[TheClimate.Vote] July 8, 2018 - Daily Global Warming News Digest

[Richard Pauli]

/July 8, 2018/

[California wildfires]
*California map of active fires 
<https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?ll=39.002110299225144%2C-115.39764404296875&hl=en&z=8&source=embed&ie=UTF8&mid=1HacmM5E2ueL-FT2c6QMVzoAmE5M19GAf>*
https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?ll=39.002110299225144%2C-115.39764404296875&hl=en&z=8&source=embed&ie=UTF8&mid=1HacmM5E2ueL-FT2c6QMVzoAmE5M19GAf


[Washington Post posts and updates under same headline]
*Red-hot planet: All-time heat records have been set all over the world 
during the past week 
<https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2018/07/03/hot-planet-all-time-heat-records-have-been-set-all-over-the-world-in-last-week/?utm_term=.963c4199138b>*

    (This article, originally published Tuesday, was updated Wednesday
    to add all-time heat records at Mount Washington, N.H., and Tbilisi,
    Georgia set since Monday. On Thursday, the story was updated to
    include information on heat-related deaths in Canada and
    extraordinary heat in Siberia. On Friday, it was updated to add the
    likely all-time heat record in Africa and Southern California.)

 From the normally mild summer climes of Ireland, Scotland and Canada to 
the scorching Middle East to Southern California, numerous locations in 
the Northern Hemisphere have witnessed their hottest weather ever 
recorded over the past week.
Large areas of heat pressure or heat domes scattered around the 
hemisphere led to the sweltering temperatures. The Canadian Broadcasting 
Corporation reports the heat is to blame for at least 54 deaths in 
southern Quebec, mostly in and near Montreal, which endured record high 
temperatures.
In Northern Siberia, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean – where weather 
observations are scarce – model analyses showed temperatures soaring 40 
degrees above normal on July 5, to over 90 degrees. “It is absolutely 
incredible and really one of the most intense heat events I’ve ever seen 
for so far north,” wrote meteorologist Nick Humphrey, who offers more 
detail on this extraordinary high-latitude hot spell on his blog.
On Thursday, Africa likely witnessed its hottest temperature ever 
reliably measured. Ouargla, Algeria soared to 124.3 degrees (51.3 
Celsius). If verified, it would surpass Africa’s previous highest 
reliable temperature measurement of 123.3 degrees (50.7 Celsius) set 
July 13, 1961, in Morocco...
more at: 
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2018/07/03/hot-planet-all-time-heat-records-have-been-set-all-over-the-world-in-last-week/?utm_term=.963c4199138b


[Yale Climate Communications]
*Heat Waves and Climate Change: Mass Media Fails to Make the Connection 
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCSx6ZRoazI>*
TheRealNews - video 9 minutes
Published on Jul 2, 2018
The failure to link the increasing frequency and intensity of heat waves 
means that the general population remains relatively unaware of the 
urgency of climate change, says Jennifer Marlon of the Yale Program on 
Climate Change Communication
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCSx6ZRoazI



[Beckwith explains in 15 min YouTube video]
*Massive Deadly Heatwaves: A Consequence of Abrupt Climate Change 
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rra0aBOwyUo>*
Paul Beckwith - Published on Jul 6, 2018
Many people around the planet have had to endure extensive, long 
duration heatwaves in early July; some people have not been successful. 
Most places are woefully unprepared for heatwaves, and it takes 
significant spikes upward in death rates before politicians actually 
start doing anything. In Canada, the province of Quebec keeps better 
records for heatwave mortalities, and has reported many deaths; in other 
provinces like Ontario it will take many weeks for authorities to obtain 
and analyze data from morgues.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rra0aBOwyUo


