[✔️] March 1, 2023- Global Warming News Digest | Human vs wildlife, Bogus ChatGPT. Marxism and degrowth, China's coal addiction, Lightning fires on the increase, Corporate Climate responsibility, Storm surge, Sabine
Richard Pauli
Richard at CredoandScreed.com
Wed Mar 1 09:41:14 EST 2023
/*March 1, 2023*/
/
//[ constant vigilance, more heat, more fighting - research says]/
*Climate change as a global amplifier of human–wildlife conflict*
Briana Abrahms, Neil H. Carter, T. J. Clark-Wolf, ... Gaynor, Johansson,
McInturff, Nisi, Rafiq & West...
Nature Climate Change (2023)...
*Abstract*
Climate change and human–wildlife conflict are both pressing
challenges for biodiversity conservation and human well-being in the
Anthropocene. Climate change is a critical yet underappreciated
amplifier of human–wildlife conflict, as it exacerbates resource
scarcity, alters human and animal behaviours and distributions, and
increases human–wildlife encounters. We synthesize evidence of
climate-driven conflicts occurring among ten taxonomic orders, on
six continents and in all five oceans. Such conflicts disrupt both
subsistence livelihoods and industrial economies and may accelerate
the rate at which human–wildlife conflict drives wildlife declines.
We introduce a framework describing distinct environmental,
ecological and sociopolitical pathways through which climate
variability and change percolate via complex social–ecological
systems to influence patterns and outcomes of human–wildlife
interactions. Identifying these pathways allows for developing
mitigation strategies and proactive policies to limit the impacts of
human–wildlife conflict on biodiversity conservation and human
well-being in a changing climate.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-023-01608-5
/[ fake global warming facts pop up in ChatGPT query ] /
Dr. Gretchen Hansen
@gretchen_H20
*I heard that #ChatGPT generates fake citations, But I had to see for
myself. I asked for scientific papers on #climatechange and #fish. And I
got what appears to be a great list! However, these papers DO NOT EXIST. *
ChatGPT wrongly insists that they are real papers. 🧵
- -
It even pulled DOIs from other papers and assigned them to the fake
papers it made up. For example, the made up paper from 2008 attributed to
@oldenfish is actually from a different journal, different authors, and
is about invasive plants. (2/5)
---
Dr. Gretchen Hansen
@gretchen_H20
Feb 27
So I guess this confirms what I have heard - definitely do not use
#ChatGPT for finding scientific papers or building a bibliography! My
lab group is going to explore #ChatGPT and its utility/dangers for other
academic topics in a few weeks, so stay tuned for more fun!...
https://twitter.com/gretchen_H20/status/1630336823846223872
/[ Marxism is related to degrowth -- are both inevitable? ]/
*A greener Marx? Kohei Saito on connecting communism with the climate
crisis*
Maya Goodfellow
Author of surprise hit Capital in the Anthropocene has developed his
arguments in a new study of Karl Marx’s ecological thinking
When academic Kohei Saito submitted his manuscript on Karl Marx, the
ecological crisis and arguments for degrowth economics, he hoped it
might introduce at least some people in Japan to a new perspective on
the climate crisis.
Fast forward three years and the subsequent book, Capital in the
Anthropocene, has sold more than half a million copies and Saito, a
thoughtful 36-year-old, is now something of a Marxist celebrity.
“It was a big surprise,” admits Saito on Zoom from his study in Tokyo,
“because who cares about Marx and communism?”
Now Saito, who says he has not always been a “degrowth communist”, has
written a more academic text, Marx in the Anthropocene, which builds on
those arguments to propose degrowth communism as a “new way of living”.
At a time when degrowth economics is being hotly debated within and
outside the environmental movement, Saito’s aim, he explains, is to
“overcome the divide between Marxism and degrowth”, bringing together
the red and the green. Many in the environmental movement argue that
capitalism and its “infinite accumulation on a finite planet … is the
root cause of climate breakdown”, writes Saito. But because Marx’s
writings on ecology have often been marginalised, there’s a view that
his socialism is pro-technological and anti-ecological – supporting the
development of technologies to lay the foundation for a post-capitalist
society and ignoring nature’s limits, believing it can be dominated by
humans. According to Saito, it is possible and necessary to reconstruct
Marx so we can see how he analysed economic and ecological crisis.
Saito first studied Marx when he was an undergrad at the University of
Tokyo, trying to understand degrading working conditions among temporary
workers in Japan...
