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<font size="+2"><i><b>October 5, 2021</b></i></font><br>
<br>
<i>[Nobel Prize awarded for climate modeling from the 60's]</i><br>
<b>Climate modelers awarded with the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics |
DW News</b><br>
Oct 5, 2021<br>
DW News<br>
The 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded jointly to Syukuro
Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for "groundbreaking
contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems."<br>
<br>
The 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to three scientists
whose cumulative work can be summed up in two words: Climate change.
Half of the prize went to Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann "for
the physical modeling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability
and reliably predicting global warming." And the other half went to
Giorgio Parisi "for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and
fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales."
The Nobel Committee got Parisi on the line from his home in Rome to
Stockholm, and when asked whether he had a message for politicians
meeting at the COP26 United Nations Climate Change Conference, he
said simply: "We have to act now."<br>
<br>
Syukuro Manabe, who in the 1960s began work to demonstrate how
increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere lead to
increased temperatures at the surface of the Earth. Then about 10
years later, Klaus Hasselmann created a model that linked together
weather and climate. This work explained why climate models "can be
reliable despite weather being changeable and chaotic," writes the
Committee. And perhaps most significantly for non-scientists,
Hasselmann developed methods for identifying which natural phenomena
and which human activities leave their mark on our global climate.
"His methods have been used to prove that the increased temperature
in the atmosphere is due to human emissions of carbon dioxide,"
writes the Committee. Then in the 1980s, Giorgio Parisi discovered
"hidden patterns in disordered complex materials." That work
contributed to the general theory of complex systems. "They make it
possible to understand and describe many different and apparently
entirely random materials and phenomena, not only in physics but
also in other very different areas, such as mathematics, biology,
neuroscience and machine learning," the Committee writes. Parisi's
work may seem unconnected to climate science, but our climate is one
of our most complex systems, and we use mathematics and increasingly
machine learning to understand it better. So, it all comes together.
<br>
<br>
Syukuro Manabe is a climatologist and meteorologist at Princeton
University in the US. Manabe was one of the first to use computer
modeling to study and explore the role of greenhouse gases in both
maintaining and changing the thermal structure of the Earth's
atmosphere.<br>
<br>
Klaus Hasselmann is a meteorologist at the Max Planck Institute for
Meteorology in Germany. Hasselmann is interested in the oceans and
remote sensing of Earth's climate with satellite technology.<br>
<br>
Giorgio Parisi of Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, is a
theoretical physicist with more than 500 scientific papers to his
name. Parisi's work has covered string theory, disordered systems
and computer sciences.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6-HH4uLwys">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6-HH4uLwys</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
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<i>[Because of climate and measurements]</i><br>
<b>Climate-proof Duluth? Why the city is attracting 'climate
migrants'</b><br>
Dan Kraker<br>
Duluth, Minn.October 4, 2021<br>
Duluth native Karen Pagel Guerndt remembers when she first heard
that her hometown had been singled out as an ideal location for
people seeking refuge from the growing consequences of a warming
world. It was January. And it was 20 degrees below zero.<br>
<br>
"And so to me, the whole idea of climate migration, it kind of made
me laugh," she said.<br>
<br>
If anything, she and other locals mused, Duluth’s climate is going
to keep people away. Winters, after all, can be notoriously frigid,
long and unforgiving.<br>
<br>
But Harvard lecturer Jesse Keenan, an expert on climate adaptation,
had recently identified Duluth as a potential hotspot for future
“climate migrants” — people escaping rising sea levels or extreme
conditions like drought, heat waves and wildfire smoke fueled by
climate change. Keenan described the city's climate as moderate, and
he noted its access to abundant fresh water and room to grow.<br>
<br>
When he traveled to Duluth to pitch his idea for the city to
playfully market itself as "Climate-Proof Duluth," the media loved
it. The New York Times did a big story; CNN visited. Pagel Guerndt
got interviewed as well....<br>
- -<br>
But migrants bring challenges as well as opportunity. Like many
cities, there's a shortage of affordable housing in Duluth. And
housing prices are increasingly rapidly.<br>
<br>
"We need to prioritize making sure that we're not displacing people
locally for that,” Larson said, “that we're not making an even
greater dent in our limited housing stock because of that."...<br>
- -<br>
Rose Chivers and her husband run an e-commerce company in Salt Lake
City. Since they moved there nearly seven years ago, she's been
bothered by winter air pollution, trapped by the surrounding
mountains. But in the past few years she says wildfires have harmed
air quality in the summer, too...<br>
- -<br>
Duluth was also a place where they could afford a mortgage.<br>
<br>
They’re still working out the timeline, but Chivers said they’ve
decided to move to Duluth, which is a painful decision for them.<br>
<br>
“We've been talking a lot about how much grief we have, because we
love the West. But we also are realists, and we were also pleasantly
surprised by the beauty of Minnesota, and the prospects for having
real winters.”<br>
<br>
That’s not to say climate change isn’t impacting Duluth as well.
