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<p><font size="+2" face="Calibri"><i><b>January</b></i></font><font
size="+2" face="Calibri"><i><b> 27, 2024</b></i></font><b> </b></p>
<i>[ search for a motto ]</i><b><i><br>
</i></b><b>"Everything makes a difference" </b> and <b> "Courage
is preferable to hope"</b><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_ju_lDz82w"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_ju_lDz82w</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_BoZDS1gjU"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_BoZDS1gjU</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<i>[ notice the changes ]<b><br>
</b></i><b>Unravelling Antarctica’s Sea Ice Puzzle</b><br>
Sea ice around the Antarctic has shrunk and is responding to the
atmosphere differently. The challenge is to work out why<br>
byBenoit Legresy, CSIRO,Ariaan Purich, Monash Universityand1 others
January 25, 2024<br>
<br>
Throughout 2023, the area of ocean around Antarctica covered by sea
ice was so far below the norm that scientists have struggled to
communicate their shock.<br>
<br>
This month, as the sea ice shrinks to its smallest point of the
year, it is once again tracking well below its previous levels.<br>
<br>
Research released in September 2023 shows that ocean warming was a
key contributor to the dramatic change in sea ice.<br>
<br>
The question is where the heat comes from.<br>
<br>
A new satellite launched recently may provide the key to
understanding how the ocean transports heat to Antarctica’s margins
where it has a devastating impact on sea ice and ice shelves.<br>
<br>
Sea ice insulates the ocean, reflects heat, drives currents,
supports ecosystems and protects ice shelves.<br>
<br>
Every year, its annual cycle of freezing and melting around
Antarctica has been extremely reliable. Until recently.<br>
<br>
Now we have a preliminary indication that since 2016 Antarctic sea
ice coverage has shrunk. Changes in the relationship between the
ocean and sea ice suggest that the current low sea-ice state may
represent a new “regime” for Antarctic sea ice.<br>
After years of relative stability, Antarctica’s sea ice appears to
have shrunk since 2016.<br>
<br>
Sea ice forms a thin layer between the ocean and the atmosphere and
is affected by both.<br>
<br>
Lately, sea ice seems to be responding to atmospheric drivers
differently than it did in the past, suggesting a stronger influence
from the slowly varying ocean.<br>
<br>
Parts of the ocean 100–200m below the surface began to warm in 2015,
and those same regions lost substantial sea ice in 2016. Since then,
the warm subsurface ocean seems to have maintained the low sea-ice
coverage.<br>
<br>
The record-breaking low sea ice of 2023 may be the new abnormal, the
beginning of the inevitable decline in Antarctic sea ice, long
projected by climate models.<br>
<br>
For millions of years, the icy continent has been ring-fenced by the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current, separating the warm northern waters
from the cold polar ocean.<br>
<br>
Flowing clockwise around Antarctica and driven by westerly winds,
the current is the world’s strongest, with a flow 100 times stronger
than all rivers combined.<br>
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current flows around Antarctica, keeping
warm water out — but eddies can let heat through.<br>
<br>
The current ‘feels’ the seafloor and the mountains in its path.
Where it encounters barriers like ridges or seamounts, ‘wiggles’ are
created in the water flow that form eddies.<br>
<br>
Ocean eddies are the weather systems of the seas, and they play a
key role in transporting heat through the circumpolar current to the
ocean around Antarctica. But they’re small and hard for satellites
to see.<br>
<br>
Broad-scale ocean mapping identifies at least five major ‘heat flux
gates’ or eddy hotspots in the circumpolar current.<br>
<br>
One is south of Australia, about halfway between Tasmania and
Antarctica.<br>
<br>
Related Articles: Arctic Summer Sea Ice Could Disappear As Soon As
2035 | With Antarctica Ice Shelf Melting Sea Levels To Rise By
Several Feet | 5 Visible Signs of Climate Change in Antarctica<br>
To understand the ocean dynamics happening now and how these may
change in the future, we need much higher-resolution data to see
smaller-scale features like the eddy hotspots.<br>
<br>
Enter the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite.
