[✔️] December 1, 2023- Global Warming News Digest | UN opening COP28, Cryosphere presentation, Disinfo report, Science denial reported, What does 1.5C mean?. BBC explains, Threshold, 1987 Gephardt
Richard Pauli
Richard at CredoandScreed.com
Fri Dec 1 06:51:05 EST 2023
/*December 1*//*, 2023*/
/[ UN statement opening climate talks ]
/30 November 2023
*Secretary-General's video message to the WMO “State of the Global
Climate 2023” Report launch*
Download the video:
https://s3.amazonaws.com/downloads2.unmultimedia.org/public/video/evergreen/MSG+SG+/SG+17+Nov+23/3144942_MSG+SG+WMO+STATE+OF+CLIMATE+REPORT+17+NOV+23.mp4
*The State of the Global Climate in 2023 is stark and clear:*
Things are moving so fast that a full month before the end of the year,
we can already declare that 2023 is the hottest year recorded in human
history.
Sea levels have reached record highs – and the rise is accelerating;
Sea surface temperatures have reached a record high;
And sea ice levels in Antarctica have hit a record low.
Swiss glaciers have lost ten per cent of their volume in the past two years.
I have just come back from Nepal, where I was shocked at the speed of
receding glaciers and the dramatic consequences.
We are living through climate collapse in real time – and the impact is
devastating.
This year has seen communities around the world pounded by fires,
floods, and searing temperatures.
Record global heating should send shivers down the spines of world leaders.
And it should trigger them to act.
We have the roadmap to limit the rise in global temperature to 1.5
degrees Celsius and avoid the worst of climate chaos.
But we need leaders to fire the starting gun at COP28 on a race to keep
the 1.5 degree limit alive:
By setting clear expectations for the next round of climate action plans
and committing to the partnerships and finance to make them possible;
By committing to triple renewables and double energy efficiency;
And committing to phase out fossil fuels, with a clear time frame
aligned to the 1.5-degree limit.
We must also go further and faster in protecting people from climate chaos.
Every person on Earth must be protected by an early warning system by
2027, by putting in place the action plan we launched last year.
And every vulnerable developing country should have the support they
need to develop and implement adaptation investment plan by 2025.
Leaders must get the Loss and Damage Fund off to a flying start, with
generous, early contributions.
Developed countries must honour the promise to deliver $100 billion a
year in climate finance;
And they must present a clear plan showing how they will make good on
their commitment to double adaptation finance by 2025, as a first step
to ensuring at least half of all climate finance goes to adaptation.
Today’s report shows we’re in deep trouble.
Leaders must get us out of it – starting at COP28.
Thank you.
/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2023-11-30/secretary-generals-video-message-the-wmo-%E2%80%9Cstate-of-the-global-climate-2023%E2%80%9D-report-launch/
/
/
/[ Expect technical presentations - this from the Cryosphere Pavilion
--video ]/
*Robbie Mallett | Arctic Amplification in 2023 and Beyond*
International Cryosphere Climate Initiative
12-1-2023
The Arctic is warming at nearly four times the global average rate, in a
phenomenon known as Arctic Amplification. As well as impacting those
that live there, Arctic amplification has profound effects on the
glaciers, permafrost and sea ice which support the global climate
system. Amplified warming also means that the Arctic contributes
disproportionately to rises in global average temperature. Dr Robbie
Mallett will introduce the physical drivers of Arctic amplification, and
provide an update on the rate of amplification for 2023. He will then
discuss recent research showing the extent to which Arctic Amplification
contributes to earlier breaches of COP 21’s Paris Agreement to keep
global temperature rise below 1.5°C.
Contacts: ICCI and University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19FRW_TyQyI
/[ clips from a disinformation report ]/
*Deny, Deceive, Delay Vol. 3 - EMBARGOED COPY (27.11.23).docx*
Climate Information Integrity Ahead of COP28
Introduction
A Year in Review: Breaking Records and Broken Records
2023 has been another year of unprecedented temperatures, extreme
weather events and
disasters compounded by climate change. After the warmest summer on
record and an
equally benchmark-setting October, scientists now estimate this will be
the hottest year since
1940 at a global level. The world has witnessed historic heatwaves and
storms, as well as the
worst drought in East Africa for 40 years and wildfires which blazed a
devastating trail across
Canada, Greece, Spain, Portugal and the United States. According to NOAA
(the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Association), there were 23 ‘billion-dollar
weather and climate
disasters’ in the US alone from January-August 2023, and the World
Meteorological Organisation
has projected that such events will become the “new norm”.