[so far, we know it is worse than before]
*WE HAVE NO IDEA HOW BAD THE US TICK PROBLEM IS 
<https://www.wired.com/story/we-have-no-idea-how-bad-the-us-tick-problem-is/>*
Megan Molteni - SCIENCE - 7.04.18
WHEN RICK OSTFELD gets bitten by a tick, he knows right away. After 
decades studying tick-borne diseases as an ecologist at the Cary 
Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, New York, Ostfeld has been 
bitten more than 100 times, and his body now reacts to tick saliva with 
an intense burning sensation. He's an exception. Most people don't even 
notice that they've been bitten until after the pest has had time to 
suck up a blood meal and transfer any infections it has circulating in 
its spit.
Around the world, diseases spread by ticks are on the rise. Reported 
cases of Lyme, the most common US tick-borne illness, have quadrupled 
since the 1990s. Other life-threatening infections like anaplasmosis, 
babesiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are increasing in incidence 
even more quickly than Lyme. Meat allergies caused by tick bites have 
skyrocketed from a few dozen a decade ago to more than 5,000 in the US 
alone, according to experts. And new tick-borne pathogens are emerging 
at a troubling clip; since 2004, seven new viruses and bugs transmitted 
through tick bite have shown up in humans in the US.
- - - - -
Public health departments are required to report back to the CDC on Lyme 
and six other tick-borne infections. Those cases combined with 
county-level surveys and some published academic studies make up the 
bulk of what the agency knows about national tick distribution. But this 
data, patchy and stuck in time, doesn't do a lot to help public health 
officials on the ground. "We've got national maps, but we don't have 
detailed local information about where the worst areas for ticks are 
located," says Ben Beard, chief of the CDC's bacterial diseases branch 
in the division of vector-borne diseases. "The reason for that is there 
has never been public funding to support systematic tick surveillance 
efforts."...
- - - - -
That's something Beard is trying to change. He says the CDC is currently 
in the process of organizing a nationwide surveillance program, which 
could launch within the year. It will pull data collected by state 
health departments and the CDC's five regional centers about tick 
prevalence and the pathogens they're carrying to build a better picture 
of where outbreaks and hot spots are developing, especially on the 
expanding edge of tick populations.
The CDC is also a few years into a massive nationwide study it's 
conducting with the Mayo Clinic, which will eventually enroll 30,000 
people who've been bitten by ticks. Each one will be tested for known 
tick diseases, and next-generation sequencing conducted at CDC will 
screen for any other pathogens that might be present. Together with 
patient data, it should provide a more detailed picture of exactly 
what's out there...
https://www.wired.com/story/we-have-no-idea-how-bad-the-us-tick-problem-is/