- -
“With his growing interest in ecology,” Saito writes, “Marx came to see
the plunder of the natural environment as a manifestation of the central
contradiction of capitalism.”
By synthesising these different approaches, Saito developed a “unique
way of reading Marx”, he says, as a “degrowth ecological communist”.
Degrowth argues that economic growth – the holy grail for governments in
most countries – is simply not sustainable and that to stop climate
breakdown, we need to reduce consumption. Saito cites Jason Hickel’s
work as one example. He is conscious of the critique that denying many
countries in the global south the chance to “develop” in the way the
north has could be destructive to people who are already very poor.
Woven throughout Marx in the Anthropocene is a mindfulness of this
global imbalance. “Like many degrowth people I limit the scope of the
argument to the global north, developed countries like the UK, Japan and
the US. I am obviously pro-growth for those poor countries in the global
south.” What is needed to achieve that is a new idea of “abundance” and
“progress”, Saito says. Everyone on the planet should have access to the
basic things we need to live – electricity, water, education – but “we
need to come up with a vision where mass production, mass consumption
and mass waste can be avoided.”...
- -
Still, you may wonder why such a deep engagement with a 19th-century
thinker matters today. Saito argues that Marx’s way of understanding the
relationship between humans and nature – encapsulated in the theory of
“metabolic rift”, a vigorously debated subject in Marxist circles – can
determine how we respond to the climate and ecological crisis we now
face. The basic premise of this thesis is that human/nature interaction
is the “basis of living”, but capitalism organises “human interactions
with their ecosystems” in such a way that it creates “a great chasm in
these processes and threatens both human and nonhuman beings”, Saito
says. Some criticise this concept, arguing that it divides nature and
society so as to ignore how the former is completely transformed by
capitalism. But Saito doesn’t agree.
His use of the term Anthropocene is meant to recognise that the “entire
planet is now fully transformed by our economic activities”, but he
rejects that this means we don not have to distinguish between nature
and society. If we understand the two as the same, Saito argues, we risk
believing environmental problems can be overcome through more human
intervention. We must be attuned to the differences to grasp what “we
cannot change” – such as temperature increases due to CO2 and the
natural chain reactions that flow from that – and what we can: most
urgently “the fossil fuel industry”, Saito says...
- -
Capitalism doesn’t just flout natural scarcity, caring little for the
planet’s limits, Saito argues – it artificially creates a social
scarcity, where we are always compelled to want more: the latest phone,
car or jacket. But we can reorganise our relationship with nature, Saito
insists, to imagine a new kind of abundance: regulating advertising, SUV
usage and constant mobile phone model changes while “distributing both
wealth and burdens more equally and justly among members of the
society”. Some sectors – those that don’t make a profit and so are
underdeveloped in capitalism – would be improved, which would mean more
money and resources for “education, care work, art, sports and public
transportation”.
Saito maintains this is not a miserabilist alternative future. Pointing
to Kate Soper’s thinking, he says that the constant need to engage in
competitive work and consumption is not a mark of the good life and in
fact limits opportunities for fulfilling experiences outside the market.
Without the need to produce for excessive, unnecessary consumption (that
which is “necessary” for economic growth, not the development of the
individual), jobs could be fundamentally changed. We could spend far
fewer hours working, using our abilities and talents to do what we can
and sharing the unpleasant and boring tasks more fairly...
- -
One question, though, is how possible any of this actually is. Saito is
aware of the challenges, but he points to Gen Z, Just Stop Oil, climate
protests around the world, and Alberto Garzón, the Spanish minister for
consumer affairs, who recently wrote about the limits of growth. This is
a big change compared with the past 30 years, when such movements have
been marginalised. “I am hoping the 2020s and 2030s will become much
more turbulent as the crisis deepens,” he says, and hopes that the
amount of radical protest will grow and changes in our values will
continue to accelerate.
“What I am trying to do,” Saito says at the end of our conversation,
“is, inspired by these movements, offer something for them … I tried to
show why it is necessary to criticise capitalism and why socialism or
communism can be a more solid foundation for their movements too.”
