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<font size="+2"><i><b>December 26, 2022</b></i></font><br>
<br>
<i>[ brief video -- I stayed indoors during most of this ice storm
where warm rain falls upon a cold ground ]</i><br>
<b>Incredible scenes of chaos in frozen Seattle! Ice Age is coming
to the USA!</b><br>
Extreme Weather<br>
464,418 views Dec 25, 2022<br>
Freezing rain hit Seattle on Friday, the most significant ice event
in the region in at least a decade.<br>
"Stay at home if you can," the authorities pleaded. People didn't
listen.<br>
The roads and sidewalks, though much more empty than usual, were
scenes of chaos.<br>
One video shows a car sliding down the street and crashing into
several cars.<br>
During the day, the Washington state patrol responded to 253
accidents in King County alone.<br>
By Friday afternoon, UW Medicine hospitals had reported about 70
icing-related injuries, mostly from people who slipped and fell.<br>
Museums, theaters, libraries, zoo, aquarium: everything is closed.
Medical appointments have moved online.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnJ2M6HBjdc">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnJ2M6HBjdc</a><br>
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</p>
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<i>[ something more than hat, shades and parasol ] <br>
</i><b>Can geoengineering fix the climate? Hundreds of scientists
say not so fast</b><br>
The Biden administration is developing a controversial solar
geoengineering research plan to the dismay of many experts<br>
As global heating escalates, the US government has set out a plan to
further study the controversial and seemingly sci-fi notion of
deflecting the sun’s rays before they hit Earth. But a growing group
of scientists denounces any steps towards what is known as solar
geoengineering.<br>
<br>
The White House has set into motion a five-year outline for research
into “climate interventions”. Those include methods such as sending
a phalanx of planes to spray reflective particles into the upper
reaches of the atmosphere, in order to block incoming sunlight from
adding to rising temperatures...<br>
- -<br>
<b>Three potential methods of solar geoengineering</b><br>
<blockquote><b>Stratospheric aerosol injection</b><br>
Airplanes release tiny aerosol particles that reflect light back
into space.<br>
<br>
<b>Cirrus cloud thinning</b><br>
The least understood method, seeding thin cirrus clouds in the
upper troposphere<br>
with ice nuclei could reduce their lifespan and increase cooling.<br>
<br>
<b>Marine cloud brightening</b><br>
Boats release aerosol particles that increase the reflectivity of
low cloud<br>
</blockquote>
- -<br>
This prospect horrifies opponents of solar geoengineering. An open
letter signed by more than 380 scientists demands a global non-use
agreement for SRM; it also says that growing calls for research in
this area are a “cause for alarm”, due to an unknown set of
ramifications that will have varying consequences in different parts
of the world and could scramble “weather patterns, agriculture and
the provision of basic needs of food and water”...<br>
- -<br>
The debate over how much we should meddle with the climate is likely
to intensify as the fallout from global heating worsens. For now,
opponents won’t back down. To Biermann, solar geoengineering should
be considered by governments as being akin to landmines or
biological weapons and blacklisted internationally.<br>
<br>
“This is just another one on this list,” he said. “People talk about
the freedom of research, but you don’t have the freedom to sit in
your back yard and develop a chemical bomb.”<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/dec/25/can-controversial-geoengineering-fix-climate-crisis">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/dec/25/can-controversial-geoengineering-fix-climate-crisis</a><br>
<p>- -</p>
<i>[Open Letter Solar Geoengineering Non-Use Agreement ]</i><br>
<b>We Call for an International Non-Use Agreement on Solar
Geoengineering...</b><br>
- -<br>
In sum, an International Non-Use Agreement on Solar Geoengineering
would be timely, feasible, and effective. It would inhibit further
normalization and development of a risky and poorly understood set
of technologies that seek to intentionally manage incoming sunlight
at planetary scale. And it would do so without restricting
legitimate climate research. Decarbonization of our economies is
feasible if the right steps are taken. Solar geoengineering is not
necessary. Neither is it desirable, ethical, or politically
governable in the current context.<br>
<br>
Given the increasing normalization of solar geoengineering research,
a strong political message to block these technologies is required.