[Diabetes]
*A Frightening New Reason to Worry About Air Pollution 
<https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/07/a-frightening-new-reason-to-worry-about-air-pollution/564428/>*
A massive study solidifies the link between particulates from cars and 
diabetes.
OLGA KHAZAN - JUL 5, 2018
It's fairly well known that a bad diet, a lack of exercise, and genetics 
can all contribute to type 2 diabetes. But a new global study points to 
an additional, surprising culprit: the air pollution emitted by cars and 
trucks.
Though other research has shown a link between diabetes and air 
pollution in the past, this study is one of the largest of its kind, and 
it's unique because it both is longitudinal and includes several types 
of controls. What's more, it also quantifies exactly how many diabetes 
cases in the world are attributable to air pollution: 14 percent in 2016 
alone. In the United States, it found, air pollution is responsible for 
150,000 cases of diabetes.
The study, published in The Lancet Planetary Health, linked data from 
1.7 million American veterans who had been followed for a median of 8.5 
years with air data from the EPA and nasa. It also aggregated past 
international research on diabetes and air pollution to devise a model 
to estimate diabetes risk based on the level of pollution, and it used 
the Global Burden of Disease study to estimate how many years of healthy 
life were lost due to this air-pollution-induced diabetes. Globally, 8.2 
million years of healthy life were lost in 2016 to pollution-linked 
diabetes, it showed.
The study authors controlled for things like obesity and BMI, so it 
wasn't the case that heavier people simply lived in more polluted 
neighborhoods and were also more likely to get diabetes.
The particles examined in this study are known as PM2.5, or particulate 
matter that's 2.5 micrometers big - 30 times smaller than a human hair. 
They are emitted by various types of industry and fuel burning, but in 
the United States, the biggest source of PM2.5 is cars, says Ziyad 
Al-Aly, the study's senior author and an assistant professor of medicine 
at Washington University at St. Louis. When there's lots of PM2.5 in the 
air, the air might look smoggy or hazy. In lighter concentrations, the 
particles are invisible.
Scientists are just beginning to understand what exactly makes PM2.5 so 
harmful, but a major reason is that it's so small and contains toxic 
metals. Its size allows it to penetrate the lungs and enter the 
bloodstream. There, it can circulate to different organs and cause 
inflammation. The inflammation increases insulin resistance. Eventually, 
this insulin resistance can become so severe the pancreas becomes unable 
to pump out enough insulin to compensate, and diabetes can set in.
Previous research has found that Latino children living in areas with 
more air pollution had a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes. But 
other studies on the association between the two have generated mixed 
results.
This new study makes an even stronger case, suggesting that the current 
limits on air pollution in the United States might be too high. The 
EPA's pollution threshold on particulate matter is 12 ug/m3, or 
micrograms per cubic meter of air, but this study says the risk of 
diabetes starts at about 2.4 ug/m3. Among people exposed to between five 
and 10 ug/m3 of particulate matter, about 21 percent developed diabetes. 
At the threshold of current "safe" levels, 24 percent do. For each 10 
ug/m3 increase in particulate matter, the risk of developing diabetes 
goes up by 15 percent. This risk is present regardless of whether the 
individual becomes obese or not.
But this study and others might not lead to a tightening of the PM2.5 
standards because, under a rule proposed by the Trump administration in 
April, all studies used by the EPA to make air and water regulations 
must make their underlying data publicly available. As my colleague 
Robinson Meyer reported, studies like this and others, which show the 
detrimental health impacts of pollution, are based on health data that 
is confidential and cannot be de-anonymized.
That will greatly undermine regulations that have made for cleaner air, 
says Sanjay Rajagopalan, a cardiologist at University Hospitals 
Cleveland Medical Center, about the proposed rule. "Documents that have 
gone into EPA regulations go through rigorous peer review," he says. "We 
have some of the cleanest air in the world, and there's scientific data 
that this has protected millions of lives and contributed to the 
longevity of American citizens."
The consequences of PM2.5 are more severe for developing countries that 
do not have strict limits on air pollution. For example, the study says 
countries like Afghanistan and Papua New Guinea face a higher risk of 
lots of air-pollution-related cases of diabetes, while the United States 
has a moderate risk.
Still, experts told me the connection between PM2.5 and various health 
risks is now so clear that people should try to avoid large amounts of 
particulates, if they can. "Live away from the major sources of 
emission. Don't live right near the 405," Al-Aly told me, referring to a 
notoriously congested freeway in Los Angeles. "Short of that, anywhere 
that's high in pollution, like some cities in China or India, many 
people wear masks."
Tanya Alderete, who studies the connection between air pollution and 
disease at the University of Colorado at Boulder, says people might 
rethink biking in heavy traffic, for example. "We shouldn't be engaging 
in strenuous physical activity during rush hour or near major roadways," 
she says.
But everyone I spoke with said the real answer lies with public policy - 
stricter limits on fossil-fuel emissions and a move to cleaner energy 
sources. After all, globally, pollution of all kinds kills three times 
more people than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined.
https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/07/a-frightening-new-reason-to-worry-about-air-pollution/564428/
- - - - -
[send this to your doctor and to your city council]
*The 2016 global and national burden of diabetes mellitus attributable 
to PM2·5 air pollution 
<https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpla/article/PIIS2542-5196%2818%2930140-2/fulltext>*
Background
PM2·5 air pollution is associated with increased risk of diabetes; 
however, a knowledge gap exists to further define and quantify the 
burden of diabetes attributable to PM2·5 air pollution. Therefore, we 
aimed to define the relationship between PM2·5 and diabetes. We also 
aimed to characterise an integrated exposure response function and to 
provide a quantitative estimate of the global and national burden of 
diabetes attributable to PM2·5.
*Findings*

    We examined the relationship of PM2·5 and the risk of incident
    diabetes in a longitudinal cohort of 1 729 108 participants followed
    up for a median of 8·5 years (IQR 8·1–8·8). In adjusted models, a 10
    ug/m3 increase in PM2·5 was associated with increased risk of
    diabetes (HR 1·15, 95% CI 1·08–1·22). PM2·5 was associated with
    increased risk of death as the positive outcome control (HR 1·08,
    95% CI 1·03–1·13), but not with lower limb fracture as the negative
    outcome control (1·00, 0·91–1·09). An IQR increase (0·045 ug/m3) in
    ambient air sodium concentration as the negative exposure control
    exhibited no significant association with the risk of diabetes (HR
    1·00, 95% CI 0·99–1·00). An integrated exposure response function
    showed that the risk of diabetes increased substantially above 2·4
    ug/m3, and then exhibited a more moderate increase at concentrations
    above 10 ug/m3. Globally, ambient PM2·5 contributed to about 3·2
    million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·2–3·8) incident cases of
    diabetes, about 8·2 million (95% UI 5·8–11·0) DALYs caused by
    diabetes, and 206 105 (95% UI 153 408–259 119) deaths from diabetes
    attributable to PM2·5 exposure. The burden varied substantially
    among geographies and was more heavily skewed towards low-income and
    lower-to-middle-income countries.

