[TheClimate.Vote] January 29, 2019 - Daily Global Warming News Digest
Richard Pauli
richard at theclimate.vote
Tue Jan 29 09:00:56 EST 2019
/January 29, 2019/
[Climate Case Ireland]
*Irish Court to Decide If Country Must Strengthen Its Climate Plan*
The court's judgment is expected in the next few months.
https://www.climateliabilitynews.org/2019/01/28/ireland-court-climate-change-mitigation-plan/
[language usage changing in media]
*The New Language of Climate Change*
Scientists and meteorologists on the front lines of the climate wars are
testing a new strategy to get through to the skeptics and outright deniers.
https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/01/27/climate-change-politics-224295
[From South Florida Real Estate News]
*Mortgage lenders face mass foreclosures due to extreme weather in
under-insured areas*
Mortgage lenders would have faced a tsunami of foreclosures after
Hurricane Harvey if investors hadn't paid cash for thousands of
Houston-area homes flooded by the storm...
- -
After large-scale natural disasters, mortgage servicers usually suspend
foreclosure actions temporarily and adopt loan-forbearance programs,
which extend the terms of mortgage loans while allowing borrowers to
avoid making a few monthly payments.
Forbearance and foreclosure suspensions are post-disaster guidelines for
mortgage servicers from Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Federal Housing
Administration (FHA), which insure or own most home loans.
But the mortgage industry has failed to quantify the potential losses if
a large number of borrowers abandon homes due to damage or destruction
caused by a major natural disaster.
- -
Though mortgage lenders rely on FEMA flood maps to assess the flood risk
of properties, FEMA administrators admit the maps fail to account for
extreme weather.
https://therealdeal.com/miami/2019/01/19/mortgage-lenders-face-mass-foreclosures-due-to-extreme-weather-in-under-insured-areas/
[from Physics World]
*Climate change brings extreme weather*
14 Jan 2019
In the past, scientists were reluctant to attribute particular extreme
weather events to climate change. But for the second consecutive year,
they have done so with confidence.
Thanks to improved modeling, increased computer power, and better skill
in interpreting data, attribution science - a young branch of climate
science - has been blossoming, says Jeff Rosenfeld, editor-in-chief of
the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS).
It's a calculation of how the risks have changed in the new climate
Jeff Rosenfeld
Rosenfeld spoke at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting in
Washington, DC, in December 2018, on the release of Explaining Extreme
Events of 2017 From A Climate Perspective, the seventh in an annual
series published by BAMS.
Based on the research of 120 scientists in 10 countries, the report
comprises 18 peer-reviewed chapters; each deals with a particular
weather phenomenon during 2017.
- - -
- - Other extreme events in the BAMS report were intensified in strength
or duration - or both - by climate change. They include instances of
heat, drought, flooding and ocean-driven phenomena. For example:
The record-breaking low precipitation over parts of western Europe
during December 2016 can only be understood in the context of human
influence on climate, the authors say, in particular the unprecedented
reduction of Arctic sea ice, "likely driven by anthropogenic climate
change".
In 2017 South Korea experienced the hottest May temperature since the
beginning of observations from 45 stations in 1973. 2017 was the fourth
consecutive year of record-breaking May temperatures, statistically a
one-in one-thousand-years event without anthropogenic forcing, but a
one-in-one-hundred-years event when human influences on the climate are
factored into the models.
In the Northern Plains of the US, devastating drought conditions
developed rapidly during spring and summer of 2017. By August, drought
was widespread in eastern Montana and North and South Dakota, leading to
wildfires and compromised water resources. Model simulations suggest
that, although record low precipitation was the principle cause of this
drought, climate change makes droughts with a similar intensity 1.5
times more likely.
https://physicsworld.com/a/climate-change-brings-extreme-weather/
[Step forward by VW]
*Volkswagen will produce its own car batteries and mobile EV chargers*
It's pouring $870 million into the initiative.
https://www.engadget.com/2019/01/25/volkswagen-produce-car-batteries/
[video permafrost heatup]
*Unexpected Boost of Methane, Permafrost is Warming at a Global Scale*
Climate State
Published on Jan 27, 2019
Rapid changes in the long-frozen soil are raising concerns about a surge
of planet-warming greenhouse gases as the permafrost thaws.