An International Non-Use Agreement on Solar Geoengineering is needed
now.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.solargeoeng.org/non-use-agreement/open-letter/">https://www.solargeoeng.org/non-use-agreement/open-letter/</a><br>
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</p>
<i><br>
</i><i>[ New video produced by DW 42 mins ]</i><br>
<b>The melting ice of the Arctic (1/2) | DW Documentary</b><br>
DW Documentary<br>
4.48M subscribers<br>
23,959 views Dec 25, 2022 #documentary #dwdocumentary #arctic<br>
Soon the Arctic will be ice-free in summer. While many are concerned
about the consequences for the global climate, countries like Russia
and the US, as well as China and Canada see an ice-free Arctic as an
opportunity, offering everything from new trade routes to mineral
resources and tourism.<br>
<br>
In two episodes, this documentary reports on a region of the world
that is changing dramatically because of climate change, affecting
the lives of the people who make their home in the Arctic. The film
team experiences first-hand what it means to live at the mercy of
the forces of nature in this inhospitable region, which makes for an
adventurous and frightening journey.<br>
<br>
In the first part of the documentary, they fly low over the
fascinating icy landscape of Greenland, filming the fjords and
mighty glaciers of the loneliest places in the world. The current
Arctic thaw, however, is felt far beyond this lovely, isolated
place. Progressing faster here than in the rest of the world,
climate change is moving the Arctic into the focus of global
politics. Littoral states and world powers are fighting for
influence here. At the heart of their interest: access to mineral
resources and new transport routes. Because, as the ice melts, new,
shorter shipping routes are opening up. Is a new conflict looming at
the North Pole?<br>
<br>
And how do the people in the far north experience the change in
their environment? The film team travels through the northern
reaches of the US, Canada, Greenland, Norway and Russia. The
journalists experience the wonder of nature in these regions and
meet people who have adapted over centuries to life in these cold,
inhospitable realms. Now, they face a new struggle, as global power
players swoop in.<br>
<br>
In Alaska, the camera team meets fishermen who have been driven from
American fishing grounds near the Bering Strait by Russian fighter
planes and warships. The fishermen are demanding that their
government provide a greater military presence in the region to
protect their interests.<br>
<br>
The region has been the scene of a long-term dispute over water
ownership. For the US, the Northwest Passage counts as international
waters, while Canada considers it national territory. The conflict
over the Arctic could soon escalate. Because scientists are certain:
In a few decades, the Arctic will be ice-free in summer. <br>
<br>
[Part 2 will be uploaded next week.]<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GystZIxWQ3o">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GystZIxWQ3o</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
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<i>[ live video explanations - more than just "warmed air holds
more moisture" ]</i><br>
<b>Snowpocalypse: Paradox between warming climate and intense
snowstorms</b><br>
Environmental Coffeehouse<br>
2.96K subscribers<br>
Streamed live Dec 25 #buffalosnowstorm #anchorage #alaska<br>
Join Jim Massa and Sandy Schoelles for a Merry ole' conversation
about what else? The weather! From Anchorage to Buffalo....<br>
#buffalosnowstorm #anchorage #alaska #climatecrisis <br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXIzWW4aEUk">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXIzWW4aEUk</a><br>
<p>- -<br>
</p>
<i>[ A scientist's YouTube video channel - excellent briefings ]</i><br>
<b>Science Talk with Jim Massa</b><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ScienceTalkwithJimMassa/featured">https://www.youtube.com/@ScienceTalkwithJimMassa/featured</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/@ScienceTalkwithJimMassa/videos">https://www.youtube.com/@ScienceTalkwithJimMassa/videos</a><br>
<p>- -</p>
<i>[ one excellent discussion from Jim Massa ]</i><br>
<b>Interactions Among Tipping Elements - Part 1</b><br>
Science talk with Jim Massa<br>
1.43K subscribers<br>
Jan 23, 2022<br>
This is the place for scientific information, latest news and
research as published in peer reviewed journals. <br>
Today, I did decide to do a detailed examination of this paper that
was featured in the last video. The paper is simply too important to
not do a deep dive.<br>
<br>
This will be the only video I will post for the next 2 weeks.
