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<font size="+2"><font face="Calibri"><i><b>August 23</b></i></font></font><font
size="+2" face="Calibri"><i><b>, 2023</b></i></font><font
face="Calibri"><br>
</font><br>
<i>[ a brief summary by PBS - video ]</i><br>
<b>Climatologist discusses extreme summer weather as heat wave
brings more record highs</b><br>
PBS NewsHour<br>
Aug 22, 2023<br>
A heat wave is baking much of the country, leading to record highs
and triple-digit temperatures in the Midwest and the South. It’s the
latest in a series of extreme weather events that have led to
damage, destruction and death this summer. Amna Nawaz discussed more
with Michael Mann of the University of Pennsylvania and author of
the forthcoming book, “Our Fragile Moment.”<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-I1eFzOCyM">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-I1eFzOCyM</a><br>
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<font face="Calibri"><i>[ North Atlantic, the cold blob and possible
collapse of AMOC circulations - video ]</i><br>
</font> <b>Is Earth's Largest Heat Transfer Really Shutting Down?</b><br>
Aug 22, 2023<br>
PBS Terra<br>
With unprecedented heat waves and record-breaking global
temperatures, it’s hard to believe that there might be a place on
earth that has actually COOLED since the industrial revolution. But,
it turns out, there is such a spot. The COLD BLOB off of Greenland
mystified scientists for years, but new studies have uncovered a
scary reality - this cool patch might be a warning of the impending
collapse of a vital earth circulation system. And the consequences
would be dire. <br>
<br>
In this episode of Weathered, we travel to the Gulf Stream with the
new PBS Terra show Sharks Unknown to experience the AMOC first hand.
And we ask, what is the likelihood that the AMOC will collapse, and
what would the consequences be?<br>
<br>
Weathered is a show hosted by weather expert Maiya May and produced
by Balance Media that helps explain the most common natural
disasters, what causes them, how they’re changing, and what we can
do to prepare.<br>
<br>
This episode of Weathered is licensed exclusively to YouTube.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CXZi-gFgX4">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CXZi-gFgX4</a><br>
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<font face="Calibri"><i>[ This is controversial, but better
activism than militarism ] </i><br>
</font> <font face="Calibri"><b>Anger is most powerful emotion by
far for spurring climate action, study finds</b><br>
Link to climate activism is seven times stronger for anger than it
is for hope, say Norwegian researchers<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Ajit Niranjan<br>
Mon 21 Aug 2023<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Anger is by far the most powerful emotional
predictor of whether somebody plans to take part in a climate
protest, research suggests.<br>
<br>
The study, which asked 2,000 Norwegian adults how they felt about
the climate crisis, found the link to activism was seven times
stronger for anger than it was for hope. The effects were smaller
for other actions, but fear and guilt were the best predictors of
policy support, while sadness, fear and hope were the best
predictors of behavioural change.<br>
<br>
On average, people reported having fairly mild feelings about the
planet heating.<br>
<br>
“The problem isn’t that people feel too scared about climate
change,” said Thea Gregersen, a climate psychologist at the
Norwegian Research Centre and lead author of the study. “The
problem, in Norway at least, seems to be that they’re not scared
enough.”<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Faced with rising reports of ecological
anxiety, psychologists across the world are racing to understand
how people’s feelings about the destruction of nature affect their
mental health and behaviour. But the few studies to interrogate
the link between emotions and actions have shown mixed results.<br>
<br>
“We’re nowhere near having a comprehensive understanding,” said
Caroline Hickman, a climate psychologist at the University of
Bath, who was not involved in the study. “If anybody presents this
material confidently as certainties or pretends they’re an expert,
ignore them. Run away.”<br>
<br>
The researchers in Norway, a rich oil-exporting country, found
that for every two steps a person took along the anger scale, they
moved one step along the activism scale. The link between emotion
and action was weaker for questions about limiting emissions in
everyday life and supporting a tax on petrol and diesel.<br>
<br>
The methods were sound and typical for the field but the effect
sizes were small, said Cameron Brick, a social scientist at the
University of Amsterdam who was not involved in the study. The
researchers also only looked at what people said they would do,
rather than what they did, he added. Previous studies have shown
“intentions are surprisingly weakly aligned with actual
behaviour”.<br>
<br>
Climate scientists have raised fears that a glut of doom-laden
headlines and negative rhetoric – some of it based on incorrect
claims – will push people into despair and stop them from acting.