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpla/article/PIIS2542-5196(18)30140-2/fulltext


[Nuclear Energy is 20% ]
*Fearing climate change, experts in San Diego warn U.S. nuclear industry 
faces collapse 
<http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/environment/sd-me-nuclear-collapse-20180702-story.html>*
The United States is on the verge of losing more than half of its 
low-carbon energy as the fight against climate change reaches a critical 
point  -  a reality the country hasn't fully grappled with.
That's according to findings recently published by researchers at UC San 
Diego, Harvard University and Carnegie Mellon University in the journal 
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The paper  -  "U.S. nuclear power: The vanishing low-carbon wedge" -  
paints a picture of an industry on the verge of collapse. Facing 
economic competition from cheap natural gas, the country's aging fleet 
of nuclear power plants, the authors warn, could see a significant 
number of retirements in coming years.
-+- Video interview 
http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/visuals/99680340-132.html
"We're asleep at the wheel on a very dangerous highway," said Ahmed 
Abdulla, co-author and fellow at the UC San Diego School of Global 
Policy and Strategy. "We really need to open our eyes and study the 
situation."
The country now has a choice to abandon nuclear power altogether or 
embrace the next generation of smaller, more cost-effective reactors, 
according to the report.
However, the researchers argue, the second option is very unlikely as it 
would require accelerating the regulatory review process and a sizable 
infusion of public cash.
"It's really surprising that one of our best weapons in our fight 
against climate change is at risk of utter collapse because of the 
economic and political challenges and not the technical ones," Abdulla said.
While it might be a longshot, the promise of nuclear power has captured 
the imagination of many younger academics in recent years.
More students are pursuing nuclear engineering degrees than at any time 
since the early 1980s, with graduation rates in the field tripling 
between 2001 and 2015, according to survey data from the Oak Ridge 
Institute for Science and Education.
"Where else are you going to get a job where you can tell your grandkids 
that you saved the world?" said Per Peterson, a professor in UC 
Berkeley's department of nuclear engineering. "They don't think they're 
going to get rich."
Still, environmental organizations have remained largely skeptical about 
the value of nuclear energy, given ongoing anxieties about safety as 
well as cost. While advocacy groups have expressed concerns about 
replacing phased-out nuclear plants with fossil fuels, many would rather 
focus on supporting renewable sources.
"The danger is that the amount of subsidy that nuclear would require 
would suck all the energy out of supporting the other renewables," said 
Edwin Lyman, a physicist at the Union of Concerned Scientists.
"There's almost nothing that can be done to make nuclear a significant 
contributor in the next few decades, even if you throw billions of 
dollars at it," he said. "The people who promote nuclear power have 
tunnel vision."
Dan Jacobson, state director for Environment California, echoed those 
general concerns.
"Nuclear power in its current form has been an incredibility expensive 
way to boil water," he said. "If you're really trying to decarbonize our 
grid, we would rather spend those billions on efficiency, conservation 
and renewables."
Nuclear energy constitutes roughly 20 percent of nation's energy supply, 
compared to about 17 percent for all renewables combined, according to 
the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Wind and solar, for example, 
make up about 7.6 percent of the country's power portfolio.
While aggressive efforts continue to develop batteries for storing 
intermittent sources of electricity from solar and wind, utilities in 
recent years have embraced natural gas for consistent, baseload energy. 
The fossil fuel now represents nearly 32 percent of all the energy 
produced in the U.S.
Given recent trends, nuclear industry scientists question whether 
renewables will be able to offset the losses from retiring nuclear 
plants in time to stave off the worst consequences of climate change.
"The reality is you cannot actually replace 20 percent of the need with 
wind and solar, unless you want to wallpaper every square inch of many 
states," said Christian Back, vice president of nuclear technologies and 
materials at General Atomics. "It's not efficient enough."
Back said that given the right support from the federal government, the 
current fleet of nuclear reactors can, in many cases, be retrofitted to 
improve safety and lifespan, while smaller, more cost-effective plants 
can be rolled out within the next decade to provide baseload energy.
"This is a situation like NASA when you're putting someone on the moon 
where the government needs to recognize the long-term benefit and 
investment that's required and help support that," she said. "This is 
where political will matters."
The paper also suggested that many in the public don't take nuclear 
energy seriously because they don't realize the urgency of the 
situation. Specifically, the research points to the need to aggressively 
decarbonize the energy sector by mid-century because carbon dioxide 
emitted today will remain in the atmosphere for hundreds of years, 
baking in the effects of global warming for generations to come.
If the country is going to embrace nuclear energy, it should do so as 
quickly as possible to help stave off the impacts of climate change, 
said George Tynan, associate dean of the UC San Diego Jacobs School of 
Engineering.
"You realize that we're almost out of time because of the development 
timescales," he said. "If new nuclear technologies are going to have a 
material impact on carbon emission in the midcentury then they have to 
be demonstrated in the marketplace in the next decade or so."
http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/environment/sd-me-nuclear-collapse-20180702-story.html