Because it is a long video, I want to make sure people have a chance
to watch it all. I realize that not everyone will have the time to
watch this entire video in one sitting. If one wishes to watch say
about 20 minutes at a time, that's fine. This is why this will be
the only video for the next 2 weeks. People will be able to see it
all at a comfortable pace and perhaps view the video or certain
sections several times. <br>
<br>
I have included chapters so if you wish to go to certain places in
the video and use these locations to pick up where you left off or
wish to view again.<br>
<br>
Upcoming videos include my comment on the snow crab industry
situation here in Alaska. <br>
<br>
Here is the URL for this paper:<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020RG000725">https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020RG000725</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3aFZbdQmDc">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3aFZbdQmDc</a>
<p>- -</p>
<i>[ Academic paper from the respected AGU Reviews of Geophysics]</i><br>
<b>Nordic Seas Heat Loss, Atlantic Inflow, and Arctic Sea Ice Cover
Over the Last Century</b><br>
Lars H. Smedsrud, Morven Muilwijk, Ailin Brakstad, Erica Madonna,
Siv K. Lauvset, Clemens Spensberger, Andreas Born, Tor Eldevik,
Helge Drange, Emil Jeansson … <br>
First published: 09 December 2021 <br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000725">https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000725</a><br>
<blockquote><b>Abstract</b><br>
Poleward ocean heat transport is a key process in the earth
system. We detail and review the northward Atlantic Water (AW)
flow, Arctic Ocean heat transport, and heat loss to the atmosphere
since 1900 in relation to sea ice cover. Our synthesis is largely
based on a sea ice-ocean model forced by a reanalysis atmosphere
(1900–2018) corroborated by a comprehensive hydrographic database
(1950–), AW inflow observations (1996–), and other long-term time
series of sea ice extent (1900–), glacier retreat (1984–), and
Barents Sea hydrography (1900–). The Arctic Ocean, including the
Nordic and Barents Seas, has warmed since the 1970s. This warming
is congruent with increased ocean heat transport and sea ice loss
and has contributed to the retreat of marine-terminating glaciers
on Greenland. Heat loss to the atmosphere is largest in the Nordic
Seas (60% of total) with large variability linked to the frequency
of Cold Air Outbreaks and cyclones in the region, but there is no
long-term statistically significant trend. Heat loss from the
Barents Sea (∼30%) and Arctic seas farther north (∼10%) is overall
smaller, but exhibit large positive trends. The AW inflow, total
heat loss to the atmosphere, and dense outflow have all increased
since 1900. These are consistently related through theoretical
scaling, but the AW inflow increase is also wind-driven. The
Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake has increased by ∼30% over the last
century—consistent with Arctic sea ice loss allowing stronger
air-sea interaction and is ∼8% of the global uptake.<br>
</blockquote>
Key Points<br>
Nordic Seas heat loss dominates variability and mean Arctic Ocean
heat loss<br>
<br>
Atlantic water volume and heat transport has increased over the last
century consistently with increased wind forcing and heat loss<br>
<br>
Ocean heat transport anomalies affect Greenland melting, Arctic sea
ice, water transformations, and Arctic CO2 uptake<br>
<blockquote><b>Plain Language Summary</b><br>
The major flow to and from the Arctic Ocean occurs across the
Greenland-Scotland Ridge. The inflow is mostly warm Atlantic Water
(AW) flowing northwards and cooling gradually. After completing
different loops within the Arctic Ocean, portions of this water
eventually flows south as cold freshened polar water at the
surface and cold, dense overflow water at depth. We review and
synthesize how the AW cooling evolved over the last century in
relation to the Arctic sea ice cover. In the mean 60% of the heat
loss occurred in the Nordic Seas, 30% in the Barents Sea, and only
10% in the Arctic seas further north. Arctic sea ice decrease the
last century created more open water and permitted stronger ocean
heat loss. The ocean volume and heat transport also increased,
consistently with increased heat loss, and increased wind forcing.