A survey of 10,000 young people in 2021 found most agreed with the
statement “humanity is doomed”, even though the planet will stop
heating in a matter of years if people were to stop clogging the
atmosphere with carbon.<br>
<br>
But experts suggest the gloom reflects a lack of faith in society,
rather than a misunderstanding of the physics. “Rather than
climate anxiety, we should be calling it politician anxiety or
people anxiety, because it’s the people in power who are failing
to do the right thing whilst lying to us, or doing the opposite,
that is causing the terror,” said Hickman, who was the lead author
of the 2021 study and previously a social worker.<br>
<br>
“I realised eight years ago … that the narratives I was hearing
around climate change were the same as the narratives I’d heard
around child abuse. The very people who are supposed to protect
you are the people who are hurting you. And not only are they
hurting you, they’re telling you that they love you and they’re
doing it for your own good.”<br>
<br>
When the researchers in Norway asked participants what made them
angry, they found most people mentioned human actions such as
causing the climate crisis or failing to stop it. A further 26%
said their anger related to human qualities such as people not
caring.<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">People should feel angry because they had been
deliberately deceived by fossil fuel companies and governments had
let that happen, said Dr Laura Thomas-Walters, a social scientist
at the Yale Programme on Climate Communication and an activist
with Extinction Rebellion, who was not involved in the studies.</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">The link from anger to activism was logical,
she added. “It’s in the name that activism is an ‘active’
behaviour, and anger can spur action.”</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">But messages that make people angry can also
push others to shut down, particularly if they feel powerless.
There were robust studies from health psychology that showed
communicating risks could backfire if people were not also told
how they could protect themselves, said Lorraine Whitmarsh, the
head of the UK’s Centre for Climate Change and Social
Transformations, who was not involved in the study. “People really
need to feel they can make a difference on climate change. And
it’s much harder to make a difference on climate change than it is
on health risks, because it’s a great big global collective
problem.”<br>
<br>
Scientists are working to understand the role that hope plays. A
review study published on Tuesday found “partial yet inconclusive
evidence” that increasing hope makes people engage more with the
climate. It found people whose hope was rooted in complacency were
less likely to engage than those whose hope was linked to action.<br>
<br>
“Even there, the relationship seems to be more the other way
around,” said Lea Dohm, a psychologist and co-founder of the
German climate action group Psychologists for Future, who also was
not involved. “It may be less that hope comes first and then
brings action, but rather that people act and then hope arises.”<br>
<br>
What people needed from the media, she said, was above all an
honest portrayal of the facts. “When we state scientific facts,
some feelings will come. And what we need to do then is validate
them and say, hey, what you feel is justified, reasonable and
shared by many other people.”<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/aug/21/anger-is-most-powerful-emotion-by-far-for-spurring-climate-action-study-finds">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/aug/21/anger-is-most-powerful-emotion-by-far-for-spurring-climate-action-study-finds</a><br>
</font>
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<i><font face="Calibri">[ Oh I suppose so. Interesting this was
reprinted in The Nation ]</font></i><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>We Are Witnessing the First Stages of
Civilization’s Collapse</b><br>
Will our own elites perform any better than the rulers of Chaco
Canyon, the Mayan heartland, and Viking Greenland?<br>
<br>
MICHAEL T. KLARE<br>
This article originally appeared at TomDispatch.com. To stay on
top of important articles like these, sign up to receive the
latest updates from TomDispatch.com.<br>
<br>
In his 2005 bestseller Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or
Succeed, geographer Jared Diamond focused on past civilizations
that confronted severe climate shocks, either adapting and
surviving or failing to adapt and disintegrating. Among those were
the Puebloan culture of Chaco Canyon, N.M., the ancient Mayan
civilization of Mesoamerica, and the Viking settlers of Greenland.
Such societies, having achieved great success, imploded when their
governing elites failed to adopt new survival mechanisms to face
radically changing climate conditions.<br>
<br>
Bear in mind that, for their time and place, the societies Diamond
studied supported large, sophisticated populations. Pueblo Bonito,
a six-story structure in Chaco Canyon, contained up to 600 rooms,
making it the largest building in North America until the first
skyscrapers rose in New York some 800 years later. Mayan
civilization is believed to have supported a population of more
than 10 million people at its peak between 250 and 900 A.D., while
the Norse Greenlanders established a distinctively European
society around 1000 A.D. in the middle of a frozen wasteland.
