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<p><font size="+2" face="Calibri"><i><b>February</b></i></font><font
size="+2" face="Calibri"><i><b> 3, 2024</b></i></font></p>
<i>[ Amazon discovers climate change ]<br>
</i><b>Amazon warns climate change could disrupt its business in
annual filing</b><br>
PUBLISHED FRI, FEB 2 2024<br>
Annie Palmer<br>
@IN/ANNIERPALMER/
<blockquote>-- Amazon added new disclosures around climate change to
the risk factors section of its annual filing.<br>
<br>
-- The company said climate change could cause its operating
results to fluctuate as a result of higher costs tied to things
such as transitioning to “a low-carbon economy.”<br>
<br>
-- It’s a problem that could get worse as the planet continues to
warm up.<br>
</blockquote>
Amazon is warning investors that the climate crisis may have a
material effect on its business.<br>
<br>
In the risk factors section of its 2023 financial filing released
Friday, Amazon added language that says climate change could cause
its sales and operating results to fluctuate, making it harder to
sustain growth or resulting in decreased revenue...<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/02/amazon-warns-climate-change-could-disrupt-its-business-in-sec-filing.html">https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/02/amazon-warns-climate-change-could-disrupt-its-business-in-sec-filing.html</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<i>[ Kerfuffle on climate sensitivity - YouTube climate scientist
corrects YouTube physicist ]</i><br>
<b>Climate Scientist responds to Sabine Hossenfelder on Climate
Sensitivity</b><br>
ClimateAdam<br>
Feb 2, 2024 #ClimateChange #globalwarming<br>
How hot will our planet actually get? Climate scientists try to
answer this question by evaluating the "climate sensitivity". And if
you've watched the recent Sabine Hossenfelder, you may be left with
the impression that climate change wasn't much to worry about... but
now it is. So I'm here to explain what the evidence is actually
showing us, and why the situation is a little more nuanced than
Sabine's commentary may have suggested. And crucially I break down
how climate scientists arrive at a number for the crucial "climate
sensitivity", to give us a sense for how much global warming we're
in for.<br>
<br>
Support ClimateAdam on patreon: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://patreon.com/climateadam">http://patreon.com/climateadam</a><br>
Thanks so much for the input from:<br>
Piers Forster <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://twitter.com/piersforster">https://twitter.com/piersforster</a><br>
Kate Marvel <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://twitter.com/drkatemarvel/">https://twitter.com/drkatemarvel/</a><br>
Zeke Hausfather <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://twitter.com/hausfath">https://twitter.com/hausfath</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4EuvpDzlUY">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4EuvpDzlUY</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<i>[ from academic paper "nature climate change" ]</i><br>
<b>Why are people climate change deniers? Study reveals unexpected
results</b><br>
FEBRUARY 2, 2024<br>
Editors' notes<br>
by University of Bonn<br>
Do climate change deniers bend the facts to avoid having to modify
their environmentally harmful behavior? Researchers from the
University of Bonn and the Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) ran an
online experiment involving 4,000 US adults, and found no evidence
to support this idea. The authors of the study were themselves
surprised by the results. Whether they are good or bad news for the
fight against global heating remains to be seen. The study is
published in the journal Nature Climate Change.<br>
A surprisingly large number of people still downplay the impact of
climate change or deny that it is primarily a product of human
activity. But why? One hypothesis is that these misconceptions are
rooted in a specific form of self-deception, namely that people
simply find it easier to live with their own climate failings if
they do not believe that things will actually get all that bad.<br>
<br>
"We call this thought process 'motivated reasoning,'" says Professor
Florian Zimmermann, an economist at the University of Bonn and
Research Director at IZA.<br>
<br>
Motivated reasoning helps us to justify our behavior. For instance,
someone who flies off on holiday several times a year can give
themselves the excuse that the plane would still be taking off
without them, or that just one flight will not make any difference,
or—more to the point—that nobody has proven the existence of
human-made climate change anyway. All these patterns of argument are
examples of motivated reasoning. Bending the facts until it allows
us to maintain a positive image of ourselves while maintaining our
harmful behavior.<br>
<br>
Self-deception to preserve a positive self-image<br>
But what role does this form of self-deception play in how people
think about climate change? Previously, there had been little
scientific evidence produced to answer the question. The latest
study has now closed this knowledge gap—and has thrown up some
unexpected results. Zimmermann and his colleague Lasse Stötzer ran a
series of online experiments, using a representative sample of 4,000
US adults.<br>
At the center of the experiments was a donation worth $20.