[Water as resource]
*In deep water: Water economy is threatened by climate change 
<https://www.greenbiz.com/article/deep-water-water-economy-threatened-climate-change>*
Danielle Nierenberg - Saturday, July 7, 2018
Water is so precious because it is limited by nature. The science of 
water economy studies the way in which water resources are limited and 
how they must be managed to satisfy farming needs without creating 
social inequalities and unsustainable environmental impacts.
Overall, the planet possesses some 1.4 billion cubic kilometers of 
water. However, it is estimated that less than 45,000 cubic kilometers 
(0.003 percent of the total) is theoretically usable and that only 9,000 
to 14,000 cubic kilometers (about 0.001 percent of the total) is 
suitable for human use, which means it is of adequate quality and is 
accessible at an acceptable cost.
Freshwater resources are distributed unequally across the globe. 
According to The World's Water (PDF), a report updated every two years 
by the Pacific Institute, nearly 65 percent of the world's drinking 
water is in just 13 countries: Brazil (14.9 percent), Russia (8.2 
percent), Canada (6 percent), the United States (5.6 percent), Indonesia 
(5.2 per- cent), China (5.1 percent), Colombia (3.9 percent), India (3.5 
percent), Peru (3.5 percent), Congo (2.3 percent), Venezuela (2.2 
percent), Bangladesh (2.2 percent) and Burma (1.9 percent). On the other 
hand, a growing number of countries are facing grave water shortages, 
and some are even looking at annual per capita availability of less than 
1,000 cubic meters.

On a global average, the World Health Organization estimated, 842,000 
diarrheal deaths occur each year; 361,000 of those deaths are of 
children younger than 5 who died because of unsafe drinking water. 
According to UNICEF, 768 million people worldwide lacked access to safe 
drinking water in 2015; one in six people do not reach the minimum 
standard set out by the United Nations of 20 to 50 liters of freshwater 
per person per day.
With statistics like these in mind, in 2010 the United Nations 
recognized the "right to water" as a fundamental and essential human 
right. This right establishes that everyone, without discrimination, has 
the right of access  -  physically and economically  -  to a sufficient 
amount of water that is safe to drink.
This recognition of water as a basic human right was proclaimed in the 
U.N. General Assembly's Resolution 64/292. In response to the 
resolution, the U.N. Human Rights Council directed member states to 
"develop appropriate tools and mechanisms, which may encompass 
legislation, comprehensive plans and strategies for the sector, 
including financial ones, to achieve progressively the full realization 
of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and 
sanitation, including in currently unserved and underserved areas."

Managing our supply: the 'virtual water' trade and water privatization
Water scarcity can be a source of conflict between those with a sparse 
supply and those with plenty, so the fair and careful monitoring of 
supply management and distribution is of global importance. In addition 
to the water used for drinking and agriculture, virtual water  -  water 
used during the process of worldwide trade  -  is an important resource 
that must be quantified and analyzed.

The concept of virtual water was introduced by Tony Allan, one of the 
world's leading experts on water. Allan defines virtual water (PDF) as a 
means to "reveal the hidden factors of our real global water 
consumption." He also described the urgent need to promote this concept. 
"Already, our overconsumption and mismanagement of water have had a very 
serious impact on our water environments and the essential services they 
provide. ... Most of us don't have the slightest idea about the sheer 
volumes of water involved in our daily lives. To make a cup of coffee, 
it takes 140 liters. That's the true amount of water used in growing, 
producing, packaging and shipping the beans you use to make your morning 
coffee." Allan thinks the use of virtual water was less of a concern in 
the past because "the ratio of water to people was so massive that it 
was as if our water supply was infinite." Now, he said, "it is not. And 
now, with a global population pushing 7 billion, water scarcity is not 
just a possibility. It is already a reality for many."

