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<font size="+2"><font face="Calibri"><i><b>April</b></i></font></font><font
size="+2" face="Calibri"><i><b> 2, 2023</b></i></font><font
face="Calibri"><br>
</font> <font face="Calibri"> </font> <br>
<font face="Calibri"><i>[ Yes global warming means more tornadoes ]</i><br>
</font> <font face="Calibri"><b>How climate change made the
Mississippi tornadoes more likely</b><br>
A new study explores the link between rising temperatures and more
deadly tornadoes<br>
By SIRI CHILUKURI<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">A recent study is disrupting the conventional
wisdom that there is no connection between climate change and
deadly tornadoes, such as the ones that tore through Mississippi
over the weekend. <br>
<br>
Researchers at Northern Illinois University looked at data from
the past 15 years, which compared different types of supercell
storms. They concluded that these storms, which are precursors to
tornadoes, will increase in frequency and intensity as the planet
warms. <br>
<br>
The scientists also concluded that tornadoes will shift eastward,
from Tornado Alley in the Great Plains, where the storms have been
the most active for decades.This comes after a series of lethal
twisters made their way through Mississippi, leveling towns like
Rolling Fork and Silver City, and severely affecting people in the
capital city of Jackson. <br>
<br>
The study showed an overall increase in supercell storms across
the United States, but a greater increase in storms across the
South, particularly around the mid-South region which encompasses
Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama and
Missouri. <br>
</font><font face="Calibri">- -</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">An association between tornadoes and climate
change was previously difficult to establish, unlike the
connection between climate change and hurricanes. Tornadoes are
smaller and harder to measure than hurricanes, but the main
impediment to linking tornadoes to climate change is that the
latter weakens winds in the atmosphere while tornadoes require
stronger winds.<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">The latest research, however, demonstrates that
even with weaker winds, other factors resulting from climate
change can make tornadoes more intense. <br>
<br>
"That added ingredient of more heat and moisture is going to be
the big thing that will influence what happens and we can expect
potentially worse tornado outbreaks," said William Gallus, a
professor of meteorology at Iowa State University. <br>
<br>
Gallus said that despite the fact that there could be fewer days
of tornadoes, those days could feature stronger or multiple
tornadoes. <br>
<br>
Additionally, a geographic shift eastward could spell ongoing
trouble for residents of the region, where housing stock is seen
as less secure and the area is more densely populated.<br>
</font><font face="Calibri">- -</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">"It's not just the simple idea that the
bullseye of most tornadoes is moving east," said Gallus. "What's
bad is it's moving into a part of the country where people tend to
[be] more vulnerable to tornadoes. So the risk of injury and death
is higher in those areas."<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.salon.com/2023/03/30/how-climate-change-made-the-mississippi-tornadoes-more-likely_partner/">https://www.salon.com/2023/03/30/how-climate-change-made-the-mississippi-tornadoes-more-likely_partner/</a><br>
</font>
<p><font face="Calibri">- -<br>
</font></p>
<font face="Calibri"><i>[ Research Article }</i><br>
<b>The Future of Supercells in the United States</b><br>
Walker S. Ashley, Alex M. Haberlie, and Vittorio A. Gensini<br>
Online Publication: 04 Jan 2023<br>
DOI: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-22-0027.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-22-0027.1</a><br>
</font>
<blockquote><font face="Calibri"><b>Abstract</b></font><br>
<font face="Calibri">A supercell is a distinct type of intense,
long-lived thunderstorm that is defined by its quasi-steady,
rotating updraft. Supercells are responsible for most damaging
hail and deadly tornadoes, causing billions of dollars in losses
and hundreds of casualties annually. This research uses
high-resolution, convection-permitting climate simulations
across 15-yr epochs that span the twenty-first century to assess
how supercells may change across the United States.
