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<font size="+2"><font face="Calibri"><i><b>July</b></i></font></font><font
size="+2" face="Calibri"><i><b> 19, 2023</b></i></font><font
face="Calibri"><br>
</font><br>
<i>[ James Hansen is the first responsible voice. And the most
persistent - the Guardian ]</i><br>
<b>‘We are damned fools’: scientist who sounded climate alarm in 80s
warns of worse to come</b><br>
JamOliver Milman<br>
@olliemilman<br>
Wed 19 Jul 2023<br>
The world is shifting towards a superheated climate not seen in the
past 1m years, prior to human existence, because “we are damned
fools” for not acting upon warnings over the climate crisis,
according to James Hansen, the US scientist who alerted the world to
the greenhouse effect in the 1980s.<br>
<br>
Hansen, whose testimony to the US Senate in 1988 is cited as the
first high-profile revelation of global heating, warned in a
statement with two other scientists that the world was moving
towards a “new climate frontier” with temperatures higher than at
any point over the past million years, bringing impacts such as
stronger storms, heatwaves and droughts.<br>
The world has already warmed by about 1.2C since mass
industrialization, causing a 20% chance of having the sort of
extreme summer temperatures currently seen in many parts of the
northern hemisphere, up from a 1% chance 50 years ago, Hansen said.<br>
<br>
“There’s a lot more in the pipeline, unless we reduce the greenhouse
gas amounts,” Hansen, who is 82, told the Guardian. “These
superstorms are a taste of the storms of my grandchildren. We are
headed wittingly into the new reality – we knew it was coming.”<br>
<br>
Hansen was a Nasa climate scientist when he warned lawmakers of
growing global heating and has since taken part in protests
alongside activists to decry the lack of action to reduce
planet-heating emissions in the decades since.<br>
He said the record heatwaves that have roiled the US, Europe, China
and elsewhere in recent weeks have heightened “a sense of
disappointment that we scientists did not communicate more clearly
and that we did not elect leaders capable of a more intelligent
response”.<br>
<br>
“It means we are damned fools,” Hansen said of humanity’s ponderous
response to the climate crisis. “We have to taste it to believe it.”<br>
<br>
This year looks likely to be the hottest ever recorded globally,
with the summer already seeing the hottest June and, possibly,
hottest week ever reliably measured. Conversely, 2023 may in time be
considered an average or even mild year, as temperatures continue to
climb. “Things will get worse before they get better,” Hansen said.<br>
<br>
“This does not mean that the extreme heat at a particular place this
year will recur and grow each year. Weather fluctuations move things
around. But the global average temperature will go up and the
climate dice will be more and more loaded, including more extreme
events.”<br>
Hansen has argued in a new research paper, which has yet to be
peer-reviewed, that the rate of global heating is accelerating, even
when natural variations, such as the current El Niño climatic event
that periodically raises temperatures, are accounted for. This is
due to what he said was an “unprecedented” imbalance in the amount
of energy coming into the planet from the sun versus the energy
reflected away from Earth.<br>
<br>
While global temperatures are undoubtably climbing due to the
burning of fossil fuels, scientists are divided over whether this
rate is accelerating. “We see no evidence of what Jim is claiming,”
said Michael Mann, a University of Pennsylvania climate scientist
who added that the heating of the climate system had been
“remarkably steady”. Others said the idea was plausible, although
more data was required to be certain.<br>
<br>
“It’s maybe premature to say the warming is accelerating, but it’s
not decreasing, for sure. We still have our foot on the gas,” said
Matthew Huber, an expert in paleoclimatology at Purdue University.<br>
<br>
Scientists have estimated, through reconstructions based on evidence
gathered via ice cores, tree rings and sediment deposits, that the
current surge in heating has already brought global temperatures to
levels not seen on Earth since about 125,000 years ago, before the
last ice age.<br>
“We quite possibly are already living in a climate that no human has
lived through before and we are certainly living in a climate that
no human has lived in since before the birth of agriculture,” said
Bob Kopp, a climate scientist at Rutgers University.<br>
<br>
Should global temperatures rise by a further 1C or more, which is
widely predicted to happen by the end of the century barring a
drastic reduction in emissions, Huber said Hansen was “broadly
correct” that the world will be plunged into the sort of warmth not
seen since 1-3m years ago, a period of time called the Pliocene.<br>
<br>
“That is a radically different world,” said Huber of an epoch in
which it was warm enough for beech trees to grow near the south pole
and sea levels were about 20 meters higher than now, which would
today drown most coastal cities.<br>
“We are pushing temperatures up to Pliocene levels, which is outside
the realm of human experience; it’s such a massive change that most
things on Earth haven’t had to deal with it,” Huber said. “It’s
basically an experiment on humans and ecosystems to see how they
respond. Nothing is adapted to this.”<br>
<br>
Previous shifts in the climate, spurred by greenhouse gases or
changes in the Earth’s orbit, have caused changes to unfold over
thousands of years. But as heatwaves strafe populations unused to
extreme temperatures, forests burn and marine life struggles to cope
with soaring ocean heat, the current upward spike is occurring at a
pace not seen since the extinction of the dinosaurs 65m years ago.<br>
<br>
“It’s not just the magnitude of change, it’s the rate of change
that’s an issue,” said Ellen Thomas, a Yale University scientist who
studies climate over geologic timescales. “We have highways and
railroads that are set in place, our infrastructure can’t move.