Participants were allocated at random to one of two groups. The
members of the first group were able to split the $20 between two
organizations, both of which were committed to combating climate
change. By contrast, those in the second group could decide to keep
the $20 for themselves instead of giving it away and would then
actually receive the money at the end.<br>
<br>
"Anyone keeping hold of the donation needs to justify it to
themselves," says Zimmermann, who is also a member of the
ECONtribute Cluster of Excellence, the Collaborative Research Center
Transregio 224 and the Transdisciplinary Research Area Individuals
& Societies at the University of Bonn. "One way to do that is to
deny the existence of climate change."<br>
<br>
As it happened, nearly half of those in the second group decided to
hold on to the money. The researchers now wanted to know whether
these individuals would justify their decision retrospectively by
repudiating climate change. The two groups had been put together at
random. Without "motivated reasoning," therefore, they should
essentially share a similar attitude to human-made global heating.
If those who kept the money for themselves justified their actions
through self-deception, however, then their group should exhibit
greater doubt over climate change.<br>
<br>
"Yet we didn't see any sign of that effect," Zimmermann reveals.<br>
<br>
Climate change denial: A hallmark of one's identity?<br>
This finding was also borne out in two further experiments.<br>
<br>
"In other words, our study didn't give us any indications that the
widespread misconceptions regarding climate change are due to this
kind of self-deception," says Zimmermann, summing up his work. On
the face of it, this is good news for policymakers, because the
results could mean that it is indeed possible to correct climate
change misconceptions, simply by providing comprehensive
information. If people are bending reality, by contrast, then this
approach is very much a non-starter.<br>
<br>
Zimmermann advises caution, however, stating, "Our data does reveal
some indications of a variant of motivated reasoning, specifically
that denying the existence of human-made global heating forms part
of the political identity of certain groups of people."<br>
<br>
Put another way, some people may to an extent define themselves by
the very fact that they do not believe in climate change. As far as
they are concerned, this way of thinking is an important trait that
sets them apart from other political groups, and thus they are
likely to simply not care what researchers have to say on the topic.<br>
<br>
More information: A Representative Survey Experiment of Motivated
Climate Change Denial, Nature Climate Change (2024). DOI:
10.1038/s41558-023-01910-2<br>
<br>
Journal information: Nature Climate Change <br>
- -<br>
[ widespread ]<br>
<b>Motivated Climate Change Denial [Registered Report Stage 1
Protocol]</b><br>
Published: 02 February 2024<br>
A representative survey experiment of motivated climate change
denial<br>
Lasse S. Stoetzer & Florian Zimmermann <br>
Nature Climate Change (2024)Cite this article<br>
<br>
Metricsdetails<br>
<br>
Abstract<br>
Climate change is arguably one of the greatest challenges today.
Although the scientific consensus is that human activities caused
climate change, a substantial part of the population downplays or
denies human responsibility. In this registered report, we present
causal evidence on a potential explanation for this discrepancy:
motivated reasoning. We conducted a tailored survey experiment on a
broadly representative sample of 4,000 US adults to provide causal
evidence on how motivated cognition shapes beliefs about climate
change and influences the demand for slanted information. We further
explore the role of motives on environmentally harmful behaviour.
Contrary to our hypotheses, we find no evidence that motivated
cognition can help to explain widespread climate change denial and
environmentally harmful behaviour.<br>
<br>
PROTOCOL REGISTRATION The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered
Report was accepted in principle on 10 May 2023. The protocol, as
accepted by the journal, can be found at
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24523357.v1">https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24523357.v1</a>.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://springernature.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Motivated_Climate_Change_Denial_Registered_Report_Stage_1_Protocol_/24523357/1">https://springernature.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Motivated_Climate_Change_Denial_Registered_Report_Stage_1_Protocol_/24523357/1</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<i>[ cough, cough - see also ]</i><br>
<b>Trees struggle to 'breathe' as climate warms, researchers find</b><br>
by Adrienne Berard, Pennsylvania State University<br>
JANUARY 31, 2024<br>
Trees are struggling to sequester heat-trapping carbon dioxide (CO2)
in warmer, drier climates, meaning that they may no longer serve as
a solution for offsetting humanity's carbon footprint as the planet
continues to warm, according to a new study led by Penn State
researchers.<br>
"We found that trees in warmer, drier climates are essentially
coughing instead of breathing," said Max Lloyd, assistant research
professor of geosciences at Penn State and lead author on the study
recently published in Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences. "They are sending CO2 right back into the atmosphere far
more than trees in cooler, wetter conditions."<br>
Through the process of photosynthesis, trees remove CO2 from the
atmosphere to produce new growth. Yet, under stressful conditions,
trees release CO2 back to the atmosphere, a process called
photorespiration. With an analysis of a global dataset of tree
tissue, the research team demonstrated that the rate of
photorespiration is up to two times higher in warmer climates,
especially when water is limited.<br>
<br>
They found the threshold for this response in subtropical climates
begins to be crossed when average daytime temperatures exceed
roughly 68 degrees Fahrenheit and worsens as temperatures rise
further.<br>
<br>
The results complicate a widespread belief about the role of plants
in helping to draw down—or use—carbon from the atmosphere, providing
new insight into how plants could adapt to climate change.