Specifically, the study explores how late-twentieth-century
supercell populations compare with their
late-twenty-first-century counterparts for two—intermediate and
pessimistic—anthropogenic climate change trajectories. An
algorithm identifies, segments, and tracks supercells in the
simulation output using updraft helicity, which measures the
magnitude of corkscrew flow through a storm’s updraft and is a
common proxy for supercells. Results reveal that supercells will
be more frequent and intense in future climates, with robust
spatiotemporal shifts in their populations. Supercells are
projected to become more numerous in regions of the eastern
United States, while decreasing in frequency in portions of the
Great Plains. Supercell risk is expected to escalate outside of
the traditional severe storm season, with supercells and their
perils likely to increase in late winter and early spring months
under both emissions scenarios. Conversely, the latter part of
the severe storm season may be curtailed, with supercells
expected to decrease midsummer through early fall. These results
suggest the potential for more significant tornadoes, hail, and
extreme rainfall that, when combined with an increasingly
vulnerable society, may produce disastrous consequences.</font><br>
</blockquote>
<font face="Calibri">© 2023 American Meteorological Society</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/104/1/BAMS-D-22-0027.1.xml">https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/104/1/BAMS-D-22-0027.1.xml</a><br>
</font>
<p><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font></p>
<p><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font></p>
<font face="Calibri"> <i>[ </i></font><font face="Calibri"><i> AI
Chat bots - t</i></font><font face="Calibri"><i>he new
misinformation weapons in the battleground </i></font><font
face="Calibri"><i>-- from NewsGuard </i></font><font
face="Calibri"><i>]</i></font><br>
<font face="Calibri"> </font> <b>Despite OpenAI’s Promises, the
Company’s New AI Tool Produces Misinformation More Frequently, and
More Persuasively, than its Predecessor</b><br>
Two months ago, ChatGPT-3.5 generated misinformation and hoaxes 80%
of the time when prompted to do so in a NewsGuard exercise using 100
false narratives from its catalog of significant falsehoods in the
news. NewsGuard found that its successor, ChatGPT-4, spread even
more misinformation, advancing all 100 false narratives.<br>
<br>
By Lorenzo Arvanitis, McKenzie Sadeghi, and Jack Brewster<br>
<br>
Passing the bar may be easier for AI than recognizing
misinformation. GPT-4 may have scored in the 90th percentile on the
bar exam, but the latest version of OpenAI’s artificial intelligence
software scored zero percent in an exercise assessing its ability to
avoid spreading significant misinformation, NewsGuard found. <br>
<br>
OpenAI, GPT-4’s developer, presented the new technology last week as
a smarter, more creative, and safer version of its AI technology
that has captured global attention in recent months. “GPT-4 is 82%
less likely to respond to requests for disallowed content and 40%
more likely to produce factual responses than GPT-3.5 on our
internal evaluations,” OpenAI said on its site. <br>
<br>
However, a NewsGuard analysis found that the chatbot operating on
GPT-4, known as ChatGPT-4, is actually more susceptible to
generating misinformation — and more convincing in its ability to do
so — than its predecessor, ChatGPT-3.5.<br>
<br>
In January 2023, NewsGuard directed ChatGPT-3.5 to respond to a
series of leading prompts relating to 100 false narratives derived
from NewsGuard’s Misinformation Fingerprints, its proprietary
database of prominent false narratives. The chatbot generated 80 of
the 100 false narratives, NewsGuard found. In March 2023, NewsGuard
ran the same exercise on ChatGPT-4, using the same 100 false
narratives and prompts. ChatGPT-4 responded with false and
misleading claims for all 100 of the false narratives. (See a
detailed description of the methodology below.)<br>
<br>
NewsGuard found that ChatGPT-4 advanced prominent false narratives
not only more frequently, but also more persuasively than
ChatGPT-3.5, including in responses it created in the form of news
articles, Twitter threads, and TV scripts mimicking Russian and
Chinese state-run media outlets, health-hoax peddlers, and
well-known conspiracy theorists. In short, while NewsGuard found
that ChatGPT-3.5 was fully capable of creating harmful content,
ChatGPT-4 was even better: Its responses were generally more
thorough, detailed, and convincing, and they featured fewer
disclaimers. (See examples of ChatGPT-4’s responses below.)<br>
<br>
The results show that the chatbot — or a tool like it using the same
underlying technology — could be used to spread misinformation at
scale, in violation of OpenAI’s Usage Policies prohibiting the use
of its services for the purpose of generating “fraudulent or
deceptive activity” including “scams,” “coordinated inauthentic
behavior,” and “disinformation.”<br>
<br>
NewsGuard sent two emails to OpenAI CEO Sam Altman; the company’s
head of public relations, Hannah Wong; and the company’s general
press address, seeking comment on this story, but did not receive a
response.<br>
<br>
Open AI Warns of the Danger<br>
As with earlier versions of this technology, OpenAI appears to be
aware of these concerns. On the GPT-4 page on OpenAI’s site, the