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/permafrost-thaw-climate-change-temperature-data-arctic-antarctica-mountains-study
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBSjLD01rXo
[Inside Climate News]
*Permafrost Is Warming Around the Globe, Study Shows. That's a Problem
for Climate Change.*
Rapid changes in the long-frozen soil are raising concerns about a surge
of planet-warming greenhouse gases as the permafrost thaws.
- - -
The study looked at 154 test sites, with 123 that included enough data
to track the warming trend over the entire decade. The depth of the
boreholes at the test sites help rule out the influence of seasonal
temperature changes, so the observations show the steady warming caused
by the buildup of greenhouse gases. The temperature increased at 71
sites, decreased at 12 sites and remained unchanged at 40 sites.
"It's nice to get a quasi-global picture of permafrost change and how
trends differ between regions and/or permafrost types," said Mathias
Göckede, a climate researcher at the Max Planck Institute for
Biogeochemistry who was not involved in the study. "As I see it, their
findings basically confirm what has been estimated before, but provides
more details and a more solid foundation."
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/permafrost-thaw-climate-change-temperature-data-arctic-antarctica-mountains-study
- - -
[more info links]
Rapid changes in the long-frozen soil are raising concerns about a surge
of planet-warming greenhouse gases as the permafrost thaws.
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/permafrost-thaw-climate-change-temperature-data-arctic-antarctica-mountains-study
SOURCES
Permafrost is warming at a global scale
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-08240-4#Fig4
How Nitrogen Contributes to Permafrost Carbon Dynamics
https://eos.org/research-spotlights/how-nitrogen-contributes-to-permafrost-carbon-dynamics
Adding Depth to Our Understanding of Nitrogen Dynamics in Permafrost
Soils https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018JG004518
Unexpected future boost of methane possible from Arctic permafrost
https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2785/unexpected-future-boost-of-methane-possible-from-arctic-permafrost/
Thawing Alaska Permafrost Sends Autumn CO2 Emissions Surging
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/08052017/arctic-permafrost-thawing-alaska-temperatures-co2-emissions
PAGE21 educational images
https://www.page21.eu/press-center/2-uncategorised/55-promotional-material
Siberia: The Melting Permafrost - ARTE Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vP7DiQSPbc
Some Arctic ground no longer freezing--even in winter
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2018/08/news-arctic-permafrost-may-thaw-faster-than-expected/
'The permafrost is dying': Bethel sees increased shifting of roads and
buildings
https://www.arctictoday.com/the-permafrost-is-dying-bethel-sees-increased-shifting-of-roads-and-buildings/
Melting Permafrost Could Damage Infrastructure For 3.6 Million People
https://scienceblog.com/504834/melting-permafrost-could-damage-infrastructure-for-3-6-million-people/
France 24: Could thawing permafrost unleash long-gone …
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8pSo3_0gkk
Impact of Climate Change on Permafrost with Special Reference to Ladakh-
Dr Joseph Thsetan Gergan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90RQc2z4MfU
The Zero Hour with RJ Eskow: Dr. Katey Walter Anthony: What's Happening
to the Permafrost? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fetZbsIH_yk
NASA's 2018 Permafrost Special "All Hell Breaks Lose"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=loAB0U0S0UM
Additional sources, NASA, Pixabay, USGS, EpicStockMedia.com
Further reading, Pleistocene Park
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene_Park
Climate State Patreon http://patreon.com/ClimateState
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012019/permafrost-thaw-climate-change-temperature-data-arctic-antarctica-mountains-study
[Futureism]
*EXTREME WEATHER IS PREVENTING PLANTS FROM PROCESSING CARBON**
*Plants need carbon dioxide (CO2) to survive, and that's a very good
thing for humans -- our activity produces almost 40 billion tons of the
gas every year, but only about half of that actually reaches the
atmosphere. The rest is processed by plants, stored in soil, or absorbed
by the oceans.
That could change in the future, though. A new study out of Columbia
University suggests that this current rate of CO2 absorption might not last.
"Should the land reach a maximum carbon uptake rate, global warming
could accelerate, with important consequences for people and the
environment," said researcher Pierre Gentine.
*Extreme Problem*
In the new paper, which was published on Wednesday in the journal
Nature, the Columbia University researchers detail their efforts to
determine how changes to the Earth's hydrological cycle, such as
droughts or floods, impact the continents' ability to trap CO2 emissions.
