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<font size="+2"><font face="Calibri"><i><b>April</b></i></font></font><font
size="+2" face="Calibri"><i><b> 13, 2023</b></i></font><font
face="Calibri"><br>
</font>
<p><i><font face="Calibri">[ How can we nurture change? Or impose
change? answer from Anthropocene ]</font></i><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>Which tool best coaxes climate-friendly
habits: Information, money, or social signals?</b><br>
A wide-ranging and comprehensive analysis of over 400 studies
set out to find the most effective interventions. Spoiler: It
isn’t information.<br>
By Sarah DeWeerdt<br>
April 11, 2023<br>
Offering financial benefits or creating social pressure by
informing people about what others are doing are the most
effective strategies to promote climate-friendly behaviors,
according to a new study. These approaches are more effective
than simply educating people and providing facts about how to
shrink their carbon footprint.<br>
<br>
The findings come from an analysis of data from more than 430
previous studies of interventions to promote conservation of
water, electricity, or other resources; sustainable consumption
habits such as buying organic products; recycling; sustainable
transportation; and reducing littering.<br>
<br>
The previous studies addressed six different types of climate
interventions: appeals that urge people to act more sustainably;
commitment interventions to get people to set goals or publicly
commit to environmentally friendly behavior; educational
interventions that provide facts through flyers, videos, energy
labels, and the like; feedback that provides information about a
person’s own behavior; social comparison that provides
information about other people’s behavior; and financial
incentives to reward people for sustainable behavior.<br>
<br>
In the past, similar analyses have generally addressed only one
type of sustainable behavior or one type of intervention. The
new study is the most wide-ranging and comprehensive analysis of
its type yet conducted.<br>
<br>
Overall, interventions to promote climate-friendly behaviors are
effective, the researchers report in the journal Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences. On average, these efforts
increase climate-friendly behavior by 12 percentage points
compared to what it would have been without the intervention.
That’s a relatively small effect, but about on par with
interventions to promote health behaviors.<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"> </font><font face="Calibri">The researchers
employed some statistical techniques to correct for the
well-known tendency of scientists to publish only positive
results, and found that this reduced the estimated effectiveness
of climate interventions to 7 percentage points – still evidence
that these strategies “are indeed a useful tool for mitigating
climate change,” they argue.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">An analysis of just the largest, most
statistically robust studies suggested these interventions
increase climate-friendly behaviors by just 2 percentage points.
This means there might be a tradeoff between reach and
effectiveness, the researchers say. “Large-scale interventions
often target nonvoluntary participants by less direct techniques
(e.g., “home energy reports”) while small-scale interventions
often target voluntary participants by more direct techniques
(e.g., face-to-face interactions),” they write.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">Interventions that use social comparison or
financial incentives have the largest effects, the researchers
found. Interventions that use feedback or education have the
smallest effects. And interventions that involve appeals or
commitments are somewhere in the middle.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">Some behaviors are easier to change than
others. “Interventions targeting littering showed by far the
strongest effects,” the researchers write. Interventions to
promote recycling, resource conservation, or sustainable
consumption habits were less effective, but still significantly
increased climate-friendly behaviors. Interventions to promote
sustainable transportation choices had the smallest effects.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">But, the researchers note, behaviors differ
in their climate change impact. A smaller increase in a
high-impact behavior might have a greater impact on carbon
emissions than a larger increase in a lower-impact behavior.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">“For example, in terms of climate change
mitigation, an increase of 7 percentage points in recycling is
not equivalent to an increase of 7 percentage points in
sustainable food consumption,” they write. “Even behaviors that
are difficult to change might nonetheless have a large impact
