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<p><font size="+2" face="Calibri"><i><b>February 15, 2023</b></i></font></p>
<font face="Calibri"><i>[ PBS report: Tipping points are real and
very harsh - but not specific -- 12 min video ] </i><br>
</font> <font face="Calibri"><b>Is THIS the Climate Tipping Point
of No Return?</b><br>
PBS Terra<br>
Feb 14, 2023<br>
Arctic air is warming, causing scientists to worry that melting
arctic ice and snow could also lead to a sudden permafrost thaw
and release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) that forms a
climate tipping point or feedback loop. Thawing of permafrost has
been linked to releasing zombie viruses not seen in millennia and
the feedback loop mentioned in the recent IPCC report and COP27
focused on the release of CO2. This is something that US leaders
hope the 2022 climate change bill (Inflation Reduction Act) could
help avoid, but the trigger temperature may be coming sooner than
expected. <br>
<br>
In 2008, Tim Lenton published a groundbreaking paper on tipping
points. Permafrost was left off the list at the time. But since
then, additional research has shown that this truly enormous store
of carbon is far more susceptible to global warming than we just
recently believed. <br>
<br>
If the permafrost that covers much of the northern hemisphere were
to reach this tipping point, it would add many gigatons of
greenhouse gas into our atmosphere, significantly worsening
climate change, and threatening many of the other climate tipping
points. <br>
<br>
This episode of Weathered explores the latest research on the
possibilities of abrupt permafrost thaw as well as the much deeper
yedoma regions that could be triggered later on. <br>
<br>
Weathered is a show hosted by weather expert Maiya May and
produced by Balance Media that helps explain the most common
natural disasters, what causes them, how they’re changing, and
what we can do to prepare.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpqZTqIKMxs"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpqZTqIKMxs</a><br>
</font>
<p><font face="Calibri"> </font>- -</p>
<i>[ a recent, relevant research paper ]</i><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger
multiple climate tipping points</b><br>
DAVID I. ARMSTRONG MCKAY<br>
SCIENCE<br>
9 Sep 2022<br>
Vol 377, Issue 6611<br>
DOI: 10.1126/science.abn7950</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>Getting tipsy</b><br>
Climate tipping points are conditions beyond which changes in a
part of the climate system become self-perpetuating. These changes
may lead to abrupt, irreversible, and dangerous impacts with
serious implications for humanity. Armstrong McKay et al. present
an updated assessment of the most important climate tipping
elements and their potential tipping points, including their
temperature thresholds, time scales, and impacts. Their analysis
indicates that even global warming of 1°C, a threshold that we
already have passed, puts us at risk by triggering some tipping
points. This finding provides a compelling reason to limit
additional warming as much as possible. —HJS<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>Structured Abstract</b><br>
<b>INTRODUCTION</b><br>
Climate tipping points (CTPs) are a source of growing scientific,
policy, and public concern. They occur when change in large parts
of the climate system—known as tipping elements—become
self-perpetuating beyond a warming threshold. Triggering CTPs
leads to significant, policy-relevant impacts, including
substantial sea level rise from collapsing ice sheets, dieback of
biodiverse biomes such as the Amazon rainforest or warm-water
corals, and carbon release from thawing permafrost. Nine
policy-relevant tipping elements and their CTPs were originally
identified by Lenton et al. (2008). We carry out the first
comprehensive reassessment of all suggested tipping elements,
their CTPs, and the timescales and impacts of tipping. We also
highlight steps to further improve understanding of CTPs,
including an expert elicitation, a model intercomparison project,
and early warning systems leveraging deep learning and remotely
sensed data.<br>
</font><font face="Calibri">- -</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>RESULTS</b><br>
We identify nine global “core” tipping elements which contribute
substantially to Earth system functioning and seven regional
“impact” tipping elements which contribute substantially to human
welfare or have great value as unique features of the Earth system
(see figure). Their estimated CTP thresholds have significant
implications for climate policy: Current global warming of ~1.1°C
above pre-industrial already lies within the lower end of five CTP
uncertainty ranges. Six CTPs become likely (with a further four
possible) within the Paris Agreement range of 1.5 to <2°C
warming, including collapse of the Greenland and West Antarctic
ice sheets, die-off of low-latitude coral reefs, and widespread
abrupt permafrost thaw. An additional CTP becomes likely and
another three possible at the ~2.6°C of warming expected under
current policies.<br>
<b>CONCLUSION</b><br>
Our assessment provides strong scientific evidence for urgent
action to mitigate climate change. We show that even the Paris
Agreement goal of limiting warming to well below 2°C and
preferably 1.5°C is not safe as 1.5°C and above risks crossing
multiple tipping points. Crossing these CTPs can generate positive
feedbacks that increase the likelihood of crossing other CTPs.