Major floods caused severe damage in the city in 2012. And wildfire
smoke from Canadian fires caused major air pollution for days at a
time this summer.<br>
<br>
Doug Kouma said that smoke triggered anxiety for him from the
wildfires he experienced in California. He said it was a good
reminder that you can’t totally escape climate change, even in
“climate-proof Duluth.”<br>
<br>
“But all things considered, you know, I have no desire to move back
to a place with hot, sweltering, humid summers,” said Kouma. “And if
winter gets a little more mild here in Duluth, Minn., I can live
with that.”<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/10/04/climateproof-duluth-why-the-city-is-attracting-climate-migrants"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/10/04/climateproof-duluth-why-the-city-is-attracting-climate-migrants</a><br>
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</p>
<p><br>
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<i>[Bring me back to Old Arizona]</i><br>
<b>Biosphere 2: The Once Infamous Live-In Terrarium Is Transforming
Climate Research</b><br>
Despite its controversial past, the quirky desert facility is
becoming increasingly relevant as it turns 30<br>
By Keridwen Cornelius on October 4, 2021...<br>
- -<br>
Here in Biosphere 2, the world’s largest controlled environment
dedicated to climate research, scientists can tinker with
scaled-down ecosystems by switching off sprinklers and cranking up
the thermostat to learn about the effects of global warming out in
the real world.<br>
The facility has long been shadowed by its ill-fated 1991 maiden
mission to establish an analogue of a self-sustaining colony on
another planet. But after some retooling and successful,
high-profile studies—including one that revealed warming oceans are
killing corals—the giant terrarium (led by the University of Arizona
since 2011) is finally living up to its potential as a site for
novel and risky research...<br>
- -<br>
<b>PAST STRUGGLES</b><br>
Biosphere 2 launched 30 years ago, on September 26, 1991, when a
crew of eight—including a physician, botanist and marine
biologist—began a two-year residency inside this 3.14-acre
terrarium. The structure, a prototype for an extraterrestrial
habitat, was conceived by a counterculture theater troupe that
partnered with businesspeople to form a company called Space
Biosphere Ventures. It was intended to be a hermetically sealed
ecosystem where several biomes, 3,000 species of plants and animals,
and a farm would provide the “biospherians” with all the air, water
and food they needed. “At the time, a lot of scientists said it
literally could not be done, that the whole thing was going to turn
into green slime,” says Jane Poynter, one of the original
biospherians and founder of spaceflight company Space Perspective.<br>
- -<br>
Scientists did, in fact, learn something important from what went
wrong: the soil was too rich in organic matter, and its thriving
bacteria gobbled up too much oxygen. At first, the researchers could
not track down the excess carbon dioxide those microbes should have
released as a byproduct of that oxygen consumption. Eventually they
found it had chemically bonded with concrete in the building. “It
was a light bulb moment,” says John Adams, Biosphere 2’s current
deputy director. “They could trace, molecule by molecule, where
[carbon] was going and where it was being stored in ways that they
couldn’t outside” in the real world.<br>
<br>
When Columbia University took over Biosphere 2 from 1996 to 2003,
researchers realized that, inside this controlled mini world, they
could tweak the CO2, heat and precipitation to predicted future
levels and could measure the effects on varied biomes. “Quite a few
people thought that this is an exquisite tool because you have a
complicated system that you can completely close and risk damaging
and learn how stressed systems behave,” says Klaus Lackner, director
of the Center for Negative Carbon Emissions at Arizona State
University, who is not affiliated with Biosphere 2. “The challenge
is: you have to make sure it’s actually reflecting a real system. I
think one can walk that walk, and some of that [research] is being
done now.”<br>
<br>
<b>UNDERSTANDING THE FUTURE</b><br>
Christiane Werner, an ecosystem physiologist at Germany’s University
of Freiburg, used the facility’s rain forest to investigate how
tropical plants and soil share nutrients to protect each other from
climate change—and what happens when those support systems fail.
