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<font size="+2"><i><b>January 18, 2022</b></i></font><br>
<br>
<i>[ Another accounting of 2021 from Carbon Brief ] </i><br>
<b>The climate data for 2021 is now mostly in, and it has proved to
be another noteworthy year across the oceans, atmosphere,
cryosphere and surface temperature of the planet.</b><br>
In this article, Carbon Brief unpacks the different datasets,
remarkable records and extreme events of last year. Use the links
below to navigate between sections:<br>
<blockquote><b>- - Ocean heat content: </b>It was the warmest year
on record for ocean heat content, which increased markedly between
2020 and 2021.<br>
<b>- - Surface temperature</b>: It was between the fifth and
seventh warmest year on record for surface temperature for the
world as a whole, the fifth warmest for the world’s land regions,
and the seventh warmest for the oceans.<br>
<b>- - Warming over land:</b> It was the warmest year on record in
25 countries, and in areas where 1.8 billion people live.<br>
<b>- - Extreme weather: </b>2021 saw the warmest
northern-hemisphere summer (June, July, and August) on record over
the world’s land, along with extreme heatwaves, wildfires, and
rainfall events.<br>
<b>- - Comparison with climate model data:</b> Observations fall
well within the range of CMIP5 climate model projections over the
past 70 years.<br>
<b>- - Warming of the atmosphere:</b> It was the sixth or eighth
warmest year in the lower troposphere – the lower part of the
atmosphere – depending on which dataset is used.<br>
<b>- - Sea level rise:</b> Sea levels reached new record-highs,
with notable acceleration over the past three decades.<br>
<b>- - Greenhouse gases:</b> Concentrations reached record levels
for CO2, methane and nitrous oxide.<br>
<b>- - Sea ice extent: </b>Arctic sea ice was well below the
long-term average for most of the year, though relatively few
daily records were set. The summer Arctic sea ice minimum was the
12th lowest since records began in the late 1970s.<br>
<b>- - Looking ahead to 2022: </b>Carbon Brief predicts that
global average temperature in 2022 will be similar to 2021...- -<br>
</blockquote>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/state-of-the-climate-how-the-world-warmed-in-2021">https://www.carbonbrief.org/state-of-the-climate-how-the-world-warmed-in-2021</a><br>
<br>
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<i>[ An important and positive lecture based on a rich life
experience - life requires a moral sentiment ]</i><br>
<b>The Universal Value of Nature</b><br>
Jan 17, 2022<br>
Gresham College<br>
Does nature have a universal value? Can we consider natural capital
as equivalent to financial capital? <br>
<br>
This lecture gives a brief history of value, exploring the
similarities between historical arguments as to why the value of
housework and nature are not reflected either in theory or in the
system of national accounts and GDP. It will explore the
difficulties with putting a value on nature, for example trying to
make meaningful estimates of what contribution water makes to our
lives.<br>
A lecture by Jacqueline McGlade<br>
<br>
The transcript and downloadable versions of the lecture are
available from the Gresham College website:<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-an">https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-an</a>...<br>
<br>
Gresham College has offered free public lectures for over 400 years,
thanks to the generosity of our supporters. There are currently over
2,500 lectures free to access. We believe that everyone should have
the opportunity to learn from some of the greatest minds. To support
Gr<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://youtu.be/eIRlLlrnmBM">https://youtu.be/eIRlLlrnmBM</a><br>
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<i>[ future of military ]</i><br>
<b>Climate change is creating security threats around the world –
and militaries are responding</b><br>
January 17, 2022 <br>
Timothy Clack - Lecturer in Archaeology and Anthropology, University
of Oxford<br>
- -<br>
A range of climate scenarios have been forecast – but common to all
is increased frequency and scale of extreme weather events, more
droughts and floods, melting of ice caps and permafrost, rise in sea
levels, and oceanic acidification and deoxygenation.<br>
<br>
Both human and national security will almost certainly be affected