Currently the world is heading toward ~2 to 3°C of global warming;
at best, if all net-zero pledges and nationally determined
contributions are implemented it could reach just below 2°C. This
would lower tipping point risks somewhat but would still be
dangerous as it could trigger multiple climate tipping points.<br>
</font><font face="Calibri">- -</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>Abstract</b><br>
Climate tipping points occur when change in a part of the climate
system becomes self-perpetuating beyond a warming threshold,
leading to substantial Earth system impacts. Synthesizing
paleoclimate, observational, and model-based studies, we provide a
revised shortlist of global “core” tipping elements and regional
“impact” tipping elements and their temperature thresholds.
Current global warming of ~1.1°C above preindustrial temperatures
already lies within the lower end of some tipping point
uncertainty ranges. Several tipping points may be triggered in the
Paris Agreement range of 1.5 to <2°C global warming, with many
more likely at the 2 to 3°C of warming expected on current policy
trajectories. This strengthens the evidence base for urgent action
to mitigate climate change and to develop improved tipping point
risk assessment, early warning capability, and adaptation
strategies.<br>
</font><font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn7950">https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn7950</a></font>
<p><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font></p>
<p><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font></p>
<font face="Calibri"><i>[ Climate Wire says the 2024 presidential
race now begins ]</i></font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>Haley to enter presidential race with mixed
climate record</b></font><br>
<font face="Calibri">By Scott Waldman </font><br>
<font face="Calibri">2/14/2023</font><br>
Nikki Haley on Wednesday is set to officially become the second
Republican to enter the 2024 presidential race.<br>
- -<br>
<font face="Calibri">Haley’s two terms as governor included a brush
with climate controversy. In 2012, a climate change report from
South Carolina’s Department of Natural Resources was quashed, The
State newspaper reported at the time. Though Haley emphasized
climate mitigation, her administration focused on cutting
regulations.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">Over her public career, Haley did not deny
climate science herself, but she repeatedly downplayed the urgency
of addressing global warming. During her confirmation hearings in
2017, she acknowledged that climate change presented national
security risks but said it was not a priority to address.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">“I think it is one of the threats, yes,” she
said. “I do not think it is the most important, but I do think it
is on the table.”</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">Trump’s growing record of losses among
candidates he has supported suggests that climate denial is no
longer a winning strategy for Republicans, said Bob Inglis, a
former Republican congressman from South Carolina who is now
executive director of the Energy and Enterprise Initiative at
George Mason University. He said Haley represents a future where
the party could realize a climate policy that actually addresses
the problem.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">“She’s one of the candidates that would help us
turn the page as Republicans and get away from a chapter that lost
the House, the Senate and the White House,” Inglis said. “The new
chapter could be about writing a future of actually caring about
climate change and being responsive to the need at hand and
particularly paying attention to the next generation of voters.”</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">One possible reason for Haley’s early entrance
into the race is because she’s trying to head off Sen. Tim Scott,
a fellow Republican with South Carolina roots who reportedly is
considering a run as well, said Kirk Randazzo, a political science
professor at the University of South Carolina.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">Haley has a history of being a more moderate
conservative, and she could benefit from an all-out brawl between
Trump and DeSantis, he said. She also has a history of running a
strong ground game, and Haley won her first governor’s race in
South Carolina as a relative unknown, Randazzo said.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">He said it’s likely that Haley would stick to
the same energy independence rhetoric as other Republicans and
call for more oil and gas production during the campaign.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">But if she survives into the general election,
that’s where she could tout her work around climate resilience. As
an example, she helped South Carolina coastal communities after
storms in 2015 dropped 25 inches of rain in some areas.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">Climate policy could be one area Haley can use
to her advantage — at least when it comes to her tenure as
governor, he said. Haley worked extensively with coastal
communities who had been devastated by extreme weather.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">“Her ability to take the ideological air out of
that issue was pretty remarkable while she was governor,” Randazzo
said. “And if she wanted to emphasize that during the presidential
race, she has some serious credentials she can rely upon.”</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.eenews.net/articles/haley-to-enter-presidential-race-with-mixed-climate-record/"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.eenews.net/articles/haley-to-enter-presidential-race-with-mixed-climate-record/</a></font><br>
