak havoc on the southern third of the
country, erasing more than 8% of its economic output and likely
turning migration from a choice to an imperative.<br>
<p> The data shows that the warming climate will alter everything
from how we grow food to where people can plausibly live.
Ultimately, millions of people will be displaced by flooding,
fires and scorching heat, a resorting of the map not seen since
the Dust Bowl of the 1930s. Now as then, the biggest question will
be who escapes and who is left behind.</p>
<p><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there">https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there</a></p>
<br>
<p><br>
</p>
[Digging back into the internet news archive]<br>
<font size="+1"><b>On this day in the history of global warming -
November 12, 2012</b></font><br>
<p>November 12, 2012: Powerful conservative activist Grover Norquist
is quoted in the National Journal as saying that a federal
revenue-neutral carbon tax would not violate the Republican
Party's "no new taxes" position. After being viciously criticized
by representatives from Koch Industries, Norquist abruptly
flip-flops.<br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/11/13/1182511/grover-norquist-abruptly-reverses-position-on-carbon-tax-after-facing-criticism-from-koch-backed-group/">http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2012/11/13/1182511/grover-norquist-abruptly-reverses-position-on-carbon-tax-after-facing-criticism-from-koch-backed-group/</a><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
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