by threats to agricultural regimes including increased pest and
disease presence, spikes in food prices and shocks to food
production and food logistics. Consequences will include the
recalibration of diplomatic alliances, displacement and
dispossession of peoples, border disputes, endemic famine and
warfare...<br>
<p><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://theconversation.com/climate-change-is-creating-security-threats-around-the-world-and-militaries-are-responding-173668">https://theconversation.com/climate-change-is-creating-security-threats-around-the-world-and-militaries-are-responding-173668</a></p>
<p><br>
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<i>[ Concrete ideas about building materials ]</i><br>
<b>How Climate Change is Changing the Game for Concrete</b><br>
A new American Concrete Institute committee is assessing the affect
of global climate change on sustainability of concrete structures,
as more-severe salt-water intrusion and high wind loads lead to
failures like Florida's Surfside Condos<br>
<br>
January 17, 2022<br>
- -<br>
The stated goal is “to develop solutions to impede and control
deterioration in concrete structures caused by global climate
change.” I’ll share the ACI’s conclusions as soon as they’re made
public. In the meantime, we do have some clues from a paper
published seven years ago in Urban Climate by civil engineer Matthew
Eckelman and a graduate student named Mithun Saha.<br>
<br>
Their two key conclusions were:<br>
<br>
Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG)
concentrations and resultant changes in climate will have
significant detrimental effects to urban infrastructure, from both
extreme events and longer-term processes.<br>
<br>
Current concrete construction projects will experience carbonation
and chlorination depths that exceed the current code-recommended
cover thickness by 2077 and 2055, respectively, well within the
lifetimes of these buildings, potentially requiring extensive
repairs.<br>
<br>
The Boston Globe later reframed Eckelman and Saha’s findings in more
alarming terms. “It’s not rising seas that will get us first,” the
Globe asserted. “It’s collapsing concrete.” Considering that the
Surfside Condo fell 40 years after it was built, the researchers’
observation that concrete buildings won’t meet safety codes in 41
years due to climate change is prescient stuff. (It’s believed that
the Surfside’s demise was accelerated by water leaks around the
foundation.)<br>
<br>
Back in September, I observed: “Concrete is an especially delicate
material. Unbeknownst to many people, it is not only affected by
extreme temperatures, but also by humidity levels, as well as the
velocity and intensity of the wind. Working with concrete demands
skill and patience. It requires both the expertise of those working
with concrete, as well as the cooperation of environmental factors
in order to produce a smooth, strong, properly cured structure.”<br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.forconstructionpros.com/concrete/article/21980805/climate-change-changes-the-game-for-concrete">https://www.forconstructionpros.com/concrete/article/21980805/climate-change-changes-the-game-for-concrete</a><br>
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</p>
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<i>[ New Yorker says last year was most serious - ]</i><br>
<b>A summer that really scared scientists.</b><br>
By Bill McKibben<br>
December 16, 2021<br>
This year, a lot of the things we’ve come to expect with the climate
crisis happened: there were heavy rains (New York City beat its
rainfall record twice in eleven days); there was a big global
conference (this one in Glasgow) with modest results; the price of
renewable energy fell some more; and a record amount of solar power
and wind power was produced, but not at a pace fast enough to catch
up with climate change. Raging wildfires produced plumes of smoke
that spread around the world; President Joe Biden tried to free up a
lot of money for climate work and, so far, Senator Joe Manchin has
prevented him from doing so.<br>
<br>
But some unexpected things happened, too—such as December tornadoes
and windstorms, which have devastated parts of the country, and
which are increasingly linked to warming. The most unexpected event
by far, though—the thing that was truly off the charts—came in June.