Virtual water is traded in huge volumes as crops that need large amounts 
of water to cultivate are shipped far and wide, not always with sensible 
results. For example (PDF), three of the world's top 10 wheat-exporting 
countries are seriously short of water, and three of the top 10 wheat 
importers are blessed with an abundance of it. The level of 
interdependence between countries in the virtual exchange of water 
resources is critical, however, and it is destined to grow in the 
future, given the ongoing, often controversial deregulation of 
international trade.

Water trade expert Dennis Wichelns, a professor of economics and 
executive director of the Rivers Institute at Hanover College, analyzed 
the trade patterns between Jordan and other countries, including the 
United States. Because Jordan has little water, it trades with other 
countries for commodities that use a lot of water to produce. Wichelns 
explained, "[Jordan] imports 5 billion to 7 billion cubic meters of 
water in virtual form per year, which is in sharp contrast with the 1 
billion [cubic meters] of water withdrawn annually from domestic water 
sources." Therefore, he stated, "People in Jordan survive owing to the 
fact that their 'water footprint' has largely been externalized to other 
parts of the world, for example, the U.S."

If demand grows and resources dwindle  -  in part because of pollution 
and climate change  -  then clearly the economic value of water will 
grow, and the gap between those who have plenty of water and those who 
do not will provoke new conflicts. Water privatization (PDF)  -  when 
private sectors purchase the right to participate in the sanitation and 
distribution of water resources  -  has been cited as a possible, albeit 
divisive solution to this problem.
Opponents of water privatization point out how risky it is to entrust 
the management of water resources to private entities. The greatest of 
those risks, they said, is being sure that water managers respect their 
obligation to develop the water supply in poorer areas, where 
consumption is lower.
This risk is playing out in South Asia, in the tensions between India 
and Bangladesh over use of the water in the Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta. 
Bangladesh, located farther downstream from the delta and the more 
economically and politically disadvantaged country, contends that water 
allocation and privatization favor India, despite the water-sharing 
treaties the countries have signed. This conflict raises ethical 
concerns, because any time one country is "cheated" out of its full 
water share, the less water it has to distribute to its citizens, which 
obviously worsens water insecurities.
Supporters of water privatization point to how much more efficient the 
private sector is at managing water than the public sector. Outsourcing 
water management to private entities, they say, could improve 
distribution and make it possible to divide maintenance costs between 
different companies, resulting in lower costs to consumers.
Private companies, such as the American States Water Company and its 
utility subsidiary, Golden State Water, work together to divide costs 
for roughly 260,000 consumers in California. Dividing the costs of 
utility and electric services may help save consumers from having to pay 
those costs themselves, were the company publicly owned.
Private companies may also focus on developing effective distribution 
monitoring systems. One company, Environmental Health and Safety 
Support, does so through its supervision of groundwater well designs and 
its evaluations of aquifer recharge.
Above all, the most effective monitoring systems are those that manage 
water with citizens' interests in mind. Knowledgeable, experienced 
farmers, whom Allan refers to as the de facto managers of the world's 
water, are a vital component of realizing a fair system. The importance 
of farmers' roles further underscores the symbiotic relationship between 
agriculture, food and the environment.
https://www.greenbiz.com/article/deep-water-water-economy-threatened-climate-change


*This Day in Climate History - July 8, 1991 
<http://www.johnmajor.co.uk/page2093.html> - from D.R. Tucker*
July 8, 1991: Speaking at the Sunday Times Environmental Conference in 
London, British Prime Minister John Major states:

    "Personally, I have always thought it wrong to call it the
    greenhouse effect. I dislike the term, I dislike it because the
    image is too cosy, too domestic and far too complacent. Begonias and
    petunias it most certainly is not. The threat of global warming is
    real: the spread of deserts, changed weather patterns with
    potentially more storms and hurricanes, perhaps more flooding of low
    lying areas and possibly even the disappearance of some island states."

http://www.johnmajor.co.uk/page2093.html

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