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/feb/28/a-greener-marx-kohei-saito-on-connecting-communism-with-the-climate-crisis?utm_term
- -
/[ Newly published book, reality may help this along ]/
*Marx in the Anthropocene*
Towards the Idea of Degrowth Communism
Kohei Saito, University of Tokyo
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Online publication date: January 2023
Print publication year: 2023
Online ISBN:9781108933544
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108933544
Facing global climate crisis, Karl Marx's ecological critique of
capitalism more clearly demonstrates its importance than ever. This book
explains why Marx's ecology had to be marginalized and even suppressed
by Marxists after his death throughout the twentieth century. Marx's
ecological critique of capitalism, however, revives in the Anthropocene
against dominant productivism and monism. Investigating new materials
published in the complete works of Marx and Engels
(Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe), Saito offers a wholly novel idea of Marx's
alternative to capitalism that should be adequately characterized as
degrowth communism. This provocative interpretation of the late Marx
sheds new lights on the recent debates on the relationship between
society and nature and invites readers to envision a post-capitalist
society without repeating the failure of the actually existing socialism
of the twentieth century.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/marx-in-the-anthropocene/D58765916F0CB624FCCBB61F50879376
https://www.amazon.com/Marx-Anthropocene-Kohei-Saito/dp/1009366181/ref=sr_1_1
/[ China's heavy coal, viewed by motorcycle journalists ]/
*Horrifying - China’s Secret Coal Addiction is Destroying the World*
ADVChina
1,200 views Feb 28, 2023
China keeps telling the world that it's the leader in green
technology... and the world keeps believing it. The reality is that it
just expanded even more usage of coal, and keeps doing it every single day.
Conquering China Box Set - https://vimeo.com/ondemand/conqueringchinaboxset
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfIoS9NB0Wg
/[ time to build houses out of stone and steel ]/
*An incendiary form of lightning may surge under climate change*
Warming temperatures could drive up the rate of flashes, increasing the
risk for more wildfires
By Nikk Ogasa
Feb 28, 2023
A form of lightning with a knack for sparking wildfires may surge under
climate change.
An analysis of satellite data suggests “hot lightning” — strikes that
channel electrical charge for an extended period — may be more likely to
set landscapes ablaze than more ephemeral flashes, researchers report
February 10 in Nature Communications. Each 1 degree Celsius of warming
could spur a 10 percent increase in the most incendiary of these
Promethean bolts, boosting their flash rate to about four times per
second by 2090 — up from nearly three times per second in 2011.
That’s dangerous, warns physicist Francisco Javier Pérez-Invernón of the
Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia in Granada, Spain. “There will be
more risk of lightning-ignited wildfires.”
Among all the forces of nature, lightning sets off the most blazes.
Flashes that touch down amid minimal or no rainfall — known as dry
lightning — are especially effective fire starters. These bolts have
initiated some of the most destructive wildfires in recent years, such
as the 2020 blazes in California (SN: 12/21/20).
But more than parched circumstances can influence a blast’s ability to
spark flames. Field observations and laboratory experiments have
suggested the most enduring form of hot lightning — “long continuing
current lightning”— may be especially combustible. These strikes channel
current for more than 40 milliseconds. Some last longer than one-third
of a second — the typical duration of a human eye blink.
“This type of lightning can transport a huge amount of electrical
discharge from clouds to the ground or to vegetation,” Pérez-Invernón
says. Hot lightning’s flair for fire is analogous to lighting a candle;
the more time a wick or vegetation is exposed to incendiary energy, the
easier it kindles.
Previous research has proposed lightning may surge under climate change
(SN: 11/13/14). But it has remained less clear how hot lightning — and
its ability to spark wildfires — might evolve.
Pérez-Invernón and his colleagues examined the relationship between hot
lightning and U.S. wildfires, using lightning data collected by a
weather satellite and wildfire data from 1992 to 2018.
Long continuing current lightning could have sparked up to 90 percent of
the roughly 5,600 blazes encompassed in the analysis, the team found.
Since less than 10 percent of all lightning strikes during the summer in
the western United States have long continuing current, the relatively
high ignition count led the researchers to infer that flashes of hot
lightning were more prone to sparking fire than typical bolts.
The researchers also probed the repercussions of climate change. They
ran computer simulations of the global activity of lightning during 2009
to 2011 and from 2090 to 2095, under a future scenario in which annual
greenhouse gas emissions peak in 2080 and then decline.
The team found that in the later period, climate change may boost
updraft within thunderstorms, causing hot lightning flashes to increase
in frequency to about 4 strikes per second globally — about a 40 percent
increase from 2011. Meanwhile, the rate of all cloud-to-ground strikes
might increase to nearly 8 flashes per second, a 28 percent increase.