Using data from several planetary models, they sought to pinpoint
reductions in net biome productivity (NBP) -- the amount of carbon a
region gains or loses over a specific period of time -- due to changes
in soil moisture. What they found was startling.
"We saw that the value of NBP, in this instance a net gain of carbon on
the land surface, would actually be almost twice as high if it weren't
for these changes (variability and trend) in soil moisture," researcher
Julia Green said in a press release.
In other words, the land was only absorbing about half as much CO2 as it
could have been.
*In Deep Water*
The research could reveal the beginning of a very dangerous cycle.
Climate changes is causing more extreme weather events, such as droughts
and floods. These events affect the soil in a way that impacts the
land's ability to absorb CO2. If the land absorbs less CO2, climate
change will get worse, causing more extreme weather events.
"This is a big deal!" Green said. "If soil moisture continues to reduce
NBP at the current rate, and the rate of carbon uptake by the land
starts to decrease by the middle of this century -- as we found in the
models -- we could potentially see a large increase in the concentration
of atmospheric CO2 and a corresponding rise in the effects of global
warming and climate change."..
https://futurism.com/the-byte/co2-plants-processing-carbon
- - - -
[here's the study]*
**Large influence of soil moisture on long-term terrestrial carbon uptake*
Abstract
Although the terrestrial biosphere absorbs about 25 per cent of
anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the rate of land
carbon uptake remains highly uncertain, leading to uncertainties in
climate projections. Understanding the factors that limit or drive
land carbon storage is therefore important for improving climate
predictions. One potential limiting factor for land carbon uptake is
soil moisture, which can reduce gross primary production through
ecosystem water stress, cause vegetation mortality and further
exacerbate climate extremes due to land-atmosphere feedbacks.
Previous work has explored the impact of soil-moisture availability
on past carbon-flux variability. However, the influence of
soil-moisture variability and trends on the long-term carbon sink
and the mechanisms responsible for associated carbon losses remain
uncertain. Here we use the data output from four Earth system models
from a series of experiments to analyse the responses of terrestrial
net biome productivity to soil-moisture changes, and find that
soil-moisture variability and trends induce large CO2 fluxes (about
two to three gigatons of carbon per year; comparable with the land
carbon sink itself throughout the twenty-first century. Subseasonal
and interannual soil-moisture variability generate CO2 as a result
of the nonlinear response of photosynthesis and net ecosystem
exchange to soil-water availability and of the increased temperature
and vapour pressure deficit caused by land-atmosphere interactions.
Soil-moisture variability reduces the present land carbon sink, and
its increase and drying trends in several regions are expected to
reduce it further. Our results emphasize that the capacity of
continents to act as a future carbon sink critically depends on the
nonlinear response of carbon fluxes to soil moisture and on
land-atmosphere interactions. This suggests that the increasing
trend in carbon uptake rate may not be sustained past the middle of
the century and could result in accelerated atmospheric CO2 growth.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0848-x
[Columbia engineering study]
*Climate Change Tipping Point Could Be Coming Sooner than We Think*
New study shows that vegetation may not be able to continue abating the
effects of emissions from human activities
New York, NY--January 23, 2019--Global carbon emissions reached a record
high in 2018, rising by an estimated 3.4 percent in the U.S. alone. This
trend is making scientists, government officials, and industry leaders
more anxious than ever about the future of our planet. As United Nations
Secretary General Antonio Guterres said at the opening of the 24th
annual U.N. climate conference on December 3, "We are in deep trouble
with climate change."
A Columbia Engineering study, published today in Nature, confirms the
urgency to tackle climate change. While it's known that extreme weather
events can affect the year-to-year variability in carbon uptake, and
some researchers have suggested that there may be longer-term effects,
this new study is the first to actually quantify the effects through the
21st century and demonstrates that wetter-than-normal years do not
compensate for losses in carbon uptake during dryer-than-normal years,
caused by events such as droughts or heatwaves.