because even small changes in the behavior can have large
effects on the outcome of interest.” How long the behavior
change lasts is another important variable that’s not captured
by the current analysis.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">Future research should look at the effects of
combining different interventions, the researchers say. More
study of infrequent but high-impact behaviors such as forgoing
air travel or installing solar panels is also necessary.</font><br>
<br>
<font face="Calibri">Source: Bergquist M. et al. “Field
interventions for climate change mitigation behaviors: A
second-order meta-analysis.” Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences 2023.</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"> </font> <font face="Calibri"><a
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2023/04/which-tool-best-coaxes-climate-friendly-habits-information-money-or-social-signals/"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2023/04/which-tool-best-coaxes-climate-friendly-habits-information-money-or-social-signals/</a></font><br>
<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<font face="Calibri"><i>[ YouTube Premium does not play commercials
- 53 min video ]</i><br>
</font> <b>Weathering the Future | Full Documentary | NOVA | PBS</b><br>
NOVA PBS Official<br>
Premiered April 13, 2023 #NOVAPBS #climatechange #extremeweather<br>
Americans use ancient wisdom and new technology to fight extreme
weather.<br>
Official Website: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://to.pbs.org/412ozPG" moz-do-not-send="true">https://to.pbs.org/412ozPG</a>
| #NOVAPBS<br>
It’s hard not to notice: our weather is changing. From longer,
hotter heat waves, to more intense rainstorms, to megafires and
multi-year droughts, the U.S. is experiencing the full range of
impacts from a changing global climate. At the same time, many on
the front lines are fighting back – innovating solutions, marshaling
ancient wisdom, and developing visionary ideas. The lessons they're
learning today can help all of us adapt in the years ahead, as the
planet gets warmer and our weather gets more extreme...<br>
- -<br>
Join producers and experts from Weathering the Future for clips, a
panel discussion, and audience Q&A on April 25th at 7PM ET. <br>
Register for the event here: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://bit.ly/3Uufnl2" moz-do-not-send="true">https://bit.ly/3Uufnl2</a><br>
Chapters:<br>
<blockquote>00:00 Introduction<br>
05:33 Extreme Heat Solutions in Atlanta and Phoenix<br>
14:40 Drinking Water Solutions in Orange County<br>
21:58 Forest Fire Solutions in Northern California<br>
31:00 Soil Runoff Solutions in Iowa <br>
39:41 Megastorm Flood Solutions in Louisiana<br>
50:10 Future Action for Extreme Weather in America<br>
</blockquote>
© 2023 WGBH Educational Foundation<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2udBaZJ22I"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2udBaZJ22I</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<font face="Calibri"><i>[ "Major questions doctrine"? An invention
of law by SCOTUS - Audio podcast ] </i><br>
</font> <font face="Calibri"><b>The importance of upcoming EPA
regulations on power plants</b><br>
A conversation with Lissa Lynch of NRDC.</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">APR 12, 2023 <br>
</font><font face="Calibri">A couple of weeks ago, the policy
analysts at the Rhodium Group put out a new report showing that
the Biden administration's legislative achievements are not quite
enough to get it to its Paris climate goals. But those goals could
be reached if the legislation is supplemented with smart executive
action.<br>
<br>
Some of the most important upcoming executive actions are EPA's
greenhouse gas standards for new and existing power plants. The
Supreme Court famously struck down Obama's Clean Power Plan — his
attempt to address existing power plants — judging it
impermissibly expansive. So now EPA has to figure out what to ask
of individual plants.<br>
<br>
The agency's decisions will help shape the future of the US power
sector and determine whether the Biden administration gets on
track for its climate goals.<br>
<br>
To talk through those decisions in more detail, I contacted Lissa
Lynch, who runs the Federal Legal Group at the NRDC’s Climate
& Clean Energy Program. We discussed the options before the
EPA, the viability of carbon capture and hydrogen as systems of
pollution reduction, and whether Biden will have time to complete
all the regulatory work that remains...<br>
</font><font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.volts.wtf/p/the-importance-of-upcoming-epa-regulations"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.volts.wtf/p/the-importance-of-upcoming-epa-regulations</a><br>
</font>
<p><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font></p>
<p><i><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font></i> </p>