Toward the end of the month, torrential rains across China created a
lot of atmospheric moisture, which the jet stream sucked out over
the Pacific. Meanwhile, the remnants of a heat wave in the American
Southwest moved north. The two weather events met over the Pacific
Northwest and western Canada, forming a giant dome of high pressure
that diverted moisture to both the north and the south. Gradually,
over a period of several days, the core of the high-pressure area
freed itself of clouds, allowing the sun’s rays to blast down during
the days immediately after the solstice.<br>
<br>
The result was the most remarkable heat wave in recorded history. On
Sunday, June 27th, Canada broke its all-time heat record, of a
hundred and thirteen degrees Fahrenheit, when the temperature
reached nearly a hundred and sixteen degrees in Lytton, a community
of around two hundred and fifty residents on the Fraser River, in
southern British Columbia. The next day, that record was broken,
again in Lytton, when the temperature hit a hundred and eighteen
degrees. On Tuesday, it was smashed again, when the temperature in
the town soared to a hundred and twenty-one degrees. On Wednesday,
Lytton, now parched dry, burned to the ground in a wildfire; only a
few buildings were left standing. Breaking a long-standing record is
hard (Canada’s old high-temperature record dated to 1937);
surpassing it by eight degrees is, in theory, statistically
impossible. It was hotter in Canada that day than on any day ever
recorded in Florida, or in Europe, or in South America. “There has
never been a national heat record in a country with an extensive
period of record and a multitude of observation sites that was
beaten by 7°F to 8°F,” the weather historian Christopher C. Burt
said.<br>
<br>
Records of almost equally incredible magnitude came in from across
the region. Quillayute, Washington, broke its all-time temperature
high by eleven degrees, at a hundred and ten degrees Fahrenheit,
even though the town is just three miles from the Pacific. It was
over a hundred and three at Fort Smith, in the Northwest
Territories, beating an eighty-year-old record. According to
Maximiliano Herrera, a weather historian who maintains a Web site
devoted to unprecedented temperatures, “the number of all times
records beaten by more than 5C in this heat wave is greater than all
cases worldwide together” in the past eighty-five years. Jeff
Masters and Bob Henson, meteorologists who blog for a Yale climate
Web site, wrote, “Never in the century-plus history of world weather
observation have so many all-time heat records fallen by such a
large margin.”<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/2021-in-review/the-year-in-climate">https://www.newyorker.com/news/2021-in-review/the-year-in-climate</a>?<br>
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<p><br>
</p>
<i>[ Nice images in the video, but has little to do with the
title. 22 mins]</i><br>
<b>What Are the Solutions to the Climate Crisis?</b><br>
Jan 17, 2022<br>
VICE News<br>
In this episode of ‘Planet A’, Professor of Environmental Science
Garry Petersen explains how humans must adapt if we are to avoid the
tipping points that are leading towards irreparable harm to the
planet.<br>
<br>
In 'Planet A', VICE World News takes viewers on a global tour of the
ecosystems that sustain life on earth to expose the existential
threats that reach far beyond climate change. <br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCMGFZ2A85o">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCMGFZ2A85o</a><br>
<br>
<br>
<i>[ New Yorker article ] </i><br>
<b>How the Refrigerator Became an Agent of Climate Catastrophe</b><br>
The evolution of cooling technology helps to explain why supposed
solutions to global warming have only made the situation worse.<br>
By David Owen - January 15, 2022<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-a-warming-planet/how-the-refrigerator-became-an-agent-of-climate-catastrophe">https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-a-warming-planet/how-the-refrigerator-became-an-agent-of-climate-catastrophe</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<br>
<i>[ FOX has now taking down most video evidence of this part of
it's broadcasting history - from 2012 - this describes specific
content that no longer appears in the FOX archives. ] </i><br>
<b>10 Dumbest Things Fox Said About Climate Change In 2012</b><br>
<blockquote>1. Fox Reporter: “The Temperature Basically Hasn't
Changed Much Since The Ice Age.”<br>
2. During Record-Breaking Heat, Fox Anchor Claims “It's Getting
Colder.” <br>
3. Fox “Expert”: Carbon Dioxide “Literally Cannot Cause Global
Warming.” <br>
4. Fox Reporter: “Mars Wobbles” May Be Causing Climate Change. <br>
5. Fox Website: “Wind Farms Cause Global Warming.<br>
6. Instead Of Scientists, Fox Turns To Mark Levin And A Coal Miner