After accounting for changes in precipitation, humidity and temperature,
the researchers predicted wildfire risk will significantly increase in
Southeast Asia, South America, Africa and Australia, and risk will go up
most dramatically in North America and Europe. However, risk may
decrease in many polar regions, where rainfall is projected to increase
while hot lightning rates remain constant.
It’s valuable to show that risk may evolve differently in different
places, says Earth systems scientist Yang Chen of the University of
California, Irvine, who was not involved in the study. But, he notes,
the analysis uses sparse data from polar regions, so there is a lot of
uncertainty. Harnessing additional data from ground-based lightning
detectors and other data sources could help, he says. “That [region is]
important, because a lot of carbon can be released from permafrost.”
Pérez-Invernón agrees more data will help improve projections of rates
of lightning-induced wildfire, not just in the polar regions, but also
in Africa, where blazes are common but fire reports are lacking.
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/hot-lightning-strike-wildfire-spark-risk-climate-change
- -
/[ 41% global increase ] /
*Variation of lightning-ignited wildfire patterns under climate change*
Published: 10 February 2023
Francisco J. Pérez-Invernón, Francisco J. Gordillo-Vázquez, Heidi
Huntrieser & Patrick Jöckel
Nature Communications volume 14, Article number: 739 (2023) Cite this
article
*Abstract*
Lightning is the main precursor of natural wildfires and
Long-Continuing-Current (LCC) lightning flashes are proposed to be
the main igniters of lightning-ignited wildfires (LIW). Previous
studies predict a change of the global occurrence rate and spatial
pattern of total lightning. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of
lightning-ignited wildfire occurrence to climate change is
uncertain. Here, we investigate space-based measurements of LCC
lightning associated with lightning ignitions and present LCC
lightning projections under the Representative Concentration Pathway
RCP6.0 for the 2090s by applying a recent LCC lightning
parameterization based on the updraft strength in thunderstorms. We
find a 41% global increase of the LCC lightning flash rate.
Increases are largest in South America, the western coast of North
America, Central America, Australia, Southern and Eastern Asia, and
Europe, while only regional variations are found in northern polar
forests, where fire risk can affect permafrost soil carbon release.
These results show that lightning schemes including LCC lightning
are needed to project the occurrence of lightning-ignited wildfires
under climate change.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36500-5
[ New Climate ]
*CORPORATE CLIMATE RESPONSIBILITY MONITOR 2023*
Publication date 13 Feb 2023
The Corporate Climate Responsibility Monitor assesses the transparency
and integrity of 24 major companies’ climate pledges and strategies. It
evaluates four main areas of corporate climate action: tracking and
disclosure of emissions, setting emission reduction targets, reducing
own emissions, and taking responsibility for unabated emissions through
climate contributions or offsetting.
*Key Insights*
The 24 companies assessed in this report are major multinational
companies. Their total self-reported GHG emission footprint in 2019,
including upstream and downstream emissions (scope 3) amount to
approximately 2.2 GtCO2e. This is equivalent to roughly 4% of global GHG
emissions in 2019. Ten of the 24 companies were also assessed in the
2022 Corporate Climate Responsibility Monitor. The repeat analysis of
this small sub-set of companies offers insights into what progress has
been made over the past year.
Most companies’ climate strategies are mired by ambiguous commitments,
offsetting plans that lack credibility and emission scope exclusions,
but replicable good practice can be identified from a minority.
The companies analysed in the 2023 Corporate Climate Responsibility
Monitor have put themselves forward as climate leaders. The 24 global
companies that we have assessed comprise of the largest three global
companies from eight major-emitting sectors, including only those that
are members of an initiative affiliated with the Race to Zero campaign.
Through this, they have committed themselves to preparing and
implementing decarbonisation plans that align with the objective to
limit warming to 1.5°C. These companies serve as role models for other
large, medium, and small companies around the world. The analysis of
these companies should provide the best prospects for the identification
of replicable good practice. Scrutiny of their plans is also necessary
to identify whether these companies set the right examples.
Overall, we find the climate strategies of 15 of the 24 companies to be
of low or very low integrity. We found that most of the companies’
strategies do not represent examples of good practice climate
leadership. Companies’ climate change commitments often do not add up to
what their pledges might suggest...
https://newclimate.org/resources/publications/corporate-climate-responsibility-monitor-2023
/[ Storm Surge -- grows bigger and bigger, with greater potential ]/
*What's The Deepest Storm Surge In History? And How Many Are At Risk If
It Hits Again?*
PBS Terra
171,274 views Nov 29, 2022
{ no survey - expired }
Global sea level is rising at about 0.14 inches per year. This gradual
change may seem small until something catastrophic happens. That’s what
happened when category 4 hurricane Ian made landfall at Fort Myers on
September 28, 2022, bringing with it some 15 feet of storm surge.