Still, in the end, each collapsed utterly and their inhabitants
either died of starvation, slaughtered each other, or migrated
elsewhere, leaving nothing but ruins behind.<br>
<br>
The question today is: Will our own elites perform any better than
the rulers of Chaco Canyon, the Mayan heartland, and Viking
Greenland?<br>
<br>
As Diamond argues, each of those civilizations arose in a period
of relatively benign climate conditions, when temperatures were
moderate and food and water supplies adequate. In each case,
however, the climate shifted wrenchingly, bringing persistent
drought or, in Greenland’s case, much colder temperatures.
Although no contemporary written records remain to tell us how the
ruling elites responded, the archaeological evidence suggests that
they persisted in their traditional ways until disintegration
became unavoidable.<br>
These historical examples of social disintegration spurred lively
discussion among my students when, as a professor at Hampshire
College, I regularly assigned Collapse as a required text. Even
then, a decade ago, many of them suggested that we were beginning
to face severe climate challenges akin to those encountered by
earlier societies—and that our contemporary civilization also
risked collapse if we failed to take adequate measures to slow
global warming and adapt to its inescapable consequences.<br>
<br>
But in those discussions (which continued until I retired from
teaching in 2018), our analyses seemed entirely theoretical: Yes,
contemporary civilization might collapse, but if so, not any time
soon. Five years later, it’s increasingly difficult to support
such a relatively optimistic outlook. Not only does the collapse
of modern industrial civilization appear ever more likely, but the
process already seems underway.<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><b>Precursors of Collapse</b><br>
<br>
When do we know that a civilization is on the verge of collapse?
In his now almost 20-year-old classic, Diamond identified three
key indicators or precursors of imminent dissolution: a persistent
pattern of environmental change for the worse like long-lasting
droughts; signs that existing modes of agriculture or industrial
production were aggravating the crisis; and an elite failure to
abandon harmful practices and adopt new means of production. At
some point, a critical threshold is crossed and collapse
invariably follows.<br>
<br>
Today, it’s hard to avoid indications that all three of those
thresholds are being crossed.<br>
<br>
To begin with, on a planetary basis, the environmental impacts of
climate change are now unavoidable and worsening by the year. To
take just one among innumerable global examples, the drought
afflicting the American West has now persisted for more than two
decades, leading scientists to label it a “megadrought” exceeding
all recorded regional dry spells in breadth and severity. As of
August 2021, 99 percent of the United States west of the Rockies
was in drought, something for which there is no modern precedent.
The recent record heat waves in the region have only emphasized
this grim reality.<br>
<br>
The most recent report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change offers many examples of such negative climate alterations
globally (as do the latest headlines). It’s obvious, in fact, that
climate change is permanently altering our environment in an ever
more disastrous fashion.<br>
<br>
It’s also evident that Diamond’s second precursor to collapse, the
refusal to alter agricultural and industrial methods of production
which only aggravate or—in the case of fossil-fuel
consumption—simply cause the crisis, is growing ever more obvious.
At the top of any list would be a continuing reliance on oil,
coal, and natural gas, the leading sources of the greenhouse gases
(GHGs) now overheating our atmosphere and oceans. Despite all the
scientific evidence linking fossil-fuel combustion to global
warming and the promises of governing elites to reduce the
consumption of those fuels—for example, under the Paris Agreement
of 2015—their use continues to grow.</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><br>
</font><font face="Calibri">According to a 2022 report produced by
the International Energy Agency (IEA), global oil consumption,
given current government policies, will rise from 94 million
barrels per day in 2021 to an estimated 102 million barrels by
2030 and then remain at or near that level until 2050. Coal
consumption, though expected to decline after 2030, is still
rising in some areas of the world. The demand for natural gas
(only recently found to be dirtier than previously imagined) is
projected to exceed 2020 levels in 2050.<br>
<br>
The same 2022 IEA report indicates that energy-related emissions
of carbon dioxide—the leading component of greenhouse gases—will
climb from 19.5 billion metric tons in 2020 to an estimated 21.6
billion tons in 2030 and remain at about that level until 2050.