Importantly, the researchers noted that as the climate warms, their
findings demonstrate that plants could be less able to draw CO2 out
of the atmosphere and assimilate the carbon necessary to help the
planet cool down.<br>
"We have knocked this essential cycle off balance," Lloyd said.
"Plants and climate are inextricably linked. The biggest draw-down
of CO2 from our atmosphere is photosynthesizing organisms. It's a
big knob on the composition of the atmosphere, so that means small
changes have a large impact."<br>
<br>
Plants currently absorb an estimated 25% of the CO2 emitted by human
activities each year, according to the U.S. Department of Energy,
but this percentage is likely to decrease in the future as the
climate warms, Lloyd explained, especially if water is scarcer.<br>
<br>
"When we think about climate futures, we predict that CO2 will go
up, which in theory is good for plants because those are the
molecules they breathe in," Lloyd said. "But we've shown there will
be a tradeoff that some prevailing models don't account for. The
world will be getting warmer, which means plants will be less able
to draw down that CO2."<br>
<br>
In the study, the researchers discovered that variation in the
abundance of certain isotopes of a part of wood called methoxyl
groups serves as a tracer of photorespiration in trees. You can
think of isotopes as varieties of atoms, Lloyd explained. Just as
you might have vanilla and chocolate versions of ice cream, atoms
can have different isotopes with their own unique "flavors" due to
variations in their mass.<br>
<br>
The team studied levels of the methoxyl "flavor" of isotope in wood
samples from about thirty specimens of trees from a variety of
climates and conditions throughout the world to observe trends in
photorespiration. The specimens came from an archive at the
University of California, Berkeley, that contains hundreds of wood
samples collected in the 1930s and '40s.<br>
<br>
"The database was originally used to train foresters how to identify
trees from different places around the world, so we repurposed it to
essentially reconstruct these forests to see how well they were
taking in CO2," Lloyd said.<br>
<br>
Until now, photorespiration rates could only be measured in real
time using living plants or well-preserved dead specimens that
retained structural carbohydrates, which meant that it was nearly
impossible to study the rate at which plants draw down carbon at
scale or in the past, Lloyd explained.<br>
<br>
Now that the team has validated a way to observe photorespiration
rate using wood, he said the method could offer researchers a tool
for predicting how well trees might "breathe" in the future and how
they fared in past climates.<br>
<br>
The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rapidly rising; it
is already greater than at any time in the last 3.6 million years,
according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
But that period is relatively recent in geologic time, Lloyd
explained.<br>
<br>
The team will now work to unearth photorespiration rates in the
ancient past, up to tens of millions of years ago, using fossilized
wood. The methods will allow researchers to explicitly test existing
hypotheses regarding the changing influence of plant
photorespiration on climate over geologic time.<br>
<br>
"I'm a geologist, I work in the past," Lloyd said. "So, if we're
interested in these big questions about how this cycle worked when
the climate was very different than today, we can't use living
plants. We may have to go back millions of years to better
understand what our future might look like."<br>
<br>
Other authors on the paper are Rebekah A. Stein, Daniel A. Stolper,
Daniel E. Ibarra and Todd E. Dawson of the University of California,
Berkeley; Richard S. Barclay and Scott L. Wing of the Smithsonian
National Museum of Natural History and David W. Stahle of the
University of Arkansas.<br>
<br>
More information: Max K. Lloyd et al, Isotopic clumping in wood as a
proxy for photorespiration in trees, Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences (2023). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306736120<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://phys.org/news/2024-01-trees-struggle-climate.html">https://phys.org/news/2024-01-trees-struggle-climate.html</a><br>
<p>- -</p>
<i>[ academic paper ]</i><br>
<b>Isotopic clumping in wood as a proxy for photorespiration in
trees</b><br>
Max K. Lloyd <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9367-2698">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9367-2698</a> <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:mlloyd@psu.edu">mlloyd@psu.edu</a>,