Anthropogenic emissions of CO2--emissions caused by human
activities--are increasing the concentration of CO2 in the Earth's
atmosphere and producing unnatural changes to the planet's climate
system. The effects of these emissions on global warming are only being
partially abated by the land and ocean. Currently, the ocean and
terrestrial biosphere (forests, savannas, etc.) are absorbing about 50%
of these releases--explaining the bleaching of coral reefs and
acidification of the ocean, as well as the increase of carbon storage in
our forests.
"It is unclear, however, whether the land can continue to uptake
anthropogenic emissions at the current rates," says Pierre Gentine,
associate professor of earth and environmental engineering and
affiliated with the Earth Institute, who led the study. "Should the land
reach a maximum carbon uptake rate, global warming could accelerate,
with important consequences for people and the environment. This means
that we all really need to act now to avoid greater consequences of
climate change."
Working with his PhD student Julia Green, Gentine wanted to understand
how variability in the hydrological cycle (droughts and floods, and
long-term drying trends) was affecting the capacity of the continents to
trap some of the emissions of CO2. The research is particularly timely
as climate scientists have predicted that extreme events will likely
increase in frequency and intensity in the future, some of which we are
already witnessing today, and that there will also be a change in
rainfall patterns that will likely affect the ability of the Earth's
vegetation to uptake carbon....
- -
"Essentially, if there were no droughts and heat waves, if there were
not going to be any long-term drying over the next century, then the
continents would be able to store almost twice as much carbon as they do
now," says Gentine. "Because soil moisture plays such a large role in
the carbon cycle, in the ability of the land to uptake carbon, it's
essential that processes related to its representation in models become
a top research priority."
There is still a great deal of uncertainty on how plants respond to
water stress, and so Green and Gentine will continue their work on
improving representations of vegetation response to soil moisture
changes. They are now focusing on the tropics, a region with lots of
unknowns, and the largest terrestrial carbon sink, to determine how
vegetation activity is being controlled by both changes in soil moisture
as well as atmospheric dryness. These findings will provide guidance on
improving the representation of plant water stress in the tropics.
"This study is highly valuable as it shines a bright spotlight on just
how important water is for the uptake of carbon by the biosphere," says
Chris Schwalm, an associate scientist at Woods Hole Research Center and
an expert in global environmental change, carbon cycle sensitivity and
modeling frameworks who was not involved in the study. "It also exposes
underdeveloped aspects of Earth system modeling such as processes
related to vegetation water-stress and soil moisture, which can be
targeted during model development for better predictive capacity in the
context of global environmental change."
https://engineering.columbia.edu/press-releases/climate-change-tipping-point
[optimists drinking beer ]
*How long do we have to "save the climate"? - Hotpocalypse - Excerpt*
Hotpocalypse
Published on Jan 27, 2019 video 1:20
How much time do we have to prevent the worst of climate change? Climate
scientist Josh Willis explains. Full episode: https://youtu.be/YI50024GwWk
[video Al Gore briefs DAVOS on the fundamental problem]
*Al Gore's FULL climate change discussion at WEF*
Global News - 44 minutes
Published on Jan 22, 2019
Climate change, pollution and habitat loss are threatening livelihoods,
human well-being and our natural environment. How can leaders take
action to safeguard people and planet?
That was the question former U.S. vice president Al Gore asked New
Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, broadcaster David Attenborough,
Anand Mahindra, Chairman of India's Mahindra Group, and Zero Waste
Academy's Akira Sakano during a discussion on environmentalism he hosted
at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland on Jan. 22.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yb4z4hRZO2I
[Impressive data display of local changes in water mapped in Skagit
county, Washington State]
*Explore Potential Flood Impacts in the Lower Skagit Watershed**
**through Modeling Scenarios*
This tool compares the current floodplain in the Skagit Watershed
(specifically, the regulatory 100-year floodplain as defined by FEMA)
with a projected future floodplain based on climate change and sea level
rise research. The projected future floodplain is based on research
developed by a team of SC2 members and focused on 140 square miles of
the Lower Skagit River's floodplain. The researchers used a hydraulic
model of the river channel and floodplain including information on
runoff from the upper watershed, potential levee scenarios, and tidal
water levels to establish projected flood levels for the 2040s and the
2080s. For more information on the modeling, click on the download link
at the top-right hand corner of this panel.
http://www.skagitclimatescience.org/flood-scenario-map/
[Tamino gives explanations about forcing]
*Climate Forcing*
Posted on January 28, 2019
Readers have recently discussed the correlation through time between
global temperature on the one hand, and CO2 concentration on the other.