<i> </i><font face="Calibri"><i>[ World phenomena -- from the AGU
]</i></font><br>
<font face="Calibri"> </font> <font face="Calibri"><b>World's
biggest cumulative logjam, newly mapped in the Arctic, stores
3.4 million tons of carbon</b><br>
by American Geophysical Union<br>
</font><font face="Calibri">APRIL 11, 2023</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Throughout the Arctic, fallen trees make their
way from forests to the ocean by way of rivers. Those logs can
stack up as the river twists and turns, resulting in long-term
carbon storage. A new study has mapped the largest known woody
deposit, covering 51 square kilometers (20 square miles) of the
Mackenzie River Delta in Nunavut, Canada, and calculated that the
logs store about 3.4 million tons (about 3.1 million metric tons)
of carbon.</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">"To put that in perspective, that's about two
and a half million car emissions for a year," said Alicia
Sendrowski, a research engineer who led the study while at
Colorado State University. "That's a sizeable amount of carbon,"
she said, but it's not a carbon pool we know much about. "We have
great knowledge about carbon in other forms, like dissolved or
particulate organic carbon, but not what we call 'large
carbon'—large wood." That's starting to change.<br>
<br>
Scientists have known for decades that driftwood can really get
around in the Arctic, but they are just beginning to quantify how
much wood there is and how much of its carbon storage we risk
losing to climate change. The Arctic's cold, often dry or icy
conditions mean trees can be preserved for tens of thousands of
years; a tree that fell a thousand years ago might look just as
fresh as one that fell last winter, Sendrowski said.<br>
<br>
"There's been a lot of work on fluxes of carbon from water and
sediment, but we simply didn't pay attention to the wood until
very recently. This is a very young field of research that is
developing quite fast," said Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva, a fluvial
geomorphologist at the University of Lausanne who was not involved
in the study. "And it's important to study this wood not only for
the carbon cycle, but in general for our understanding of how
these natural fluvial systems work, how the rivers mobilize and
distribute the wood."<br>
<br>
To get a snapshot of the logjams, Sendrowski and her colleagues
focused on the Mackenzie River, which has exceptionally
high-resolution imagery available and is known to have large wood
deposits. Its delta is the third largest in the world by land area
and drains about 20% of Canada. The team studied about 13,000
square kilometers (5,000 square miles) of delta in the biggest
attempt to map woody deposits so far.<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">The researchers spent three weeks in the field
measuring river driftwood with colleagues at Colorado State
University, mapping logjams and sampling the wood to date using
radiocarbon dating. After fieldwork, Sendrowski used remote
imagery to identify wood at the river's surface and estimate the
areal extent of the logjam. She then estimated the volume of wood
within the logjam and how much carbon it's storing, based on her
field measurements.</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Sendrowski found that the deposit, comprising
more than 400,000 miniature caches of wood, is storing about 3.4
million tons (3.1 million metric tons) of carbon. The largest
single deposit, which covers around 20 American football fields,
stores 7,385 tons (6,700 metric tons) of carbon alone. But because
there are even more logs buried in soil, submerged underwater and
hidden from aerial imagery under vegetation, the total amount of
carbon stored in the delta's wood could be about twice as large,
she said.<br>
<br>
The Mackenzie River Delta is a "hotspot" of carbon storage thanks
to incredibly carbon-rich soils, Sendrowski said, so the logs'
carbon storage makes up a relatively small fraction of the delta's
total carbon storage, which is around 3 quadrillion grams of
carbon. "But we think it's still important because as changes in
the basin occur, like logging or damming, and as climate change
alters precipitation patterns and warming, wood preservation will
decrease. It's a significant amount of carbon, so there's a
potentially significant loss of carbon storage," she said.<br>
<br>
The Mackenzie logjam also reflects only one basin in the Arctic;
at least a dozen deltas larger than 500 square kilometers dot the
north, so all together, large woody deposits throughout the Arctic
could add up to be a significant carbon storage pool, and one we
know little about.<br>
<br>
The researchers were also interested in how long a tree can last
in the Arctic, which is important when modeling how "active" a
carbon pool is—that is, how rapidly material is moved around.