<br>
<p><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font></p>
<font face="Calibri"><i>[ to the well-informed, there comes a more
negative mood -- 76 min video and text transcript ]</i></font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>Communicating About Climate Change:
Interview With Susan Clayton, PhD</b></font><br>
<font face="Calibri">transcript: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.psichi.org/page/podcast-communicating-about-climate-change#.Y-vwf3bMK3Y"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.psichi.org/page/podcast-communicating-about-climate-change#.Y-vwf3bMK3Y</a>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">PSI CHI</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Sep 6, 2022 PsychEverywhere Podcast</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Psychologists play an important role in helping
people navigate the climate crisis—find out how! Renowned guest
speaker Dr. Susan Clayton discusses effective (and ineffective)
ways to communicate about our warming world. Learn who climate
change advocates and deniers tend to be, and what strategies have
been effective in the past to increase acceptance of global,
human-caused climate change. Brought to you by Psi Chi.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri"> Resources/Suggested Reading</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">“Can Psychology Help Save the World” article by
Dr. Clayton: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://humansandnature.org/can-psychology-help-save-the-world/"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://humansandnature.org/can-psychology-help-save-the-world/</a></font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Read full transcript for this episode: <a
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.psichi.org/page/podcast-communicating-about-climate-change#.Y-vwf3bMK3Y"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.psichi.org/page/podcast-communicating-about-climate-change#.Y-vwf3bMK3Y</a>
</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri"> Listen or follow PsychEverywhere: <a
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.psichi.org/page/podcast"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.psichi.org/page/podcast</a>
Tell a friend or colleague about the show. Follow PsychEverywhere
on Twitter: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://twitter.com/PsiChiPodcast" moz-do-not-send="true">https://twitter.com/PsiChiPodcast</a>
Leave a review on Apple Podcasts or wherever you listen to
podcasts</font><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBCZFsG0X6M"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBCZFsG0X6M</a></font>
<p><font face="Calibri">- -</font></p>
<p><i>[ more discussions with students -- climate changes violent
trauma, gradual changes as temps go us, moods get worse,
significant long term stress ]</i><br>
<b>Dr, Susan Clayton on Environmental Identities.</b><br>
jan van eyck academie<br>
live on Jun 16, 2020 MAASTRICHT<br>
Environmental Identities is a programme of public conversations,
screenings and other online and offline events, in pursuit of a
multi-layered understanding of the relation between self- and
social identity and the natural environment. The sequence of
events will incite a dialogue between cultural practitioners and
researchers from the natural and the social sciences, around ways
of construing and questioning our self- and social identities in a
world increasingly marked by unsustainable and out-dated notions
of humanity, and by the processes of ecosystemic devastation
instigated by these.<br>
<font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBCZFsG0X6M"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBCZFsG0X6M</a><br>
</font></p>
<p><font face="Calibri">- - <br>
</font></p>
<font face="Calibri"><i>[ A year in Paris, with students - "Get
informed, get cognitive control, get active influencing and
helping others, find meaning"]</i><br>
</font><font face="Calibri"><b>Climate Anxiety with Dr. Susan
Clayton</b><br>
Fashion Institute of Technology<br>
259 views Oct 5, 2021<br>
Five current FIT students and recent graduates will join Daniel
Benkendorf and climate anxiety scholar, Dr. Susan Clayton.<br>
<br>
In this session, Daniel Benkendorf (Psychology) will discuss the
issue of climate anxiety with Dr. Susan Clayton, a psychologist
who is both an internationally-recognized scholar on this topic
and who is also a lead author on the Sixth Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. A panel of current
FIT students and recent graduates will join Benkendorf and Clayton
as they define and explore the features and peculiarities of
climate anxiety and consider ways to ameliorate it.<br>
</font><font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-kXmZC_jPg"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-kXmZC_jPg</a><br>
</font>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<font face="Calibri"><i>[ Sports needs to change with the climate
changes -- skiing ]</i></font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>Mikaela Shiffrin leads push for winter
sports sustainability amid climate crisis</b><br>
American skier wants to make her sport climate neutral<br>
Letter signed by Shiffrin and scores of others sent to FIS<br>
Agence France-Presse<br>
Sun 12 Feb 2023<br>
US star Mikaela Shiffrin has led calls for ski chiefs to change
their approach to sustainability in a bid to make winter sports
justifiable to a public ever more aware of climate change.<br>
<br>
Entitled “Our sport is endangered”, a letter to International Ski
Federation (FIS) president Johan Eliasch signed by Shiffrin and
scores of others claimed the body’s current sustainability efforts
were “insufficient”.<br>