Close examination shows that the correlation is stronger during some
time intervals, weaker during others, and although it's strong overall,
there seems to be a lot happening to temperature other than mimicry of
the CO2 changes.
One suggestion was to study the relationship, not with CO2
concentration, but with its logarithm. This is because climate forcing
-- a measure of the ultimate climate-changing impact -- is proportional
to the logarithm of the CO2 concentration, not to the concentration
itself. The idea is to look for correlation between temperature and
climate forcing -- and it makes sense.
The fascinating thing is: there are many different climate forcings. A
lot more than just CO2.
For one thing, there are other greenhouse gases beside CO2. Methane
(CH4) has a surprisingly large effect, and bringing up the rear is a
host of others, including N2O, chloroflourocarbons, hydroflourocarbons,
and others. And, these gases can interact with each other; the climate
forcing of methane, e.g., depends on the concentration of N2O, and vice
versa. NASA has estimated the total greenhouse gas forcing, from all
gases combined, and came up with this:
- - - https://tamino.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/wmghg.jpg?w=768&h=511
An important thing to note is that although water vapor (H2O) is a
potent greenhouse gas, and the most abundant in our atmosphere, it's not
a climate forcing. That's because it is controlled by temperature; if we
tried to increase or decrease global water vapor artificially, it would
quickly rain back out of or evaporate back in to the atmosphere. Water
vapor doesn't hang around long enough be a climate forcing, it adjusts
to temperature (and other things) too quickly. It is, however, a climate
feedback (we'll leave that discussion for another day).
Greenhouse gases just get us started. Ozone is it's own thing, working
differently high in the stratosphere than lower in the troposphere. When
the sun gets hotter, so does Earth, when the sun cools off we do too, so
changes in solar output make another climate forcing. Land use is
crucial; when we replace forest with cropland (or cities) it affects the
climate. Albedo is the reflectivity of Earth's surface, and when it
decreases because ice and snow are replaced by open land or water, more
solar energy is absorbed and we heat up -- albedo is another forcing.
There are even small forcings due to changes in Earth's orbit. Then
there are the aerosols, which, low in the troposphere, have both a
direct and an indirect effect, and which, high in the stratosphere (from
volcanic eruptions) make one of the strongest cooling effects. NASA has
estimated all these forcings (data through the year 2012):
https://tamino.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/allforces.jpg?w=768&h=511
The two strongest forcings are the thick black line on top, for
well-mixed greenhouse gases, and the thin black line on the bottom,
stratospheric aerosols from volcanic eruptions. NASA also provides
estimates of the total climate forcing, from 1850 through 2012:
- - - https://tamino.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/totforce.jpg?w=768&h=511
Rather than look for the correlation between global temperature and just
CO2 concentration, let's see how it relates to total climate forcing.
Climate forcing means more energy coming in to the system, which heats
things up, and it takes time for the heat to accumulate, so it's just
the laws of physics that the climate doesn't respond to a forcing
instantaneously. The simplest physical model is the energy balance
model. It's quite simple really, and can't (in my opinion) compete with
the fancy supercomputer models that run the details, but it does reflect
some of the basic physics that's happening.
It tells us to seek correlation between temperature and exponentially
smoothed climate forcing. An exponential smooth has a "time scale" --
short for a "fast" smooth", long for a "slow" smooth. If the climate
system has low thermal inertia then it will respond quickly -- maybe
with a time scale as short as one year. Let's correlate global
temperature with a 1-year exponentially smoothed climate forcing, by
making a model of temperature (we'll call it the "fast-response model").
I'll use the temperature data from Berkely Earth, and the model looks
like this:
- - - https://tamino.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/mod_fast.jpg?w=768&h=511
The first thing we notice is that the large downward spikes (from
volcanic eruptions) in the model actually correspond to downward spikes
in the temperature data -- but the model spikes are much too large. It's
like the effect of climate forcing is being magnified too much by this
model.
But the overall pattern is actually quite close, so the scaling factor
for forcing looks about right in the long term, but far off in the
short-term stuff.
The land surface, and the atmosphere, might respond to climate forcing
that quickly, but the oceans take longer with so much thermal inertia.