Several recent studies have shown that deforestation and
climate-related tree death are transforming rain forests such as the
Amazon from carbon storage spaces into massive greenhouse gas
emitters. Werner’s goal is to find what causes these tipping points.
Doing so could help researchers make better climate predictions and
develop more effective reforestation techniques.<br>
<br>
Werner’s team released traceable forms of carbon and hydrogen into
the glass-domed rain forest, then turned off the sprinklers to
induce a 9.5-week “drought” and tracked where the elements traveled.
“That has never been done before,” she says, “and Biosphere 2 is the
one place on Earth where you can do such an experiment because you
have a fully grown forest you can manipulate.” In the Amazon, it
would of course have been impossible to conjure a two-month dry
spell, and the chemical tracers could have escaped anywhere, she
notes.<br>
<br>
The soon to be published results are being kept under wraps, but
Werner says the main takeaway was the diverse ways various plant
species coped with the stress. “Because they have different
functional responses, it buffers the whole forest,” she explains,
adding that biodiversity is therefore key to keeping forests stable
in turbulent climatic times.<br>
<br>
Other experimental results from Biosphere 2’s rain forest have been
heartening. In a 2020 study published in Nature Plants, Michigan
State University ecologist Marielle Smith and her colleagues dialed
up the temperature and found that the tropical flora were more
resilient to high heat than many had anticipated.<br>
<br>
At the facility’s mini ocean, researchers are partnering with
microbial sciences company Seed Health to dose corals with
probiotics to see if this can deter bleaching (which occurs when
heat-stressed corals expel the symbiotic algae that help feed them).
The scientists are also developing a program to experiment with
“super corals” that are bioengineered to be resistant to heat and
acidity. “If you’re in Miami or Hawaii, you can’t get permits to do
that research because there’s a fear that genetically modified
corals will get into nature,” says Chris Langdon, a University of
Miami marine biologist who is on Biosphere 2’s science advisory
committee. “With Biosphere 2 being in the middle of the desert,
there would be absolutely no risk if anything escaped.”<br>
<br>
Langdon is no stranger to Biosphere 2’s ocean. In the 1990s he
conducted research there, revealing for the first time that ocean
acidification causes corals to dissolve from a lack of calcium. He
says the giant tank would also be a good place to test a leading
idea to achieve negative carbon emissions: raising the ocean’s pH by
adding dissolved rocks, giving the water a greater capacity to pull
carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.<br>
<br>
Not all of Biosphere 2’s projects focus on climate. Its so-called
Space Analog for the Moon and Mars (SAM), currently under
construction, “is very much, at a scientific level and even a
philosophical level, similar to the original Biosphere,” says SAM
director Kai Staats. Unlike other space analogues around the world,
SAM will be a hermetically sealed habitat. Its primary purpose will
be to discover how to transition from mechanical methods of
generating breathable air to a self-sustaining system where plants,
fungi and people produce a precise balance of oxygen and carbon
dioxide.<br>
<br>
Visiting researchers will hydroponically grow fruits and vegetables
in SAM’s greenhouse, which is painted and tinted to block the sun
and mimic the dimmer daylight on Mars. They will also experiment
with transforming regolith (crushed rocks that resemble lifeless
Martian basalt) into fertile soil. This could have implications for
reviving some of Earth’s degraded terrains.<br>
<br>
And in light of the precarious status of Earth’s climate, Staats
hopes the scientists who live in SAM will experience the kind of
epiphany he says was described to him by Linda Leigh, one of the
original biospherians. “She said that, in such a closed environment,
you can’t help but be aware of every breath you take, every drink of
water you consume and every morsel of food you eat because it
doesn’t go someplace where you never see it again,” he says. “It