*Failed Commitments*
The impacts of climate change are becoming more observable and acute for
billions of people,
yet progress on climate action has been slow. The UAE – who will host
this year’s COP28 summit
in Dubai – currently plan to expand oil and gas production in the coming
years; a trend echoed
in countries from Norway and Australia to the United Kingdom and China.
Some of the largest oil
and gas companies are also backtracking on their previous climate
pledges. Shell has shelved
plans to reduce oil production this decade, while BP reduced its
previous commitment to cut
emissions. In November 2023, the International Energy Agency (IEA)
published a report showing
that such companies only account for 1% of clean energy investment
worldwide, despite what is
widely presented to the public via marketing and PR campaigns. These
backslides in progress
are worrying when considered alongside sober warnings from the IEA, IPCC
and others, which
clearly state that limiting warming below 1.5-degrees is incompatible
with new oil and gas
development and requires the urgent phase out of all fossil fuels.
*The Impacts of Mis- and Disinformation*
At this pivotal juncture, it is more important than ever for societies
to have a shared
understanding of climate change, and to chart a path forward based on
credible science and
data. Realising meaningful plans for Net Zero requires information
integrity, as without it a strong
public mandate for meaningful action is far harder to build...
Unfortunately, mis- and disinformation about climate continues to
thrive. As well as
undermining public and political support for action, it is increasingly
linked to real-world
harm. Such content not only impacts debate and implementation of climate
policy, but also
centres climate as a vector for wider conspiracy theories, scapegoating
and social division...
- -
*Conclusion: What Next?*
This report offers a snapshot into the activity of three actor groups:
the fossil fuel lobby,
State-affiliated networks and online influencers. While only a fraction
of the bigger picture, it
reveals a range of vulnerabilities in our information environment which
must be addressed if we
hope to progress with climate action and have vital, evidence-based
debates about the pace,
scale and trade-offs of a Net Zero transition.
Online platforms play a key role in this equation but have been
repeatedly found wanting in their
response. A scorecard published by CAAD in September 2023 reviewed the
approaches taken by
Pinterest, TikTok, Meta, YouTube and X/Twitter and found a sobering
state of play:
1. YouTube, Meta and TikTok have made commitments to address climate
misinformation,
but their enforcement is underperforming and many of the policies
fail to tackle root
issues (e.g. algorithmic amplification).
2. Twitter/X lacks the policies which would be needed to address
climate misinformation,
offering no substantive transparency mechanisms for the public, and
providing no
evidence on effective policy enforcement.
3. All platforms fall short in providing algorithmic reporting, and
most lack reporting on
misinformation trends.
4. Most platforms lack policies to address greenwashing, a practice
that falsely portrays a
company or product as environmentally friendly.
Looking ahead to 2024, we hope that landmark regulation like the EU
Digital Services Act, EU
Code of Practice on Disinformation and UN Code of Conduct on Information
Integrity may mark
a turning point. However, coordinated pressure and advocacy is needed to
ensure climate misand disinformation are broached alongside other
vectors of harm.
The threat is clear, the evidence is mounting, and the time to act is now
https://caad.info/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Deny-Deceive-Delay-Vol.-3-1.pdf
- -
/[ From RealClimate - site run by climate scientists - concern over
discinformation ]/
*Science denial is still an issue ahead of COP28*
29 NOV 2023
BY STEFAN
It is 33 years now since the IPCC in its first report in 1990 concluded
that it is “certain” that greenhouse gas emissions from human activities
“will enhance the greenhouse effect, resulting on average in an
additional warming of the Earth’s surface.” That has indeed happened as
predicted, it has been confirmed by a zillion studies and has been
scientific consensus for decades. Yet, when the next global climate
summit is coming up (it’s starting tomorrow), we don’t only learn that
the host, United Arab Emirates, intends to use the event for new oil
deals. We also see more attempts to cast doubt that global warming is
caused by emissions from burning oil, gas and coal – as so often before
these summits.