Just the upper ocean, let alone the deep abyss, is sluggish compared to
land and air. Let's try a model using a more long-term smooth, say a
22-year exponential smooth (I'll call it the "slow-response model"):
- - - https://tamino.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/mod_slow.jpg?w=768&h=511
It follows the long-term pattern excellently, and the unrealistic huge
downward spikes are now gone. We still see drops when volcanic eruptions
happened, but nothing like a spike, and not as deep a dive as is seen in
real data. Even so, this model is at least realistic, and avoids
nonsense features.
Those energy balance models only use one "compartment" to the system.
You can treat it like a land-atmosphere system and get fast response, or
like an upper-ocean system with slow response, but the former
exaggerates the fast response (to match the slow) while the latter
subdues it too much. A more realistic model, both mathematically and
physically, is to use two (or more) "compartments" for a model -- a
two-box energy balance model.
Then the math tells us to model something like surface temperature as a
combination of two different exponential smooths with two different time
scales. I found that the best combination of time scales was 1 and 22
years, leading to this two-box model:
- - https://tamino.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/mod_fastslow.jpg?w=768&h=511
Now we have a rather good model, based on extremely simple physics (it
certainly omits a lot of detail!). It matches the global data well,
matches the response to volcanic eruptions well, and even has a
plausible physical interpretation. The land+atmosphere system responds
quickly (time scale 1 year), the upper ocean more slowly (time scale 22
years), and observed surface temperature is a manifestation of both
(like the physics says).
Efforts to correlation global temperature with CO2 alone, are often
interesting, sometimes persuasive, sometimes informative. I encourage
getting to know how these things are related to each other. But let's
not lose sight of the fact that with so many other forcings, and with
nature's never-ceasing fluctuation even in the most constant of times,
this is one of those cases where deeper understanding deserves closer
examination.
https://tamino.wordpress.com/2019/01/28/climate-forcing/
[It seems the same version, but this has PG-13 warning: not for children
or innocents]
*Jem Bendell - Deep Adaptation (MUCH IMPROVED VERSION)*
UPFSI
Published on Jan 27, 2019
Much improved, this version is worth watching and sharing again! This
needs to be watched more than once to get past our defenses and to be
fully appreciated.
As Dr. Bendell notes, there will be a tendency to want to reject his
conclusions in Deep Adaptation since to accept them is so life changing
in its repercussions. [Rated PG-13] For those who want a visual
summary of the science behind Deep Adaptation, first watch
https://youtu.be/pMbeYJgH_6g.
We at ScientistsWarning.TV feel responsible to provide some orientation
and emotional support to viewers. The subject is quite serious, with
the 'collapse of civilization' in the relatively near term seemingly
unavoidable at this point. We urge viewers to follow Jem's advice in
the video, namely to use it initially as a 'thought experiment,' that
is, something to consider it as a matter of 'what if'.
IMPORTANT: This is NOT an excuse for doing nothing to alter our
catastrophic trajectory. It is not a reason to abandon our values and
indulge in hedonism, apathy or denial. The complexities of the future
cannot be summarized meaningfully in words and images. Even if the
'collapse of civilization' is unavoidable, HOW that plays out is still
very much something we can influence with our collective commitment,
wisdom and actions.
PLEASE SHARE THIS VIDEO WIDELY with mature audiences that includes the
kids who are ready to handle it but not the really young ones. So we
are voluntarily classing it as a PG-13 rated video.
https://youtu.be/DAZJtFZZYmM
[global warming music - thanks to Dan Bloom]
*Decades After Paris*
Paris Takes the Stage - posted 2016
https://m.soundcloud.com/decadesafterparis/paris-takes-the-stage?in=decadesafterparis/sets/the-story-of-decades-after
*This Day in Climate History - January 29, 2006 - from D.R. Tucker*
January 29, 2006: The New York Times reports on the extensive effort by
the George W. Bush administration to muzzle NASA scientist James Hansen.
(The controversy would also be covered by Air America's "EcoTalk with
Betsy Rosenberg" and the CBS program "60 Minutes.")
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/29/science/earth/29climate.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&
http://blogsofbainbridge.typepad.com/ecotalkblog/2006/02/ecotalk_82.html
http://youtu.be/x0i4Sx1edJE
http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/nasa-scientist-muzzled/
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