comes right back to you.”<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/biosphere-2-the-once-infamous-live-in-terrarium-is-transforming-climate-research/"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/biosphere-2-the-once-infamous-live-in-terrarium-is-transforming-climate-research/</a><br>
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</i></p>
<i>[ Activist author Bill McKibben on disinformation]</i><br>
<b>Facebook is to our minds as Exxon is to our air</b><br>
Getting serious about protecting our mental environment from 'the
metaverse.'<br>
Bill McKibben<br>
What Exxon is to our air, Facebook is to our minds: an unparalleled
source of pollution. Both are giant companies with deep political
power whose products at one point offered a certain kind of
liberation and now threaten whatever well-being we still enjoy. Both
have lied and covered-up their evil: the Wall Street Journal’s
accounts of the Facebook files (artfully reprised in the New Yorker
and last night on 60 Minutes) remind me of nothing as much as Inside
Climate News’s chronicle of Exxon’s global warming prevarications,
which helped cost us three decades in the global warming fight...<br>
- -<br>
We should figure out ways to stop the tech companies. Breaking up
Facebook would be an excellent start—the company is almost sovereign
in its power now, and so able to overwhelm debate and discussion.
It’s begun to use its NewsFeed to bolster its image, which means
this concept will be discussed about as rationally as, say,
vaccines. Sometimes I think that if an outage like today’s at
Facebook just lasted a week or two, it would break the spell it has
cast, and we would blink, and resume life; the company’s engineers
are probably good enough to get their enterprise restarted, so we’ll
have to find other, more democratic, ways.<br>
<br>
It’s true that we need energy, but we don’t need Exxon’s fossil
fuel: instead, we can now supply our power locally and relatively
benignly. We also need connection, some of it online: but we can
learn to do that closer to home, and in limited ways that don’t
threaten to overwhelm us. Allowing Exxon or Facebook this much power
is foolish and lazy.<br>
<br>
We’re coming close to cutting the connection to our former earth,
the one with icecaps and winter; that horror should be the most
powerful incentive not to also cut the connection with our former
selves, the ones that moved through the ‘world’ on our own terms
instead of marinating in a corporate ‘metaverse.’ We fight to save
the climate in part to save the humans, in part because we are such
an interesting, vivid, and difficult species. Let’s surrender
neither.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://billmckibben.substack.com/p/facebook-is-to-our-minds-as-exxon"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://billmckibben.substack.com/p/facebook-is-to-our-minds-as-exxon</a><br>
<br>
<p><br>
</p>
<i>[an interesting, heartfelt discussion]</i><br>
<b>Katharine Hayhoe with Forrest Inslee, Saving Us</b><br>
Oct 1, 2021<br>
Village Books<br>
In SAVING US: A Climate Scientist's Case for Hope and Healing in a
Divided World Hayhoe demonstrates that whether you’re a parent or a
person of faith, a beachgoer or a dedicated foodie, climate change
affects someone or something you already care about. While others
offer doomsday scenarios and point fingers of blame, Hayhoe
approaches this topic with optimism and inclusivity. She argues that
climate action isn’t about being a certain type of person or voting
a certain way. It’s about connecting the values we already have, to
act for our future. A leading expert on the science, impacts, and
communication of climate change, Hayhoe has been profiled in The New
York Times, the Washington Post, People, and Rolling Stone, and her
TED Talk titled “The most important thing you can do to fight
climate change: talk about it” has been viewed almost 4 million
times. She gives nearly a hundred talks a year to audiences ranging
from corporate symposiums, top-tier universities, and global climate
summits to local churches, schools, and city council meetings.<br>
In addition to serving as Chief Scientist for TNC, Katharine Hayhoe
is the Endowed Professor in Public Policy and Public Law and Paul W.