This time making the rounds is a “discussion paper” published by
Statistics Norway. It is noteworthy not because it contains anything
new (it doesn’t), but because despite clearly violating the established
standards of good scientific practice, it was published by a government
agency. That’s why it is having an impact in non-scientific quarters
including the corporate world, and it has even been cited in a
submission to proceedings of the German parliament...
- -
It is more than embarrassing that Statistics Norway has published this
nonsense. It is a scandal. Let’s hope it was not political on the part
of that institution, but just a bad mistake. If they want to salvage
their reputation and credibility, they should withdraw it immediately,
with an appropriate explanation of the real science of global warming.
https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2023/11/science-denial-is-still-an-issue-ahead-of-cop28/
/[Opinion - a 1.5 temp increase? video reading of research -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQqYeEJeKNI ]/
*What does 1.5C really mean? I doubt most people at COP28 could even
tell you!!*
Paul Beckwith
Nov 30, 2023
I will bet you that if you ask the government officials and policymakers
and negotiators at COP28 in Dubai what the 1.5 C threshold actually
means you would get blank stares, verbal fumbling, and very few would be
able to give you the correct answer.
So what is the correct answer? First you need to know about the baseline
and baseline shifts.
Baseline 1: year 1750; original definition of “pre-industrial)
Baseline 2: average of 1850 to 1900; new definition of pre-industrial
that everybody now uses
Baseline 3: My tongue-in-cheek proposal is the average of 1970 to 2000,
or 1980-2010; which lets us pretend we can still stay below 1.5C for a
while longer.
Realistically, the only possible way to keep 1.5C alive is to shift the
baseline (Baseline 2) to something more recent. I suggest 1980-2010, and
then we have some leeway. Looks bad if we shift the baseline too often.
Alternately, we can say the 10 year or even better 20 year moving
average needs to be at 1.5C or 2.0C, for example. That gives us a little
more time to feel good about ourselves.
Last time the baseline was shifted was a decade or two ago, with no
announcement or fuss. We shifted it to the present 1850-1900 (Baseline
2) from the original 1750 (Baseline 1), but neglected to add the 0.2C to
0.3C difference. There is a paper in a medical journal that argues the
difference is closer to 0.13C.
When the 1.5C and 2.0C temperature limits were first discussed by the
IPCC, they were relative to 1750 (Baseline 1).
With our present baseline of 1850-1900 (Baseline 2), we are very close
to having 2023 above 1.5 (1.54 according to GISS; 1.4 according to WMO;
I’ll do a video) will have a full year above 2C by 2038.
- -
So the BBC article about the 1.5C meaning is quite good, and I go
through it in this video.
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20231130-climate-crisis-the-15c-global-warming-threshold-explained
Essentially, it argued that the UN, conferences, governments basically
assume that exceeding the moving ten year average exceeding 1.5 C is
what is meant to exceed 1.5C. Even though if you ask them, they have no
actual idea that this is what they mean. Even worse, they don’t know
that they don’t know. To them 1.5C and 2.0C are just targets, period.
As I always say, the devil is on the details.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQqYeEJeKNI
- -
/[ BBC explains the 1.5C threshold ]/
*Climate crisis: The 1.5C threshold explained*
30th November 2023
By Martha Henriques
Features correspondent
@Martha_Rosamund
*As leaders gather at COP28 in Dubai to discuss the climate crisis and
negotiate how the world will address it, we consider one of the most
important numbers in climate change: 1.5C.*
You might have read it in news headlines in the run up to COP28, the UN
climate talks held this year in Dubai, UAE. You might have heard it as
part of your nation's climate pledge. You might know it from the Climate
Clock in New York's Union Square, a public art project and reminder of
the urgency of the climate crisis.
In any conversation about climate change, the figure "1.5C" is rarely
far from the discussion.
But when people talk about "1.5C", what do they really mean? How do we
measure it? And where did the figure come from? Is it the right target
to be aiming for? And if we overshoot it, will we be able to come back
below 1.5C again? Ahead of the climate summit in Dubai, we take a look
at some of the questions around this key climate change figure.
*
What does keeping to the 1.5C threshold mean?*
It means that by the year 2100, the world's average surface temperature
will have risen to no more than 1.5C (2.7F) warmer than pre-industrial
levels.