Carbon dating revealed that while many of the trees they sampled
began growing around or after 1950, some were much older, reaching
back to around 700 CE. (A study in the 1960s carbon-dated wood
from a tree preserved in an icy mound to about 33,000 years ago.)<br>
<br>
The Mackenzie River Delta was a good place to start. "The exciting
aspect for me isn't just the scale, but also the potential to
apply this to other places where large wood hasn't been focused
on," Sendrowski said. It's a burgeoning field, she added, and
there's still much to be learned.</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://phys.org/news/2023-04-world-biggest-cumulative-logjam-newly.html"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://phys.org/news/2023-04-world-biggest-cumulative-logjam-newly.html</a><br>
</font>
<p><font face="Calibri">- -</font></p>
<font face="Calibri"><i>[ More information]</i><br>
</font><font face="Calibri">More information: Alicia Sendrowski et
al, Wood‐Based Carbon Storage in the Mackenzie River Delta: The
World's Largest Mapped Riverine Wood Deposit, Geophysical Research
Letters (2023). DOI: 10.1029/2022GL100913<br>
</font><font face="Calibri">Provided by American Geophysical Union <a
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://phys.org/partners/american-geophysical-union/"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://phys.org/partners/american-geophysical-union/</a><br>
</font>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<i>[ Currently neutral, the strongest El Nino is now developing --
says recent research papers from Nature Climate Change ]</i><b><br>
</b><b>ENSO Variability to Increase Antarctica Ice Sheet and Ice
Shelf Melt Rates: Heading to an El Niño</b><br>
Paul Beckwith<br>
Apr 12, 2023 #ENSO<br>
After three years of the cooling La Niña phase of the ENSO
(El-Nino-Southern-Oscillation) variability, we have reached the
neutral state. Usually, we stick around in a neutral state for a
while, but unusually, that does not seem to be the case this time.<br>
<br>
An ensemble (collection) of models by various agencies around the
planet are projecting large equatorial warming in the Pacific Ocean
and thus we appear to be already heading into an El Niño state. I
show you many maps and graphs that indicate this, and you can easily
find this information real-time as it is posted by searching for
#ENSO on Twitter. Already, the eastern-most part of the equatorial
Pacific Ocean is showing significant warming anomalies up to 2.6 C.
<br>
<br>
A very reliable source of information on the state of the ENSO can
be found in a PowerPoint presentation by a group within NOAA known
as NCEP; Google their ENSO report. I step through this presentation
in my video.<br>
<br>
OK, so an El Niño is coming rapidly and will be here soon. Many
people think that it will be very strong, rivalling the previous
large El Nino’s in 1998 and 2015-16. If this pans out, which seems
likely to me, then we may surpass the 1.5 C warming relative to the
1850-1900 baseline.<br>
<br>
How will an increase in ENSO variability affect Antarctica; a fairly
recent peer-reviewed scientific paper addresses this very question.
Results indicate that the water on the shallow Antarctica
Continental Shelf will warm, and thus increase melting of the ice
shelf’s and ice sheets around Antarctica. <br>
<br>
I’m not sure I believe it, but the paper indicates that the loss of
Antarctica sea ice may slow with increased ENSO variability. Maybe
it’s would happen if the meltwater from the continent cools the
surface waters in the vicinity of the ice sheets and floating ice
shelves? Not sure.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTlB4fxkORY"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTlB4fxkORY</a><br>
<p>- -<br>
</p>
<font face="Calibri"> <br>
<i>[The news archive - looking back at when we knew what]</i><br>
<font size="+2"><i><b>April 13, 2013</b></i></font> <br>
April 13, 2012: In the Spokane, Washington Spokesman-Review,
"Democracy Now" host Amy Goodman observes: "The Pentagon knows it.
The world’s largest insurers know it. Now, governments may be
overthrown because of it. It is climate change, and it is real.
According to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, last month was the hottest March on record for the
United States since 1895, when records were first kept, with
average temperatures of 8.6 degrees above average. More than
15,000 March high-temperature records were broken nationally.
Drought, wildfires, tornadoes and other extreme weather events are
already plaguing the country."<br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2012/apr/13/climate-change-a-hot-issue/"
moz-do-not-send="true">http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2012/apr/13/climate-change-a-hot-issue/</a><br>
<br>
<br>
</font>
<p><font face="Calibri">======================================= <br>
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class="moz-txt-tag">*Mass media is lacking, many </span>daily
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news - a few are email delivered*</span></b> <br>
</font> <font face="Calibri"><br>
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