Ocean temperatures have generally increased in many areas during
the last 50 years, and on Greenland this drove the retreat of
marine-terminating glaciers. Variability in ocean heat loss to the
atmosphere was primarily driven by Cold Air Outbreaks and cyclones
in the Nordic and Barents Seas, and explain variability in Arctic
Ocean CO2 uptake, being ∼8% of the global uptake.<br>
</blockquote>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020RG000725">https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2020RG000725</a>
<p>- -<br>
</p>
<i>[ Substack newsletter ]</i><br>
<b>Alaska and Arctic Climate Newsletter</b><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://alaskaclimate.substack.com/#:~:text=Alaska%20and%20Arctic%20Climate%20Newsletter,-Home">https://alaskaclimate.substack.com/#:~:text=Alaska%20and%20Arctic%20Climate%20Newsletter,-Home</a><br>
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</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<i>[History of the chemical science for understanding your lump of
coal -- lecture YouTube 1 hour.18 mins ]</i><br>
<b>Andrew Szydlo's Chemistry of Coal</b><br>
The Royal Institution<br>
1.3M subscribers<br>
474,247 views Dec 19, 2018<br>
Andrew Szydlo is back at the Ri to introduce us all to the
surprising chemistry of coal.<br>
<br>
From its initial discovery, its use as the fuel of the industrial
revolution, to some of the more interesting and exciting compounds
we can obtain from coal, Andrew takes us on an illuminating tour of
this intriguing rock.<br>
<br>
Andrew Szydlo is a chemist and secondary school teacher at Highgate
School, well-loved by pupils and Ri attendees alike.<br>
<br>
This talk filmed in the Ri on 3 November 2018.<br>
---<br>
The Ri is on Patreon: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInsti">https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInsti</a>...<br>
and Twitter: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://twitter.com/ri_science">http://twitter.com/ri_science</a><br>
and Facebook: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution">http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution</a><br>
and Tumblr: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://ri-science.tumblr.com/">http://ri-science.tumblr.com/</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Qi4rrQoruQ">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Qi4rrQoruQ</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<i>[ The news archive - looking back at creating artificial
understanding ]</i><br>
<font size="+2"><i><b>December 26, 2014</b></i></font> <br>
December 26, 2014:<br>
The New York Times reports:<br>
<blockquote>"Trying to write a complicated formula to cut carbon
emissions, the Environmental Protection Agency thinks it has found
a magic number: 5.8.<br>
<br>
"The agency is trying to complete a rule governing carbon
emissions from power plants, and among the most complicated and
contentious issues is how to treat existing nuclear power plants.
Many of them are threatened with shutdowns because cheap natural
gas has made their reactors uncompetitive.<br>
<br>
"The agency’s proposal gave an odd mathematical formula for
evaluating nuclear plants’ contribution to carbon emissions. It
said that 5.8 percent of existing nuclear capacity was at risk of
being shut for financial reasons, and thus for states with nuclear
reactors, keeping them running would earn a credit of 5.8 percent
toward that state’s carbon reduction goal.<br>
<br>
"Since receiving tens of thousands of comments on the proposal,
the agency is now reviewing the plan. It must evaluate all
comments before it sets a final rule, which it hopes to do by
June. That rule, however, is likely to be challenged in court.<br>
<br>
"Under the proposed formula, if a state closed a 1,000-megawatt
nuclear plant and replaced 5.8 percent of it, or 58 megawatts,
with carbon-free electricity, it would be deemed to be 'carbon
neutral.' The state would reach the benchmark even if the other
942 megawatts of power generated came from a carbon-emitting
source like natural gas combustion.<br>
<br>
"Conversely, a state that kept all its nuclear plants open until
2030 could claim a credit for 5.8 percent toward its carbon
reduction goal.<br>
<br>
"The 5.8 percent figure for nuclear power plants puzzled even
opponents of such power sources."<br>
</blockquote>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/26/business/energy-environment/epa-wrestles-with-role-of-nuclear-plants-in-carbon-emission-rules-.html">http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/26/business/energy-environment/epa-wrestles-with-role-of-nuclear-plants-in-carbon-emission-rules-.html</a><br>
<br>
<br>
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