Believe it or not, we didn’t really understand what caused storm surge
until recently. Meteorologists used to believe that it was essentially a
storm’s wind speed that was mostly behind the influx of saltwater onto
land. But since hurricane Katrina in 2005 we’ve learned that there are
many factors at play, including storm size, direction, and speed as well
as the offshore bathymetry.
As our seas rise and hurricanes get stronger, it is important that we
understand more about storm surge – the most dangerous part of a
hurricane. In this episode of Weathered we tell the story behind the
best video we’ve ever seen of storm surge – or any storm footage for
that matter – captured by storm chaser Max Olson’s probe. And we’ll tell
you why it matters.
Weathered is a show hosted by weather expert Maiya May and produced by
Balance Media that helps explain the most common natural disasters, what
causes them, how they’re changing, and what we can do to prepare.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AULpqdZxGtE
- -
/[ So just count the population at elevation and add the rate of change ]/
*Sea Level Rise Could Trigger ‘Mass Exodus on a Biblical Scale’, UN
Chief Warns*
CRISIS - SEA LEVEL RISE
BY MARTINA IGINI -- GLOBAL COMMONS -- FEB 16TH 20233
Sea Level Rise Could Trigger ‘Mass Exodus on a Biblical Scale’, UN Chief
Warns
Speaking to the United Nations Council on Tuesday, Guterres urged
governments to act as climate change-fuelled sea level rise threatens
the lives of more than 900 million people living in low-lying coastal
areas around the world...
—
Accelerating sea level rise could displace one in every 10 people on the
planet, triggering massive economic, social, and cultural disruptions
worldwide, UN Secretary-General António Guterres told the UN Security
Council on Tuesday.
He described the predicted dislocation of nearly 900 million people
living in low-lying coastal areas as a “mass exodus of entire
populations on a biblical scale” that would drive “ever-fiercer
competition for fresh water, land and other resources.”
Humans started measuring the level of seas more than 200 years ago and
found this to be an important climate indicator of how rapidly global
warming is accelerating. Today, sea levels are rising more than twice as
quickly as they did for most of the 20th century due to increasing Earth
temperatures.
Throughout most of the last century, seas rose at a rate of 1.4mm per
year. However, between 2006 and 2015, the rate nearly doubled, reaching
about 3.6mm annually. According to last year’s State of the Climate
Report by the World Meteorological Organization, in 2020, the sea was at
its highest recorded level, with the global mean reaching 91.3mm above
the average in 1993, the year that marks the beginning of the satellite
altimeter record. Not surprisingly, 2020 was also among the three
warmest years the world has ever had with tropical cyclones occurring
well above average at the same time.
Sea-level rise projections show that, even if the world follows a low
greenhouse gas pathway, the level of seas globally will continue to rise
up to about 0.7m by the end of this century. However, should the world
fail to cut down emissions and reach the 3C or even 4C mark, sea levels
could rise as much as 2.8m above 2000 levels by 2100.
According to the United Nations, the potential costs associated with
damage caused by sea level rise could reach US$111.6 billion by 2050 and
more than $360 billion by the end of the century.
Speaking about the “dramatic” threats of sea level rise to global peace
and security, Guterres called on governments to tackle pressing issues
such as poverty, develop international laws to protect those affected
and displaced by rising seas, and slash emissions since how much sea
levels will rise in the coming years is mainly dictated by the level of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
The UN warned last year that the world is on track to warm well above
1.5C – the critical threshold ascribed in the landmark 2015 Paris
Agreement. The news came as the atmospheric concentration of the three
greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide – all hit
new record levels. Reaching 2C or more of global warming would be “a
death sentence for vulnerable countries,” Guterres said on Tuesday.
The UN chief also urged developed countries to deliver on the loss and
damage fund – the historical deal reached at Egypt’s COP27 last year to
help developing countries that are “particularly vulnerable” deal with
the harm caused by global warming – as well as to double adaptation
finance and unlock private financing “at a reasonable cost.”
https://earth.org/sea-level-rise-guterres/
/[ The competition for our Human race is between the Smarties and the
Stupidos - video opinion]/
*Human Extinction: What Are the Risks?*
Sabine Hossenfelder
Dec 31, 2022 #science
Correction to what I say at 11 mins 50 seconds: A supervolcano eruption
ejects more than 1000 cubic kilometers of matter (not 1000 cubic
meters). Sorry about that!