Rebekah A. Stein, Daniel E. Ibarra
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9980-4599">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9980-4599</a>, +4, and Daniel A. Stolper
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3299-3177Authors">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3299-3177Authors</a> <br>
November 6, 2023<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2306736120">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2306736120</a><br>
<b>Significance</b><br>
<blockquote>Photorespiration occurs when, during photosynthesis,
plants consume O2 and release CO2 instead of the reverse. How
photorespiration varies in the environment today is uncertain but
important for validating how climate will change in the future and
has changed in the distant past. We develop and apply a proxy for
photorespiration rate based on the isotopic composition of a
specific functional group (methoxyl) in wood. This proxy varies
systematically with growing temperature and water availability of
trees globally, which suggests that plants in different ecosystems
photorespire different amounts and have different physiologic and
metabolic responses to climate. Whether plants photorespire more
or less in the future and geologic past depends on how local
temperature and water availability scale with atmospheric CO2.<br>
</blockquote>
<b>Abstract</b><br>
<blockquote>Photorespiration can limit gross primary productivity in
terrestrial plants. The rate of photorespiration relative to
carbon fixation increases with temperature and decreases with
atmospheric [CO2]. However, the extent to which this rate varies
in the environment is unclear. Here, we introduce a proxy for
relative photorespiration rate based on the clumped isotopic
composition of methoxyl groups (R–O–CH3) in wood. Most methoxyl
C–H bonds are formed either during photorespiration or the Calvin
cycle and thus their isotopic composition may be sensitive to the
mixing ratio of these pathways. In water-replete growing
conditions, we find that the abundance of the clumped isotopologue
13CH2D correlates with temperature (18–28 °C) and atmospheric
[CO2] (280–1000 ppm), consistent with a common dependence on
relative photorespiration rate. When applied to a global dataset
of wood, we observe global trends of isotopic clumping with
climate and water availability. Clumped isotopic compositions are
similar across environments with temperatures below ~18 °C. Above
~18 °C, clumped isotopic compositions in water-limited and
water-replete trees increasingly diverge. We propose that trees
from hotter climates photorespire substantially more than trees
from cooler climates. How increased photorespiration is managed
depends on water availability: water-replete trees export more
photorespiratory metabolites to lignin whereas water-limited trees
either export fewer overall or direct more to other sinks that
mitigate water stress. These disparate trends indicate contrasting
responses of photorespiration rate (and thus gross primary
productivity) to a future high-[CO2] world. This work enables
reconstructing photorespiration rates in the geologic past using
fossil wood.<br>
</blockquote>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2306736120">https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2306736120</a> <br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<i>[ many began to feel this decades ago.]</i><br>
<b>‘We’re All Climate Economists Now’</b><br>
With climate change affecting everything from household finances to
electric grids, the profession is increasingly focused on how
society can mitigate carbon emissions and cope with their impact.<br>
By Lydia DePillis<br>
Jan. 23, 2024<br>
In early January in San Antonio, dozens of Ph.D. economists packed
into a small windowless room in the recesses of a Grand Hyatt to
hear brand-new research on the hottest topic of their annual
conference: how climate change is affecting everything.<br>
<br>
The papers in this session focused on the impact of natural
disasters on mortgage risk, railway safety and even payday loans.
Some attendees had to stand in the back, as the seats had already
been filled. It wasn’t an anomaly.<br>
<br>
Nearly every block of time at the Allied Social Science Associations
conference — a gathering of dozens of economics-adjacent academic
organizations recognized by the American Economic Association — had
multiple climate-related presentations to choose from, and most
appeared similarly popular.<br>
<br>
For those who have long focused on environmental issues, the
proliferation of climate-related papers was a welcome development.