The 1.5C threshold was the stretch target established in the Paris
Agreement in 2015, a treaty in which 195 nations pledged to tackle
climate change. The agreement aims to limit global warming to "well
below" 2C by the end of the century, and "pursue efforts" to keep
warming within the safer limit of 1.5C.
"One-point-five has become an iconic figure," says Sir David King,
former lead negotiator from the UK Foreign Office at the UN climate
summit in Paris, 2015, which resulted in the adoption of the Paris
Agreement.
*Why 1.5C above "preindustrial levels"?*
The main reason is that the industrial revolution was the time when
Britain, followed by the rest of Europe, North America, Japan and other
nations, began emitting large quantities of fossil carbon – carbon that
would otherwise have remained locked up in oil, gas and coal deposits
underground.
Industrialisation led to rapidly growing levels of greenhouse gases.
These gases trap the energy from the Sun within the atmosphere, heating
up the planet.
In the Paris Agreement itself, the baseline for pre-industrial measures
wasn't defined. But the International Panel on Climate Change uses a
baseline of 1850-1900. That's because it's the earliest period with
reliable, near-global measurements. It's true that some warming from
human activity had already occurred by that point, because the
industrial revolution began in the early 1700s. But having good
historical data for a reliable baseline is crucial to measure changes
happening today.
The 1850-1900 baseline is one that scientists, politicians,
policymakers, activists and everyone talking about climate change can
use and be sure they are all referring to the same thing.
*Where did the 1.5C limit come from?*
The 1.5C "stretch target" in the Paris Agreement came as something of a
surprise.
"I don't think anybody really thought that the Paris agreement would be
that ambitious," says Myles Allen, professor of geosystem science at the
University of Oxford, and a coordinating lead author on the IPCC's
special report on 1.5C in 2018.
The 1.5C target was based on assessments of the impacts of climate
change at different levels of warming. For instance, the IPCC report
found that at this temperature, extreme heat is significantly less
common and intense in many parts of the world than at 2C. And at the
other extreme, the coldest nights at high latitudes warm by around 4.5C
when the world is at an average of 1.5C warming. That figure is
especially important for the future of sea ice in the polar regions. At
2C warming, the coldest nights warm by around 6C.
"Before the Paris Agreement there wasn't really a focus point for the
world to aim for, to reduce the climate change process," says Pauline
Dube, an environmental scientist at the University of Botswana, also a
coordinating lead author on the IPCC's 1.5C report.
"To have had a situation where the world agreed on a target figure –
that was a significant development in the climate change community."
*
Is 1.5C a safe level of warming?*
In a 1.5C world, many of the deadliest effects of climate change are
reduced. Sea level rise is expected to be around 10cm (4in) lower at
1.5C compared with 2C. However, irreversible melting of ice sheets on
Greenland and Antarctica could be triggered between 1.5C and 2C, meaning
that sea levels would continue to rise well beyond 2100. But it would
happen more slowly at 1.5C than 2C, buying time for communities to adapt.
For small island nations and low-lying nations already seeing storms,
rising sea levels and degradation of land and reefs, 1.5C would still
pose an existential challenge. Loss and damage funding is seen as
crucial for the long-term survival and adaptation of small islands and
low-lying nations, as well as other nations especially vulnerable to
climate change.
Compared with today, a 1.5C world would also be at increased risk of
extreme heat, stresses on food production and access to water, and the
range of insect-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever, among
other threats.
The damage done at the 1.5C threshold also depends on how we get to
1.5C. If we overshoot 1.5C in the 21st Century and then reduce warming
back to 1.5C (an "overshoot"), the risks are greater than if the world
gradually stabilises at 1.5C. The peak temperature of the century will
also have a big impact on the survival of ecosystems, such as tropical
corals.
*But have we not passed the 1.5C threshold already?*
The year 2023 is on track to be the hottest on record. It brought the
world's hottest July in 120,000 years, and September was also the
hottest on record by a large margin.
The global average daily temperature was more than 1.5C more than the
preindustrial average for roughly one-third of days in 2023. Needless to
say, this was a record number of days above the 1.5C daily limit...
But there is a big difference between the global temperature on
individual days, and the long-term average. The latter is what's meant
when the 1.5C threshold is discussed in negotiations like COP28 – 1.5C
warming is an average figure over a decadal time scale. This is a hard
thing to measure, says Allen, and we know the global decade-to-decade
average to within about a tenth of a degree at best.