Emissions of methane, another leading GHG component, will continue
to rise, thanks to the increased production of natural gas.<br>
<br>
Not surprisingly, climate experts now predict that average world
temperatures will soon surpass 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees
Fahrenheit) above the pre-industrial level—the maximum amount they
believe the planet can absorb without experiencing irreversible,
catastrophic consequences, including the dying out of the Amazon
and the melting of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets (with an
accompanying rise in sea levels of one meter or more).<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">There are many other ways in which societies
are now perpetuating behavior that will endanger the survival of
civilization, including the devotion of ever more resources to
industrial-scale beef production. That practice consumes vast
amounts of land, water, and grains that could be better devoted to
less profligate vegetable production. Similarly, many governments
continue to facilitate the large-scale production of
water-intensive crops through extensive irrigation schemes,
despite the evident decline in global water supplies that is
already producing widespread shortages of drinking water in places
like Iran.<br>
<br>
</font><font face="Calibri">Finally, today’s powerful elites are
choosing to perpetuate practices known to accelerate climate
change and global devastation. Among the most egregious, the
decision of top executives of the ExxonMobil Corporation—the
world’s largest and wealthiest privately-owned oil company—to
continue pumping oil and gas for endless decades after their
scientists warned them about the risks of global warming and
affirmed that Exxon’s operations would only amplify them. As early
as the 1970s, Exxon’s scientists predicted that the firm’s
fossil-fuel products could lead to global warming with “dramatic
environmental effects before the year 2050.” Yet, as has been well
documented, Exxon officials responded by investing company funds
in casting doubt on climate change research, even financing think
tanks focused on climate denialism. Had they instead broadcast
their scientists’ findings and worked to speed the transition to
alternative fuels, the world would be in a far less precarious
position today.<br>
<br>
Or consider China’s decision, even as it was working to develop
alternative energy sources, to increase its combustion of coal—the
most carbon-intense of all fossil fuels—in order to keep factories
and air conditioners humming during periods of increasingly
extreme heat.<br>
<br>
All such decisions have ensured that future floods, fires,
droughts, heatwaves, you name it, will be more intense and
prolonged. In other words, the precursors to civilizational
collapse and the disintegration of modern industrial society as we
know it—not to speak of the possible deaths of millions of us—are
already evident. Worse yet, numerous events this very summer
suggest that we are witnessing the first stages of just such a
collapse.<br>
<br>
<b>The Apocalyptic Summer of ’23</b><br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">July 2023 has already been declared the hottest
month ever recorded and the entire year is also likely to go down
as the hottest ever. Unusually high temperatures globally are
responsible for a host of heat-related deaths across the planet.
For many of us, the relentless baking will be remembered as the
most distinctive feature of the summer of ’23. But other climate
impacts offer their own intimations of an approaching Jared
Diamond-style collapse. To me, two ongoing events fit that
category in a striking fashion.<br>
<br>
The fires in Canada: As of August 2, months after they first
erupted into flame, there were still 225 major uncontrolled
wildfires and another 430 under some degree of control but still
burning across the country. At one point, the figure was more than
1,000 fires! To date, they have burned some 32.4 million acres of
Canadian woodland, or 50,625 square miles—an area the size of the
state of Alabama. Such staggering fires, largely attributed to the
effects of climate change, have destroyed hundreds of homes and
other structures, while sending particle-laden smoke across
Canadian and American cities—at one point turning New York’s skies
orange. In the process, record amounts of carbon dioxide were
dispatched into the atmosphere, only increasing the pace of global
warming and its destructive impacts.<br>
<br>
Aside from its unprecedented scale, there are aspects of this
year’s fire season that suggest a more profound threat to society.
To begin with, in fire terms—or more accurately, in climate-change
terms—Canada has clearly lost control of its hinterland. As
political scientists have long suggested, the very essence of the
modern nation-state, its core raison d’être, is maintaining
control over its sovereign territory and protecting its citizens.
A country unable to do so, like Sudan or Somalia, has long been
considered a “failed state.”</font><font face="Calibri"><br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">By now, Canada has abandoned any hope of
controlling a significant percentage of the fires raging in remote
areas of the country and is simply allowing them to burn
themselves out. Such areas are relatively unpopulated, but they do
house numerous indigenous communities whose lands have been
destroyed and who have been forced to flee, perhaps permanently.