“It’s so nice to not be the crazy people in the room with the last
session,” said Avis Devine, an associate professor of real estate
finance and sustainability at York University in Toronto, emerging
after a lively discussion...<br>
- -<br>
There were papers on the local economic impact of wind turbine
manufacturing, the stability of electricity grids as they absorb
more renewable energy, the effect of electric vehicles on housing
choices, how wildfire smoke strains household finances. Others
analyzed the benefits of a sea wall for flood risk in Venice, the
economic drag of uncertainty about climate policy, the flow of
migrants displaced by extreme weather, how banks are exposed to
emissions regulations and the impact of higher temperatures on
factory productivity — just to name a few...<br>
- -<br>
It’s not as though economics had ignored climate change. Research
going back decades has forecast the toll that warming will take on
gross domestic product — an “externality,” in economics parlance —
and extrapolated from that a calculation for how much a ton of
carbon emissions should be taxed.<br>
<br>
“There was a period of time in which at least some people would
think: ‘Carbon is an uninternalized externality. We know how to
address that,’” said Allan Hsiao, an assistant professor at
Princeton University. They were thinking, “Maybe the issue is
important,” he added, “but the underlying economics and tensions,
the not-so-obvious, subtle mechanisms, were not there.”<br>
<br>
That perception has changed. A solution preferred by economists,
setting a cap on carbon emissions and creating a market for trading
permits, failed in 2009 under the weight of a weak economy,
administrative complexity and determined opposition. In recent
years, a different approach has emerged: granting incentives for
clean energy production, which pays more attention to political
realities and the equitable distribution of costs and benefits, two
themes that have also garnered more attention in economics circles
lately.<br>
<br>
It has also created a collision of new questions, providing fodder
for a bonanza of dissertation topics. “Now people are realizing that
there’s just a lot of richness,” Dr. Hsiao explained...<br>
- -<br>
To pull young researchers into the field, it helps that demand for
climate economists is booming — at colleges and universities, but
also government agencies, private companies and nonprofit think
tanks. A website that tracks job postings for academic economists
worldwide, EconJobMarket.org, shows that 5.5 percent of ads
mentioned the phrase “climate change” in 2023. That was up from 1.1
percent a decade earlier, said Joel Watson, a professor at the
University of California, San Diego, who runs the site.<br>
<br>
Those opportunities include many in the U.S. government, which has
been embedding climate priorities in a range of agencies since
President Biden took office in 2021. Climate impacts are now part of
the cost-benefit analysis of new regulations, factored into economic
growth projections and reflected in budget forecasts.<br>
<br>
The Inflation Reduction Act didn’t set a price on carbon, which
economists had advocated for decades. But Noah Kaufman, a research
scholar at Columbia University’s Center on Global Energy Policy,
thinks its tools could be guided by economic analysis to transform
the energy system — while cushioning the impact for communities that
depend on fossil fuel production and making sure the benefits of
renewable energy investment are broadly shared.<br>
<br>
“Economists need to catch up to the policymakers,” said Dr. Kaufman,
who did a stint working on climate policy at Mr. Biden’s Council of
Economic Advisers. “It’s unfortunate that we didn’t produce this
literature decades ago. But given that we didn’t, it’s pretty
exciting and a unique opportunity to try to be helpful now.”<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/23/business/economy/climate-change-economics.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/23/business/economy/climate-change-economics.html</a><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/23/business/economy/climate-change-economics.html?unlocked_article_code=1.QE0.RmOW.TRu3teeR1_ZV&bgrp=g&smid=url-share">https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/23/business/economy/climate-change-economics.html?unlocked_article_code=1.QE0.RmOW.TRu3teeR1_ZV&bgrp=g&smid=url-share</a><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<font face="Calibri"><i>[The news archive - Obama ]</i></font><br>
<font face="Calibri"> <font size="+2"><i><b>February 3, 2011 </b></i></font>
</font><br>
<font face="Calibri"> </font> February 3, 2011: President Obama
discusses his administration's clean energy efforts at Penn State
University.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://youtu.be/yUE0hjtiiSM">http://youtu.be/yUE0hjtiiSM</a>
<br>
<br>
<p><font face="Calibri"> </font><font face="Calibri"><br>
=== Other climate news sources
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Newsletters<br>
We deliver climate news to your inbox like nobody else. Every
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</font> <font face="Calibri"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://insideclimatenews.org/">https://insideclimatenews.org/</a><br>
--------------------------------------- <br>
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and energy, as well as our pick of the key studies published in
the peer-reviewed journals. <br>
more at <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://www.getrevue.co/publisher/carbon-brief">https://www.getrevue.co/publisher/carbon-brief</a>
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