What do we know about the risks of human going extinct? In today's video
I collect what we know about the frequency of natural disasters and just
how they would kill us, and estimates for man-made disasters.
👉 Transcript and References on Patreon ➜ https://www.patreon.com/Sabine
📖 Check out my new book "Existential Physics" ➜
http://existentialphysics.com/
/ @sabinehossenfelder
00:00 Intro
00:30 What Is an Existential Risk?
02:00 Would Extinction be Bad?
04:18 Man-made Disasters
10:36 What's The Risk of Man-made Disasters?
11:35 Natural Disasters
13:38 What's the Risk of Natural Disasters?
16:55 Why Can't the LHC Produce Black Holes?
19:29 Protect Your Data with NordVPN
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQVgt5eFMh4
/[The news archive - looking back - it may have been delivered then, but
no memo was needed ]/
/*March 1, 2001*/
March 1, 2001:
Energy lobbyist Haley Barbour sends a memo to Vice President Dick Cheney
calling on President George W. Bush to abandon his September 2000
campaign pledge to cut CO2 emissions.
*White House Shifted Policy After Lobbyist's Letter*
By The Associated Press
In a memo to Vice President Dick Cheney two weeks before a major
policy reversal, Haley Barbour, a lobbyist and former chairman of
the Republican National Committee, urged the Bush White House to
adopt a stance on carbon dioxide emissions from coal-burning power
plants favorable to industry.
''A moment of truth is arriving,'' Mr. Barbour wrote to Mr. Cheney
on March 1, 2001, in a two-page document on his lobbying firm's
letterhead.
''The question is whether environmental policy still prevails over
energy policy with Bush-Cheney, as it did with Clinton-Gore,'' Mr.
Barbour wrote.
The Commerce Department released a copy of the memo today in a court
case brought by the conservative group Judicial Watch, which is
suing the Bush administration for records about White House energy
policy. The memo was one of thousands of pages of documents released
by the departments of Commerce, Energy and Transportation.
In a sharp policy switch two weeks after Mr. Barbour's memo,
President Bush backed out of a campaign promise to regulate carbon
dioxide emissions. A White House spokesman, Jimmy Orr, said Mr. Bush
was not unduly influenced by the energy industry.
''The president based his decision on what he believes is right for
all Americans and has pursued the most aggressive initiative in
American history to cut power-plant emissions as well as embarking
on a new strategy for addressing global climate change,'' Mr. Orr
said. ''The president makes his decisions based on merit.''
In the memo, Mr. Barbour said he was ''demurring'' on the idea of
whether regulating carbon dioxide emissions was ''eco-extremism.''
But, he wrote, ''we must ask, do environmental initiatives, which
would greatly exacerbate the energy problems, trump good energy
policy, which the country has lacked for eight years?''
Among Mr. Barbour's 50 clients at the time was an industry lobby,
the Electric Reliability Coordinating Council. The group, which paid
Barbour's firm $500,000 last year, was set up by power generators
including the FirstEnergy Corporation, Duke Energy and the Tennessee
Valley Authority.
FirstEnergy gave more than $500,000 to the Republican Party in the
2000 presidential campaign and $70,000 to the Democratic Party. Duke
Energy gave more than $100,000 to the Republican Party in the
campaign and $15,000 to the Democratic Party.
In his campaign, Mr. Bush proposed curbing mercury, smog-causing
nitrogen oxide, sulfur and carbon dioxide. The new Environmental
Protection Agency administrator, Christie Whitman, embraced the
strategy, but references to it were removed from Mr. Bush's first
address to Congress.
In mid-March of last year, Mr. Bush changed course, saying that the
nation's energy problems, rather than pressure from lobbyists, led
him not to regulate carbon dioxide emissions from coal-burning power
plants.
Mr. Barbour said in his signed memo to Mr. Cheney, ''For the eight
years of the Clinton administration environmental policy prevailed
over energy policy.'' Copies went to Karl Rove, Mr. Bush's top
political strategist; Andrew H. Card Jr., the president's chief of
staff; Commerce Secretary Donald L. Evans; Energy Secretary Spencer
Abraham; and Interior Secretary Gale A. Norton.
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/26/us/white-house-shifted-policy-after-lobbyist-s-letter.html
=======================================
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