Just as if you look at individual days rather than long-term averages,
if you zoom in on particular regions of the world, we can also see that
the 1.5C is being breached on local and regional levels.
The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the rest of the
world since 1979. Africa, too, warmed by around 0.3C per decade between
1991 and 2020, faster than the global average and faster than the 0.2C
per decade in the 30 years before that.
*When might we pass 1.5C on our current track and how will we know?*
Earlier in 2023, the IPCC calculated that by the mid-2030s there would
be a 50% chance of the world commiting itself to a rise of 1.5C.
However, a new analysis taking into account more recent data suggests we
could reach this threshold sooner – as early as 2029.
Because the IPCC uses long-term averages for the global temperature, we
will pass 1.5C warming on individual days, months and years before the
decadal average is considered to be past 1.5C.
And because of the difficulty in accurately estimating the global
temperature from decade to decade, "it doesn't make too much sense to
get hung up on exactly which year will cross 1.5C", says Allen.
Why do the estimates of when we will hit 1.5C warming change?
When countries introduce more – or less – ambitious policies for
tackling climate change, the estimate for when that level of warming
will be reached is adjusted too.
Changes to the estimate can also happen when new analyses of historical
climate data help to refine climate models.
For instance, since the IPCC's 1.5C report, there has been one
significant update since the report was published, Allen notes, which
came when scientists re-analysed the historical record. The findings
were that we are 0.2C warmer relative to preindustrial levels.
This doesn't change the big picture though. "You don't need a model to
know that, if you are that close, we're going to reach 1.5C in around a
decade or so at that rate of warming," says Allen.
*How much worse is 1.5C than 1C, and how much better than 2C?*
The difference between 1.5C and 2C is a whole lot worse than between 1C
and 1.5C, says Allen.
"We know that the impacts get worse with warming – but we also know that
the rate at which impacts get worse per degree also gets worse with
warming," says Allen.
To put it another way, every tenth of a degree of warming matters, but
as you get warmer each increment matters more.
"The reason we know this is because the world's ecosystems and economies
were adapted to the climate of the late 19th and early 20th Century,"
says Allen. "That's the climate our ecosystems have been dealing with
for the past few thousand years and it's the climate which our economies
grew up with."...
*Can we come back from 1.5C?*
Depending on how far we overshoot 1.5C, the answer is yes, says King.
This is the idea of "overshoot" – exceeding the 1.5C target but then
making our way back to it.
"Overshoot is a terrible idea," says King, adding that rapid reduction
in emissions now to avoid overshoot is by far the safest option. But as
a backstop, it might be necessary so that we don't lose sight of a safe
limit of warming altogether.
To get back below 1.5C after overshoot would require carbon capture on a
massive scale. These technologies remove carbon from the atmosphere and
store it in an inert form.
The levels of carbon removal required to return to 1.5C warming in an
overshoot scenario would be massive. The Climate Crisis Advisory Group
(CCAG), which King leads and which recently published a report on
overshoot, puts the figure between 10 and 15 billion tonnes of carbon
dioxide per year – that's 3-4.5 times more than the EU's total
greenhouse gas emissions in 2021, and about 2-3 times the US's emissions
in the same year.
To stand a chance of reversing overshoot, these technologies would need
to be used in addition to eliminating the vast majority of new
greenhouse gas emissions, notes King, not a replacement for cutting
emissions...
So far, these technologies exist only at a small scale, and they remain
very expensive.
*Is 1.5C the right target?*
Given the extreme weather we are already seeing, some argue that 1.5C is
not the final figure we should have in mind.
"CCAG is saying, 1.5C is already too high – look at what's happening
today," says King. "And so we're saying, we will need to get it back
down to less than 1C above the preindustrial level."
Even at 1.5C, the risk to crops could lead to a global food crisis and
push us past crucial climate tipping points, such as Arctic ice melt and
permafrost thaw. Instead, focusing on getting net temperature change to
zero, and then into a period of cooling, could be a fairer approach, as
policy analysts at the think tank Chatham House have argued.
Can we exploit new sources of fossil fuels and still meet the 1.5C limit?
Burning fossil fuels causes more than 75% of anthropogenic greenhouse
gas emissions, and more than 90% of carbon dioxide emissions from human
activites.