Almost all my colleagues have said that, in hindsight, we have
underestimated the consequences. Things are moving faster than we
thought, which is not good.”<br>
<br>
This summer’s searing heat has fully revealed to the world a message
that Hansen attempted to deliver 35 years ago and scientists have
strived to convey since, according to Huber. “We have been staring
this in the face as scientists for decades, but now the world is
going through that same process, which is like the five stages of
grief,” he said. “It’s painful to watch people go through it.<br>
<br>
“But we can’t simply give up because the situation is dire,” Huber
added. “We need to say ‘Here is where we need to invest and make
changes and innovate’ and not give up. We can’t just write off
billions of people.”<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jul/19/climate-crisis-james-hansen-scientist-warning">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jul/19/climate-crisis-james-hansen-scientist-warning</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<i>[Ice scientist Jason Box has a video and a new research paper</i><i>
</i><i>showing that rain is not falling evenly, not flat.
Rainfall is an atmospheric river - like any river has areas that
are swift moving currents -- and even rapids. T</i><i>hese
rainfall rapids have delivered over a foot per day. Such melt on
Greenland ice makes for very fast changes. W</i><i>e should revise
estimates for how fast Greenland will melt. No longer
centuries.] </i><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>insane flooding rain to Greenland - rapids
in an atmospheric river</b></font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Jason Box</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Jul 16, 2023</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">It’s not just flooding in Vermont, Japan,
Mexico, new study documents deluge rains to Greenland </font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Article: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.2134">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.2134</a></font><br>
<font face="Calibri">We add a new term to the atmospheric river
vocabulary, “rapids”</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"> <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tua4p9ns2JY">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tua4p9ns2JY</a></font><br>
<font face="Calibri"> </font>
<p><font face="Calibri">- -</font></p>
<font face="Calibri"><i>[ Research Paper ]</i><br>
</font><font face="Calibri"><b>Greenland ice sheet rainfall
climatology, extremes and atmospheric river rapids</b><br>
Jason E. Box, Kristian P. Nielsen, Xiaohua Yang, Masashi Niwano,
Adrien Wehrlé, Dirk van As, Xavier Fettweis, Morten A. Ø. Køltzow,
Bolli Palmason, Robert S. Fausto … See all authors <br>
First published: 11 July 2023 <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2134">https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2134</a><br>
</font>
<blockquote><font face="Calibri">Abstract</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Greenland rainfall has come into focus as a
climate change indicator and from a variety of emerging
cryospheric impacts. This study first evaluates rainfall in five
state-of-the-art numerical prediction systems (NPSs) (CARRA,
ERA5, NHM-SMAP, RACMO, MAR) using in situ rainfall data from two
regions spanning from land onto the ice sheet. The new EU
Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Arctic Regional
ReAnalysis (CARRA), with a relatively fine (2.5 km) horizontal
grid spacing and extensive within-model-domain observational
initialization, has the lowest average bias and highest
explained variance relative to the field data. ERA5 inland wet
bias versus CARRA is consistent with the field data and other
research and is presumably due to more ERA5 topographic
smoothing. A CARRA climatology 1991–2021 has rainfall increasing
by more than one-third for the ice sheet and its peripheral ice
masses. CARRA and in situ data illuminate extreme (above 300 mm
per day) local rainfall episodes. A detailed examination CARRA
data reveals the interplay of mass conservation that splits flow
around southern Greenland and condensational buoyancy generation
that maintains along-flow updraft ‘rapids’ 2 km above sea level,
which produce rain bands within an atmospheric river interacting
with Greenland. CARRA resolves gravity wave oscillations that
initiate as a result of buoyancy offshore, which then amplify
from terrain-forced uplift. In a detailed case study, CARRA
resolves orographic intensification of rainfall by up to a
factor of four, which is consistent with the field data.</font><br>
</blockquote>
<font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/met.2134">https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/met.2134</a><br>
</font>
<p><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font></p>
<p><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font> </p>
<font face="Calibri"> <i>[ DW is German public broadcast --
Heatwave makes for larger fires in Greece - and stresses in
Arizona ]</i></font><br>
<b>Europe braces for record heat as wildfires hit Greece | DW News</b><br>
DW News<br>
<font face="Calibri">Jul 18, 2023 #heatwave #wildfires #Greece</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Greece has been especially hard hit by
wildfires. The normal summertime dangers are being made worse by a
heat wave. Firefighting services are now trying to fight the
flames in several different regions while keeping residents and
visitors at a safe distance. </font><br>
<font face="Calibri"> </font> <font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SR8ARuCC29M">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SR8ARuCC29M</a><br>
</font>
<p><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font></p>
<p><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font> </p>
<font face="Calibri"> <i>[Very positive and highly geeky -- one
man delivers a scientific rant -- with specifics for a good
future ]</i></font><br>
<font face="Calibri"> </font> <font face="Calibri"><b>The End of