Were this a one-time event, you could certainly say that Canada
still remains an intact, functioning society. But given the
likelihood that the number and extent of wildfires will only
increase in the years ahead as temperatures continue to rise,
Canada—hard as it might be to believe—can be said to be on the
verge of becoming a failed state.</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"><br>
The American West’s megadrought has been accompanied by another
indicator of abiding environmental change: the steady decline in
the volume of the Colorado River, the region’s most important
source of water. The Colorado River Basin supplies drinking water
to more than 40 million people in the United States and, according
to economists at the University of Arizona, it’s crucial to $1.4
trillion of the US economy. All of that is now at severe risk due
to increased temperatures and diminished precipitation. The volume
of the Colorado is almost 20 percent below what it was when this
century began and, as global temperatures continue to rise, that
decline is likely to worsen.<br>
<br>
The floods in China: While American reporting on China tends to
focus on economic and military affairs, the most significant news
this summer has been the persistence of unusually heavy rainfall
in many parts of the country, accompanied by severe flooding. At
the beginning of August, Beijing experienced its heaviest rainfall
since such phenomena began being measured there more than 140
years ago. In a pattern found to be characteristic of hotter, more
humid environments, a storm system lingered over Beijing and the
capital region for days on end, pouring 29 inches of rain on the
city between July 29 and August 2. At least 1.2 million people had
to be evacuated from flood-prone areas of surrounding cities,
while more than 100,000 acres of crops were damaged or destroyed.<br>
<br>
It’s not that unusual for floods and other extreme weather events
to bedevil China, causing widespread human suffering. But 2023 has
been distinctive both in the amount of rainfall it’s experienced
and the record heat that’s gone with it. Even more strikingly,
this summer’s climate extremes forced the government to behave in
ways that suggest a state at the mercy of a raging climate system.<br>
<br>
When flooding threatened Beijing, officials sought to spare the
capital from its worst effects by diverting floodwaters to
surrounding areas. They were to “resolutely serve as a moat for
the capital,” according to Ni Yuefeng, the Communist Party
secretary for Hebei province, which borders Beijing on three
sides. While that might have spared the capital from severe
damage, the diverted water poured into Hebei, causing extensive
harm to infrastructure and forcing those 1.2 million people to be
relocated. The decision to turn Hebei into a “moat” for the
capital suggests a leadership under siege by forces beyond its
control. As is true of Canada, China is certain to face even
greater climate-related disasters prompting the government to take
who knows what extreme measures to prevent widespread chaos and
calamity.<br>
<br>
These two events strike me as particularly revealing, but there
are others that come to mind from this record-breaking summer. For
example, the Iranian government’s decision to declare an
unprecedented two-day national holiday on August 2nd, involving
the closure of all schools, factories, and public offices, in
response to record heat and drought. For many Iranians, that
“holiday” was nothing but a desperate ploy to disguise the
regime’s inability to provide sufficient water and electricity – a
failure that’s bound to prove ever more destabilizing in the years
to come.<br>
<br>
<b>Entering a New World Beyond Imagining</b><br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Half a dozen years ago, when I last discussed
Jared Diamond’s book with my students, we spoke of the ways
civilizational collapse could still be averted through concerted
action by the nations and peoples of the world. Little, however,
did we imagine anything like the summer of ’23.<br>
<br>
It’s true that much has been accomplished in the intervening
years. The percentage of electricity provided by renewable sources
globally has, for example, risen significantly and the cost of
those sources has fallen dramatically. Many nations have also
taken significant steps to reduce carbon emissions. Still, global
elites continue to pursue strategies that will only amplify
climate change, ensuring that, in the years to come, humanity will
slide ever closer to worldwide collapse.<br>
<br>
When and how we might slip over the brink into catastrophe is
impossible to foresee. But as the events of this summer suggest,
we are already all too close to the edge of the kind of systemic
failure experienced so many centuries ago by the Mayans, the
ancient Puebloans, and the Viking Greenlanders. The only
difference is that we may have no place else to go. Call it, if
you want, Collapse 2.0.<br>
<br>
Michael T. Klare, The Nation’s defense correspondent, is professor