The fossil fuels produced from existing oil, gas and coal fields are
more than enough to breach the 1.5C limit. Extracting fossil fuels from
new oil and gas fields is incompatible with a 1.5C limit, according to a
report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development and
another by the International Energy Agency.
At present, governments are already planning to produce more than double
the amount of fossil fuels than would be compatible with a 1.5C pathway.
The UN's latest Emissions Gap report states that the world is on track
for 3C of warming by the end of the century.
This is despite these projects coming with greater commercial risks and
dwindling profits in the decades to come – if all of today's national
climate goals are reached, private oil and gas companies would be worth
25% less than today. If the world gets on track for 1.5C warming, they
would be worth 60% less.
*Who thinks 1.5C is still viable, and who thinks it isn't?*
Keeping 1.5C within sight would require rapid and unprecedented levels
of action.
In terms of the picture the research paints, "that likelihood is almost
like gone", says Dube.
Similarly, in 2022, Bill Gates said he saw "no chance" of the world
staying within the 1.5C threshold, but believes innovation in climate
technologies, such as forms of carbon capture, are promising solutions
to climate change. In 2022, a number of media outlets declared that it
was time to "say goodbye" to 1.5C.
But there has been pushback to these sentiments from figures including
the IEA executive director Fatih Birol. "It is factually incorrect, and
politically it is very wrong," Birol told the Guardian newspaper in
2022. "The fact is that the chances of 1.5C are narrowing, but it is
still achievable."
For nations whose survival depends on keeping warming to levels as low
as possible, 1.5C is also still front and centre of the debate. In an
opinion article, journalist Amy Martin compares giving up on 1.5C to
watching a fire you accidentally started burn, rather than trying to put
it out.
"We're not doomed to a warming at 1.5C," says Allen. "It's very
important to understand that it's still possible to limit warming to
1.5C, because we're not there yet."
Allen calculates that to fully abate the fossil fuel carbon dioxide
emissions from 2022 would cost about $6tn (£4.7tn). "But, that said, we
spent $13tn (£10tn) on fossil fuels last year. That was a year which was
obviously affected by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and so on, but it
goes to show that the money is out there to fix the problem. It's just
not being directed to solving the problem at the moment."
Getty Images Extreme weather events such as heatwaves and droughts will
become still more common and more intense with climate change (Credit:
Getty Images)Getty Images
Extreme weather events such as heatwaves and droughts will become still
more common and more intense with climate change (Credit: Getty Images)
What are some promising signs of staying within 1.5C to look out for?
For King, strong leadership from the US and China is one of the most
promising things he could see coming out of the COP28 climate summit.
"I believe it's critically important for the United States and China to
first of all come forward with a strategy," says King.
King negotiated with the Chinese and US climate envoys in 2015, both of
whom are still in post. The US and China recently released an agreement
on climate action between the two countries.
"Now it doesn't go far enough, but nevertheless, what a wonderful
start," says King. "I think it's critically important, because, frankly,
if China and the United States come forward, the European Union will
join them. I think India will join them and, with Lula (President Luiz
Inácio Lula da Silva) in place in Brazil, I think Brazil will join them.
And then everyone else will."
For Allen, it's a focus on the positive tipping points that can signal
accelerated decarbonisation – such as the changes seen in the renewable
power sector and uptake of electric vehicles.
For Dube, she is looking out for a shift in perspective that
acknowledges the deep injustice that comes with climate change fuelled
by the Global North, but felt most keenly in the Global South. That
means signals that climate change is being tackled fairly, with adequate
support for adaptation and loss and damage funding for
climate-vulnerable nations.
"The crucial point of change is really to realise that we need a
whole-society transformation," says Dube.
--
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20231130-climate-crisis-the-15c-global-warming-threshold-explained
/[The news archive - accidentally honest comment - from politician. ]/
/*December 1, 1987 */
December 1, 1987: During a Democratic presidential debate on NBC, Rep.
Richard Gephardt states that the US must work with the Soviet Union on
addressing international environmental issues such as the ozone layer
and greenhouse gas emissions, noting, “The problem we’ve had with these
issues is not that we don’t know what to talk about; the problem we’ve
had is that America hasn’t been a leader.”
(25:10—26:03)
http://www.c-span.org/video/?20-1/Presidential
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