Haber Bosch</b></font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Reactions</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Jun 21, 2023 #AmericanChemicalSociety</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Correction: 7:20 The electrons in this equation
should have a "-" indicating negative charge.</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Billions of people rely on a single,
hundred-year-old chemical reaction every day: nitrogen gas +
hydrogen gas → ammonia. This simple, short reaction is a hidden
monster: it consumes 1% of the world’s TOTAL energy supply and
releases 2% of the world’s TOTAL carbon dioxide emissions. Join
George on a quest to discover whether the Haber-Bosch reaction’s
time is finally up.</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFcaEUj43OY">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFcaEUj43OY</a></font>
<p><font face="Calibri">--</font></p>
<i><font face="Calibri">[ From a year ago ]</font></i><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>Decarbonising AMMONIA production. Could a
revolutionary new process be the key?</b><br>
Just Have a Think<br>
Feb 6, 2022<br>
Ammonia is produced in large volumes each year and is in constant
use in industries like agriculture, petrochemicals and
pharmaceuticals. But it also has great potential as a fuel source,
if only a way could be found to produce it without the huge carbon
dioxide emissions it currently creates. Now a team at Monash
University say they've found an economically viable way to do just
that...<br>
</font><font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkfpvajgM_w">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkfpvajgM_w</a><br>
</font>
<p><font face="Calibri">- -</font></p>
<i><font face="Calibri">[ more about the process ]</font></i><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>Is Ammonia the Future of Energy?</b><br>
Climate Club<br>
</font><font face="Calibri">Feb 8, 2023 #climatechange #energy
#hydrogen<br>
Small pronunciation mistake! Nitrous oxides are produced when
fertilisers such as ammonia urea are oxidised. N2O (nitrous oxide)
is a potent GHG and has worse effects on the ozone layer than
nitrogen oxides (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide) which aren't
exactly GHG but cause other issues such as air pollution. In the
video I said nitrous oxides but meant nitric oxide.<br>
<br>
Can ammonia be the energy source of the future?<br>
At the moment, the replacement of fossil fuels is mainly being
done through electrification and the development of renewable
energies that produce electrical energy. Renewable sources of
energy face significant issues such as solving the problem of
storage due to intermittency, long-distance transmission and being
used in certain industries such as jet-liners or large ships,
which cannot be easily electrified. One of the promising solutions
seems to be hydrogen as a fuel. However hydrogen also faces issues
when it comes to storage and transportation. Although, probably
not the fuel of the future, many businesses and researchers agree
that ammonia has great potential.<br>
<br>
Ammonia has some major issues though such as toxicity which need
to be overcome. But it clearly has potential.<br>
</font>
<p><font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrleP4_qKtE">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrleP4_qKtE</a></font></p>
<p><font face="Calibri">- -</font></p>
<i><font face="Calibri">[ more on the background of this idea ]</font></i><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>Green ammonia by Alfa Laval, Topsoe &
Copenhagen Atomics</b><br>
Copenhagen Atomics<br>
</font>May 16, 2022<br>
This video summarize the learnings from a joint research project by
Alfa Laval, Topsoe and Copenhagen Atomics in 2021. Conclusion was
that green ammonia production based on Copenhagen Atomics thorium
molten salt reactors as the electricity and heat source can generate
very low cost green ammonia.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjqYbeT0IaM">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjqYbeT0IaM</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<i>[ First Dog on the Moon is a comic appearing in the Guardian ]</i><br>
<b>The northern hemisphere is on fire! The temperature records being
broken are record-breaking!</b><br>
First Dog on the Moon<br>
Wed 19 Jul 2023 -[ click link to see ]<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jul/19/the-northern-hemisphere-is-on-fire-the-temperature-records-being-broken-are-record-breaking">https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jul/19/the-northern-hemisphere-is-on-fire-the-temperature-records-being-broken-are-record-breaking</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<i>[ all about ice ]</i><br>
<b>74,963 Kinds of Ice</b><br>
Jan 10, 2023 #chemistry #hydrogenbonds<br>
Correction: 6:33 Dipole moments are typically represented going
positive to negative, rather than negative to positive.<br>
There are somewhere between 20 and 74,963 kinds of ice. Water can do
all kinds of weird stuff when it freezes. So far scientists have
experimentally shown crystal structures for 19 kinds of ice. Or
maybe 20, depending on who you ask. We’re going to charge through as
many as we can in ten minutes or so.<br>
ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UmcO-qtdlM<br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<font face="Calibri"> <i>[The news archive - looking back]</i><br>
<font size="+2"><i><b>July 19, 2001</b></i></font> <br>
July 19, 2001: Proving that the wish is the father to the thought,
White House adviser Karen Hughes tells CNN, "The whole issue of
global climate change is something our administration is serious
about."<br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140427081627/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/07/19/hughes.access.cnna/">http://web.archive.org/web/20140427081627/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/07/19/hughes.access.cnna/</a><br>
<br>
<br>
</font>
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