To Say “CO's What Make Plants Grow.” <br>
7. Fox Contributor: There Are “Hundreds Of Thousands” Of
Scientists “On Both Sides Debating” Global Warming. <br>
8. Fox Reporter: Global Warming Advocates “Never” Cite A
“Consensus Of Scientists.<br>
9. Fox Website: “Global Warming Means More Arctic Ice.”<br>
10. Fox Declares “Global Warming Over” Based On A Tabloid Report.<br>
</blockquote>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.mediamatters.org/fox-friends/10-dumbest-things-fox-said-about-climate-change-2012">https://www.mediamatters.org/fox-friends/10-dumbest-things-fox-said-about-climate-change-2012</a>
<br>
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<br>
<i>[The news archive - looking back]</i><br>
<font size="+1"><b>On this day in the history of global warming
January 18,</b></font><br>
January 18, 2015 - The New York Times reports:<br>
<blockquote>"Before dawn one morning in October, a handful of
Americans gathered at a lonely pier on Samso, a small Danish
island about four hours from Copenhagen. Bundled in layers of
fleece and wool, the Americans, mostly from islands off the Maine
coast, had come to get a closer look at a wind farm — 10 mighty
turbines spinning in the Kattegat strait — that has helped make
Samso a symbol for a greener future, one powered entirely by
renewable energy.<br>
<br>
"Among them was Marian Chioffi, the bookkeeper at the electric
company in Monhegan, Me., whose population of about 60 swells to
include hundreds of residents and thousands of tourists in the
summer. They — along with generations of artists like Edward
Hopper, Rockwell Kent and Jamie Wyeth — have been drawn by the
island’s lost-in-time charm and picturesque setting in the Gulf of
Maine.<br>
<br>
"Monhegan faces challenges as stark as its beauty. Foremost among
them — and the spur for the journey to Denmark — is dependence on
expensive, dirty fuels for heating and electricity. Even with the
recent fall in oil prices, Monhegan residents pay among the
highest power rates in the nation — almost six times the national
average — and the electric company, locally owned and operated,
struggles to keep the lights on.<br>
<br>
"Twenty years ago, Samso faced similar problems. Its farming and
fishing industries were in decline, and its electricity and
heating costs, mostly from diesel and coal, were rising. Its young
people were leaving the island to attend high school and choosing
not to return.<br>
<br>
"But in 1997, the island began a long-term transformation. It won
a government-sponsored contest to create a model community for
renewable energy and, through a combination of wind and solar (for
electricity) and geothermal and plant-based energy (for heating),
the island reached green energy independence in 2005. That means
Samso actually generates more power from renewable sources than it
consumes over all. Attached by a power cable to the mainland 11
miles away, the island sells its excess electricity to the
national utility, bringing income to the hundreds of residents who
own shares in the island’s wind farms, both on land and at sea.<br>
<br>
"Samso has attracted global attention for its accomplishments.
Soren Hermansen, 55, and his wife, Malene Lunden, 49, worked for
years to develop the program on the island and now have created an
institute, the Samso Energy Academy, to spread their story and
methods to international visitors. <br>
<br>
"The Maine islanders, along with students from the College of the
Atlantic in Bar Harbor, had traveled to Samso to attend the
academy and hear the Danes’ advice. If all went well, each
islander would go home with a team of students dedicated to
solving an energy problem using ideas borrowed from Samso.<br>
<br>
"Beyond that, the planners hoped, new Maine island projects could
become templates for broader adoption of renewable energy. Because
of their particular geography, islands often lack the resources
and infrastructures to meet their own needs. Fuel, like other
necessities, is often imported — sometimes with great difficulty —
and electric grids, when they even exist, are often underdeveloped
or out of date, all of which leads to higher prices and less
reliable service. With residents open to cheaper and better
alternatives, islands are becoming seedbeds of innovation, living
labs in which to test and refine technologies and approaches that
are too new or expensive to establish on a mainland. And their
small size makes the systems easier to manage and analyze."<br>
</blockquote>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/18/business/energy-environment/green-energy-inspiration-from-samso-denmark.html?ref=business">http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/18/business/energy-environment/green-energy-inspiration-from-samso-denmark.html?ref=business</a>
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