emeritus of peace and world-security studies at Hampshire College
and senior visiting fellow at the Arms Control Association in
Washington, D.C. Most recently, he is the author of All Hell
Breaking Loose: The Pentagon’s Perspective on Climate Change.<br>
</font><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/civilization-collapse-climate-change/">https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/civilization-collapse-climate-change/</a><br>
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<font face="Calibri"><i>[ Youth getting info -- 4 min audio or
text ]</i><br>
</font><font face="Calibri"><b>New Jersey requires climate change
education. A year in, here's how it's going</b><br>
August 21, 2023<br>
Seyma Bayram<br>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri">Setting the standards<br>
Lauren Madden, a professor of elementary science education at The
College of New Jersey, advised the New Jersey Department of
Education and First Lady Tammy Murphy's office as they developed
the new standards.<br>
<br>
Climate change instruction in K-12 schools is long overdue, Madden
said.<br>
<br>
"We've decided to take young children seriously. We've decided
that this is something we can unpack in the early years," she
said.<br>
<br>
To promote climate literacy, especially in the early years of
school, climate change education should be accessible, Madden
said. Climate change education doesn't have to be complex for
young students to understand what it means.<br>
<br>
"We can really get into a lot of the foundational information,
looking at graphs and photographs and maps and places that things
have changed over time and get into some of that solution-building
at an earlier age," Madden said.<br>
<br>
New Jersey set aside $4.5 million in grants in 2023 to support and
train educators and ensure students in underserved districts also
have access to climate change education. The state has
appropriated another $5 million toward climate change education in
its 2024 fiscal year budget, New Jersey Department of Education
spokesperson Laura Fredrick said.<br>
<br>
The New Jersey Climate Education Hub also helps teachers by
sharing instructional materials that educators working across
different subject areas can use.<br>
<br>
Other states, like Connecticut, are trying to follow in New
Jersey's footsteps.<br>
</font><font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/08/20/1191114786/new-jersey-requires-climate-change-education-a-year-in-heres-how-its-going">https://www.npr.org/2023/08/20/1191114786/new-jersey-requires-climate-change-education-a-year-in-heres-how-its-going</a><br>
</font><font face="Calibri"><br>
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</font> </p>
<font face="Calibri"> <i>[ 80% of impacts are water related ]</i></font><br>
<font face="Calibri"> </font> <font face="Calibri">UN Climate
Change<br>
@UNFCCC<br>
<b>The climate crisis is also a water crisis. 🌍💧 From rising
seas to extreme weather, it's all connected.</b><br>
<br>
Yet, water is part of the solution.<br>
<br>
From soaking up carbon to driving innovative mitigation and
adaptation strategies, it's a force to be reckoned with. <br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://twitter.com/UNFCCC/status/1693617742216098044">https://twitter.com/UNFCCC/status/1693617742216098044</a><br>
</font><br>
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<font face="Calibri"> <i>[The news archive - looking back at an
historically impactful, big-deal statement - the Powell Memo ]</i><br>
<font size="+2"><i><b>August 23, 1971 </b></i></font> <br>
</font>
<p><font face="Calibri"> August 23, 1971: Attorney and future
Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr. writes a memo to the
US Chamber of Commerce urging a greater special-interest
pushback against public-interest groups. The memo becomes the
template for efforts by the fossil-fuel industry to generate
faux-outrage over, and ginned-up opposition to, efforts to
regulate greenhouse gases.</font></p>
<p><font face="Calibri"><b>The Lewis Powell Memo - A Corporate
Blueprint to Dominate Democracy</b><br>
Written in 1971 to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Lewis
Powell Memo was a blueprint for corporate domination of American
Democracy.<br>
</font></p>
<font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120129225919/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/The-Lewis-Powell-Memo/">http://web.archive.org/web/20120129225919/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/global-warming-and-energy/polluterwatch/The-Lewis-Powell-Memo/</a>
<br>
</font>
<p><font face="Calibri">also</font></p>
<p><font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20220126233446/https://www.thwink.org/sustain/articles/017_PowellMemo/index.htm">http://web.archive.org/web/20220126233446/https://www.thwink.org/sustain/articles/017_PowellMemo/index.htm</a><br>
</font></p>
<font face="Calibri"><br>
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