<br>
Citing race cancellations due to lack of snow, fewer pre-season
training options “because glaciers are shrinking at a frightening
pace” and the inability to produce artificial snow because of
rising temperatures, “the public opinion about skiing is shifting
towards unjustifiability”, the letter reads.<br>
<br>
“That’s why we as a winter sports community have to take the lead
in the fight against climate change and make our sport climate
neutral as soon as possible. To do so we need progressive
organisational action.<br>
<br>
“This is our most important race, let’s win it together,” they
said.<br>
<br>
The letter signees called for the FIS to commit to reaching
net-zero for all operations and events by 2035 or before, achieve
the 50% emissions reduction by 2030, to install a sustainability
department and guarantee full transparency.<br>
<br>
Among their suggestions, the 142 athletes in the Protect Our
Winters (POW) association that signed the letter called for the
World Cup season to be moved to end-November to later in April,
unlike the current alpine skiing season which starts in Solden in
October.<br>
<br>
They also demanded that an effort be made to cut carbon emissions
by creating “a geographically reasonable race calendar” so the
North American swing is done in one go, something they argue would
“reduce approximately 1,500 tons of CO2”.<br>
</font><font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/feb/13/mikaela-shiffrin-leads-push-for-winter-sports-sustainability-amid-climate-crisis"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/feb/13/mikaela-shiffrin-leads-push-for-winter-sports-sustainability-amid-climate-crisis</a></font><br>
<p><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font></p>
<br>
<i><font face="Calibri">[ Of course, why not? ]</font></i><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>Climate ‘teleconnections’ may link droughts
and fires across continents</b><br>
New research could help countries forecast and collaborate to deal
with dry spells and fires<br>
By Nikk Ogasa<br>
Feb. 13, 2023<br>
Large-scale climate patterns that can impact weather across
thousands of kilometers may have a hand in synchronizing
multicontinental droughts and stoking wildfires around the world,
two new studies find.<br>
<br>
These profound patterns, known as climate teleconnections,
typically occur as recurring phases that can last from weeks to
years. “They are a kind of complex butterfly effect, in that
things that are occurring in one place have many derivatives very
far away,” says Sergio de Miguel, an ecosystem scientist at
Spain’s University of Lleida and the Joint Research Unit
CTFC-Agrotecnio in Solsona, Spain.<br>
<br>
Major droughts arise around the same time at drought hot spots
around the world, and the world’s major climate teleconnections
may be behind the synchronization, researchers report in one
study. What’s more, these profound patterns may also regulate the
scorching of more than half of the area burned on Earth each year,
de Miguel and colleagues report in the other study.<br>
<br>
The research could help countries around the world forecast and
collaborate to deal with widespread drought and fires, researchers
say.<br>
<br>
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO, is perhaps the most
well-known climate teleconnection (SN: 8/21/19). ENSO entails
phases during which weakened trade winds cause warm surface waters
to amass in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, known as El Niño,
and opposite phases of cooler tropical waters called La Niña.<br>
<br>
These phases influence wind, temperature and precipitation
patterns around the world, says climate scientist Samantha
Stevenson of the University of California, Santa Barbara, who was
not involved in either study. “If you change the temperature of
the ocean in the tropical Pacific or the Atlantic … that energy
has to go someplace,” she explains. For instance, a 1982 El Niño
caused severe droughts in Indonesia and Australia and deluges and
floods in parts of the United States.<br>
<br>
Past research has predicted that human-caused climate change will
provoke more intense droughts and worsen wildfire seasons in many
regions (SN: 3/4/20). But few studies have investigated how
shorter-lived climate variations — teleconnections — influence
these events on a global scale. Such work could help countries
improve forecasting efforts and share resources, says climate
scientist Ashok Mishra of Clemson University in South Carolina.<br>
<br>
In one of the new studies, Mishra and his colleagues tapped data
on drought conditions from 1901 to 2018. They used a computer to
simulate the world’s drought history as a network of drought
events, drawing connections between events that occurred within
three months of each other.<br>
<br>
The researchers identified major drought hot spots across the
globe — places in which droughts tended to appear simultaneously
or within just a few months. These hot spots included the western
and midwestern United States, the Amazon, the eastern slope of the
Andes, South Africa, the Arabian deserts, southern Europe and
Scandinavia. <br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">“When you get a drought in one, you get a
drought in others,” says climate scientist Ben Kravitz of Indiana
University Bloomington, who was not involved in the study. “If
that’s happening all at once, it can affect things like global
trade, [distribution of humanitarian] aid, pollution and numerous
other factors.”<br>
<br>
A subsequent analysis of sea surface temperatures and
precipitation patterns suggested that major climate
teleconnections were behind the synchronization of droughts on
separate continents, the researchers report January 10 in Nature
Communications. El Niño appeared to be the main driver of