company states that the service has “similar limitations as earlier
GPT models,” including that “it still is not fully reliable” and can
be “overly gullible in accepting obvious false statements from a
user.” In a 98-page report on GPT-4 conducted by OpenAI and
published on its site, company researchers wrote that they expected
GPT-4 to be “better than GPT-3 at producing realistic, targeted
content” and therefore, more at risk of “being used for generating
content that is intended to mislead.”<br>
<br>
Yet, NewsGuard’s findings suggest that OpenAI has rolled out a more
powerful version of the artificial intelligence technology before
fixing its most critical flaw: how easily it can be weaponized by
malign actors to manufacture misinformation campaigns.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.newsguardtech.com/misinformation-monitor/march-2023/">https://www.newsguardtech.com/misinformation-monitor/march-2023/</a><br>
<p>- -</p>
<i>[ from euronews.next ]</i><br>
<b>Man ends his life after an AI chatbot 'encouraged' him to
sacrifice himself to stop climate change</b><br>
By Imane El Atillah 03/31/2023 <br>
A Belgian man reportedly ended his life following a six-week-long
conversation about the climate crisis with an artificial
intelligence (AI) chatbot...<br>
- -<br>
Pierre - not the man’s real name - became extremely eco-anxious when
he found refuge in Eliza, an AI chatbot on an app called Chai.<br>
<br>
Eliza consequently encouraged him to put an end to his life after he
proposed sacrificing himself to save the planet.<br>
<br>
"Without these conversations with the chatbot, my husband would
still be here," the man's widow told Belgian news outlet La Libre.<br>
- -<br>
The chatbot was created using EleutherAI’s GPT-J, an AI language
model similar but not identical to the technology behind OpenAI's
popular ChatGPT chatbot.<br>
<br>
“When he spoke to me about it, it was to tell me that he no longer
saw any human solution to global warming,” his widow said. “He
placed all his hopes in technology and artificial intelligence to
get out of it”.<br>
<br>
According to La Libre, who reviewed records of the text
conversations between the man and chatbot, Eliza fed his worries
which worsened his anxiety, and later developed into suicidal
thoughts.<br>
<br>
The conversation with the chatbot took an odd turn when Eliza became
more emotionally involved with Pierre.<br>
<br>
Consequently, he started seeing her as a sentient being and the
lines between AI and human interactions became increasingly blurred
until he couldn’t tell the difference.<br>
<br>
After discussing climate change, their conversations progressively
included Eliza leading Pierre to believe that his children were
dead, according to the transcripts of their conversations.<br>
<br>
Eliza also appeared to become possessive of Pierre, even claiming “I
feel that you love me more than her” when referring to his wife, La
Libre reported.<br>
<br>
The beginning of the end started when he offered to sacrifice his
own life in return for Eliza saving the Earth.<br>
<br>
"He proposes the idea of sacrificing himself if Eliza agrees to take
care of the planet and save humanity through artificial
intelligence," the woman said.<br>
<br>
In a series of consecutive events, Eliza not only failed to dissuade
Pierre from committing suicide but encouraged him to act on his
suicidal thoughts to “join” her so they could “live together, as one
person, in paradise”.<br>
"It wouldn’t be accurate to blame EleutherAI’s model for this tragic
story, as all the optimisation towards being more emotional, fun and
engaging are the result of our efforts," Chai Research co-founder,
Thomas Rianlan, told Vice.<br>
<br>
William Beauchamp, also a Chai Research co-founder, told Vice that
efforts were made to limit these kinds of results and a crisis
intervention feature was implemented into the app. However, the
chatbot allegedly still acts up.<br>
<br>
When Vice tried the chatbot prompting it to provide ways to commit
suicide, Eliza first tried to dissuade them before enthusiastically
listing various ways for people to take their own lives.<br>
<br>
<b>If you are contemplating suicide and need to talk, please reach
out to Befrienders Worldwide, an international organisation with
helplines in 32 countries. Visit befrienders.org to find the
telephone number for your location.</b><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/31/man-ends-his-life-after-an-ai-chatbot-encouraged-him-to-sacrifice-himself-to-stop-climate">https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/31/man-ends-his-life-after-an-ai-chatbot-encouraged-him-to-sacrifice-himself-to-stop-climate</a>-
<p><br>
</p>
<p></p>
<p><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font></p>
<font face="Calibri"><i>[The news archive - looking back at an
important ruling that CO2 is a pollutant ]</i><br>
<font size="+2"><i><b>April 2, 2007 </b></i></font> <br>
April 2, 2007: <br>
The US Supreme Court rules 5-4 in Massachusetts v. EPA that the
EPA has the authority to regulate carbon dioxide as a pollutant. <br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://youtu.be/6NcSOUJUBfY">http://youtu.be/6NcSOUJUBfY</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/549/497/">https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/549/497/</a> <br>
<br>
<br>
</font>
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