Jointly developed by NASA and French space agency Centre National
d’Études Spatiales (CNES), the SWOT satellite measures differences
in the height of the ocean within a few centimetres from an orbit of
more than 890km above the surface.<br>
<br>
The advanced radar altimeters on the two-tonne satellite detect
surface water features with 10 times better resolution than previous
technologies.<br>
<br>
Oceanographers say it’s like a short-sighted person looking at a
tree in the distance, and then putting on glasses to reveal all the
leaves.<br>
<br>
As SWOT passes over the Southern Ocean, the high-resolution
topography it records of the shape of the ocean surface shows the
fine streams of current to capture the eddy hotspots spinning off
the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.<br>
<br>
This means scientists can monitor these smaller-scale circulation
features thought to be responsible for transporting most of the heat
and carbon from the upper ocean to deeper layers – a critical buffer
against global warming.<br>
<br>
For the first time we can see them on the surface in detail – but we
still need to work out what’s happening beneath the waves.<br>
<br>
In November 2023, scientists were able to validate the SWOT
satellite data from an eddy hotspot in the Southern Ocean in an
ambitious voyage on CSIRO research vessel (RV) Investigator.<br>
<br>
The five-week FOCUS voyage travelled 850 nautical miles south of
Hobart to the Macquarie meander, one of the five eddy hotspots.<br>
<br>
A meander may sound gentle and slow, but in fact it’s where the
world’s strongest current races through a series of hairpin bends,
steered by mountains on the seafloor.<br>
<br>
As the satellite passed overhead, the team led by CSIRO and the
Australian Antarctic Program Partnership deployed a variety of
high-tech observational equipment.<br>
<br>
Researchers and crew anchored a tall mooring 3.6km high at the
centre of the survey area, carrying over 54 instruments on a cable
stretching from the seafloor to near the surface.<br>
<br>
They also released free-floating autonomous instruments like floats,
drifters and gliders into the eddies, while more than a hundred CTDs
– conductivity, temperature, and depth sensors – plumbed the depths
and a Triaxus was towed behind the ship through the satellite’s
path.<br>
Researchers use a variety of instruments to understand the ocean.
Some float along the surface, some dive deep in the water, and some
follow directed paths using motors.<br>
<br>
The wealth of information gathered by all these instruments
‘ground-truths’ and validates the satellite data from the surface.<br>
<br>
The Antarctic is rapidly changing, and with further disruptions to
the sea-ice cycle on the cards, there’s a race to understand why.<br>
<br>
Strong winds over the Southern Ocean have been increasing for
decades and are likely to continue. It’s expected this will send
more heat southward through leaky meanders, accelerating ice shelf
melting in Antarctica and sea level rise.<br>
<br>
Ultimately, this research aims to turn daily maps of ocean sea
surface height from satellites into daily maps of the movement of
heat in the Southern Ocean toward Antarctica.<br>
<br>
This is vital information in a climate crisis. It will help
governments plan how to respond to ocean warming and rising sea
levels and how quickly action is needed.<br>
<br>
At the same time, as the transition to a net-zero world gathers
momentum and carbon levels in the atmosphere start to level out, we
need to be able to track the response of the Southern Ocean and the
global climate system.<br>
<br>
** **<br>
<br>
This article was originally published by 360info™.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://impakter.com/unravelling-antarcticas-sea-ice-puzzle/"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://impakter.com/unravelling-antarcticas-sea-ice-puzzle/</a><br>
- -<br>
[more info ]<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://360info.org/how-sea-ice-blew-the-socks-off-scientists/"
moz-do-not-send="true">https://360info.org/how-sea-ice-blew-the-socks-off-scientists/</a><br>
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</p>
<font face="Calibri"><i>[The news archive from 1995 ]</i></font><br>
<font face="Calibri"> <font size="+2"><i><b>January 27, 1995 </b></i></font>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"> </font> January 27, 1995: The New York Times
reports:<br>
<blockquote>"Whatever happened to global warming? The question was
on many lips a year ago, when the northeastern United States
suffered through its bitterest winter in years. Now an
exceptionally warm winter has whipsawed perceptions about the
world's climate once again.<br>
<br>
"An answer has become apparent in annual climatic statistics in
the last few days: global warming, interrupted as a result of the
mid-1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, has
resumed -- just as many experts had predicted.<br>
<br>
"After a two-year cooling period, the average temperature of the
earth's surface rebounded in 1994 to the high levels of the
1980's, the warmest decade ever recorded, according to three sets
of data in the United States and Britain.<br>
<br>
"The earth's average surface temperature last year closely
approached the record high of almost 60 degrees measured in 1990.
That was the last full year before the Pinatubo eruption, which
cooled the earth by injecting into the atmosphere a haze of
sulfurous droplets that reflected some of the sun's heat."<br>
</blockquote>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/27/us/a-global-warming-resumed-in-1994-climate-data-show.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm"
moz-do-not-send="true">http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/27/us/a-global-warming-resumed-in-1994-climate-data-show.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm</a><br>
<br>
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