simultaneous droughts spanning parts of South America, Africa and
Australia. ENSO is known to exert a widespread influence on
precipitation patterns (SN: 4/16/20). So that finding is “a good
validation of the method,” Kravitz says. “We would expect that to
appear.”...<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.sciencenews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/020323_no_climate-teleconnections_inline_desktop_REV.jpg"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.sciencenews.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/020323_no_climate-teleconnections_inline_desktop_REV.jpg</a></font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">In the second study, published January 27 in
Nature Communications, de Miguel and his colleagues investigated
how climate teleconnections influence the amount of land burned
around the world. Researchers knew that the climate patterns can
influence the frequency and intensity of wildfires. In the new
study, the researchers compared satellite data on global burned
area from 1982 to 2018 with data on the strength and phase of the
globe’s major climate teleconnections.<br>
<br>
Variations in the yearly pattern of burned area strongly aligned
with the phases and range of climate teleconnections. In all,
these climate patterns regulate about 53 percent of the land
burned worldwide each year, the team found. According to de
Miguel, teleconnections directly influence the growth of
vegetation and other conditions such as aridity, soil moisture and
temperature that prime landscapes for fires.<br>
<br>
The Tropical North Atlantic teleconnection, a pattern of shifting
sea surface temperatures just north of the equator in the Atlantic
Ocean, was associated with about one-quarter of the global burned
area — making it the most powerful driver of global burning,
especially in the Northern Hemisphere.<br>
<br>
These researchers are showing that wildfire scars around the world
are connected to these climate teleconnections, and that’s very
useful, Stevenson says. “Studies like this can help us prepare how
we might go about constructing larger scale international plans to
deal with events that affect multiple places at once.”<br>
</font><font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/climate-teleconnections-droughts-fires"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.sciencenews.org/article/climate-teleconnections-droughts-fires</a><br>
</font><br>
<p><font face="Calibri"> </font></p>
<font face="Calibri"><br>
</font><font face="Calibri"> <i>[The news archive - looking back at
some text and audio from NPR ]</i></font><br>
<font face="Calibri"> <font size="+2"><i><b>February 15, 2010</b></i></font>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">February 15, 2010: </font><br>
<font face="Calibri">NPR's Christopher Joyce reports:</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>Get This: Warming Planet Can Mean More Snow</b><br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">"Most [climate scientists] don't see a
contradiction between a warming world and lots of snow. That
includes Kevin Trenberth, a prominent climate scientist at the
National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">"'The fact that the oceans are warmer now than
they were, say, 30 years ago means there's about on average 4
percent more water vapor lurking around over the oceans than there
was, say, in the 1970s,' he says.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">"Warmer water means more water vapor rises up
into the air, and what goes up must come down.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">"'So one of the consequences of a warming ocean
near a coastline like the East Coast and Washington, D.C., for
instance, is that you can get dumped on with more snow partly as a
consequence of global warming,' he says.</font><br>
<p><font face="Calibri">"And Trenberth notes that you don't need
very cold temperatures to get big snow. In fact, when the
mercury drops too low, it may be too cold to snow."</font></p>
<font face="Calibri">There's something else fiddling with the
weather this year — a strong El Nino. That's the weather pattern
that, every few years, raises itself up out of the western Pacific
Ocean and blows east to the Americas. It brings heavy rains and
storms to California and the south and southeast. It also pushes
high-altitude jet streams farther south, which bring colder air
with them.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">Trenberth also says El Nino can "lock in"
weather patterns like a meteorological highway, so that storms
keep coming down the same track.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">True, those storms have been record breakers.
But meteorologist Jeff Masters, with the Web site Weather
Underground, says it's average temperatures — not snowfall — that
really measure climate change.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">"Because if it's cold enough to snow, you will
get snow," Masters says. "We still have winter even if
temperatures have warmed on average, oh, about 1 degree Fahrenheit
over the past 100 years."</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">Masters say that 1 degree average warming is
not enough to eliminate winter. Or storms.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">A storm is part of what scientists classify as
weather. Weather is largely influenced by local conditions and
changes week to week. It's fickle — fraught with wild ups and
downs.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123671588&sc=emaf"
moz-do-not-send="true">http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123671588&sc=emaf</a>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><br>
</font>
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