Horn Distinguished Professor at Texas Tech University. She served as
a lead author for the Second, Third, and Fourth US National Climate
Assessment and hosts the PBS digital series Global Weirding. She is
the Climate Ambassador for the World Evangelical Alliance and has
been named one of Time’s “100 Most Influential People,” Fortune’s
“50 Greatest Leaders,” and Foreign Policy’s “100 Leading Global
Thinkers.”<br>
<br>
Dr. Forrest Inslee is the editor of Christ & Cascadia, a journal
focused on innovative faith praxis in the Pacific Northwest and a
curriculum design consultant at The Seattle School. In his role as
Associate Director of Circlewood, a faith-based environmental
advocacy nonprofit, he hosts the Earthkeepers podcast, and helps to
develop creation care education initiatives.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzYXq5oQDUk"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzYXq5oQDUk</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<i>[using available technology ] </i><br>
<b>Mapping wildfires and relaying communications from 62,000 feet</b><br>
Bill Gabbert -- October 2, 2021<br>
Using stratospheric balloon systems<br>
- -<br>
It was operated by Raven Aerostar, a company based near Sioux Falls,
South Dakota, which has been working with lighter than air
technologies since 1956. We contacted the Communications Manager for
the company, Lisa McElrath, who told us that in June, July, and
August they launched one of their Thunderhead Balloons from South
Dakota and flew it west to monitor wildfires. While traveling more
than 16,000 miles during its 70-day flight it engaged in
station-seeking above four active fires — the Robertson Draw Fire
(Mont.), the Dixie Fire (Calif.), the Dixie-Jumbo Fire (Idaho), and
the Dry Gulch/Lick Creek fire (Wash.) — collecting visible and
thermal imagery for extended periods of time...<br>
- -<br>
<i>High tech and informative video <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://youtu.be/C0xXKrLCDd8" moz-do-not-send="true">https://youtu.be/C0xXKrLCDd8</a></i><br>
<b>Raven Aerostar - Thunderhead Balloon System</b><br>
Jul 17, 2020<br>
Raven Aerostar<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://youtu.be/C0xXKrLCDd8"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://youtu.be/C0xXKrLCDd8</a><br>
- -<br>
There are at least half a dozen companies in the U.S. that are
working with high altitude balloons. Google Loon was one of them
until they shut down a few months ago. Their goal was to help
provide internet connectivity to the last one billion residents on
the Earth, beaming it down from balloons. The company announced that
it could not become commercially viable, around the time that
thousands of SpaceX’s internet satellites were appearing in orbit.<br>
<br>
The high altitude balloons navigate to locations by changing
altitude to find wind directions that serve their needs.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://fireaviation.com/2021/10/02/mapping-wildfires-and-relaying-communications-from-62000-feet/"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://fireaviation.com/2021/10/02/mapping-wildfires-and-relaying-communications-from-62000-feet/</a><br>
<br>
<p><i><br>
</i></p>
<p><i>[Sen Sinema and climate and other issues ]</i><br>
<b>Last Week Tonight With John Oliver S08E25 10/03/2021 | HBO Oct
3, 2021 FULL SHOW</b><br>
Oct 3, 2021<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKDu1Ta0_qc"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKDu1Ta0_qc</a>
(pirated video may not persist)<br>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<i>[The news archive - looking back - it was so quaint]</i><br>
<font size="+1"><b>On this day in the history of global warming
October 5, 1988</b></font><br>
<br>
October 5, 1988: Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen (D) and Indiana Senator<br>
Dan Quayle (R) discuss global warming in the Vice Presidential
debate,<br>
with both men agreeing that the problem must be addressed during the<br>
next four years; Bentsen suggests that natural gas and ethanol might<br>
be alternatives to oil dependence. (49:33-52:45)<br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://youtu.be/99-v2Farbjs"
moz-do-not-send="true">http://youtu.be/99-v2Farbjs</a><br>
<br>
<p><br>
</p>
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