[✔️] March 25, 2023- Global Warming News Digest | Top 8 Charts tells all, Senior activism, Montana youth sue for a future, Dave Roberts, AP Stylebook, Climate politics, Thawing permafrost

Sat Mar 25 06:50:11 EDT 2023

/*March 25, 2023*/

/[  CNBC nails it -- top informative charts.. but the last one is most 
important  - #8 is most important ]/
*These eight charts show why climate change matters right now*
MAR 23 2023
KEY POINTS

    - -These 8 charts, included in the latest Intergovernmental Panel on
    Climate Change’s most recent report, provide visual clarity of the
    story of climate change.

    - - Current policy implemented to reduce greenhouse gases are
    insufficient to meet the goals established in the landmark Paris
    Climate Agreement.

    - - Currently, the globe has warmed by 1.1 degrees Celsius above
    pre-industrial levels, the IPCC report says.

*1. Current action to reduce greenhouse gasses is insufficient to meet 
Paris Climate Agreement goals*
https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/107214131-1679587163651-Screen_Shot_2023-03-23_at_115807_AM.png?v=1679587499&w=1910&ffmt=webp
*2. Climate change is already having impacts on human life and well-being*
https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/107213951-1679577935370-Screen_Shot_2023-03-22_at_15737_PM.png?v=1679578299&w=1910&ffmt=webp
*3. How climate change is addressed now will determine how future 
generations are affected*
https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/107213959-1679578423936-Screen_Shot_2023-03-22_at_15830_PM.png?v=1679579391&w=1910&ffmt=webp
*4. Climate change is not binary: Every little bit of global warming 
makes things more dangerous*
https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/107214006-1679580107293-Screen_Shot_2023-03-23_at_100052_AM.png?v=1679580259&w=1910&ffmt=webp
*5. Climate change does not impact everyone the same: People and animals 
in some locations are at much greater risk than others*
https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/107214088-1679583914437-Screen_Shot_2023-03-23_at_110236_AM.png?v=1679584203&w=1910&ffmt=webp
*6. The largest industries in the world, including energy and food 
production, need to change*
https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/107214154-1679588385864-Screen_Shot_2023-03-23_at_121311_PM.png?v=1679588574&w=1910&ffmt=webp
*7. This decade is decisive: More and more proactive climate change 
mitigation and adaptation will limit damage*
https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/107214093-1679584388703-Screen_Shot_2023-03-23_at_111142_AM.png?v=1679587134&w=1910&ffmt=webp
*8. There is a limited window to build a sustainable future*
https://image.cnbcfm.com/api/v1/image/107214148-1679588081217-Screen_Shot_2023-03-23_at_120931_PM.png?v=1679588282&w=1910&ffmt=webp

_The impacts of climate change are cumulative, and so it becomes 
exponentially harder to create sustainable solutions as time goes on._

“There is a rapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a livable 
and sustainable future for all,” the IPCC summary report for 
policymakers says. “Continued emissions will further affect all major 
climate system components, and many changes will be irreversible on 
centennial to millennial time scales and become larger with increasing 
global warming.”

https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/23/these-eight-charts-show-why-climate-change-matters-right-now.html

/[ calm activism report from NYT ]/
*A ‘Rocking Chair Rebellion’: Seniors Call On Banks to Dump Big Oil*
Older climate activists gathered in cities around the country for a day 
of action targeting banks that finance fossil fuel projects.
By Cara Buckley
March 21, 2023
They were parents, grandparents, great-aunts and great-uncles, ranging 
in age from their 50s to their 80s and beyond, and together they braved 
frigid temperatures to protest all through the night, and to rock.

Bundled in long johns, puffer coats, layered knit hats and sleeping 
bags, and fortified by cookies sent by courier from a sympathetic 
supporter, dozens of graying protesters sat in rocking chairs outside of 
four banks in downtown Washington for 24 hours, in a nationwide protest 
billed as the largest climate action ever undertaken by older folks.

Calling themselves the Rocking Chair Rebellion, they were part of more 
than 100 climate actions staged across the country Tuesday by Third Act, 
a protest group for people aged 60 and older, co-founded by Bill 
McKibben, the author and climate campaigner.

Their targets were Chase, the subsidiary of JP Morgan Chase, Wells 
Fargo, Citibank and Bank of America, the biggest investors in fossil 
fuel projects, according to a 2022 report by the Rainforest Action 
Network and other environmental groups. Collectively, the four banks 
have poured more than $1 trillion between 2016 and 2021 into oil and gas...
“This is the world we helped create,” said Katie Ries, 66, who is 
retired from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, as she 
sat in a rocking chair outside the Chase branch in downtown Washington 
shortly after an unseasonably cold dawn on Tuesday. “When you put this 
temporary discomfort in perspective, against what we are out here for, 
what we are facing, it just pales, it disappears.”

Formed in 2021, Third Act has some 50,000 members on its mailing list, 
according to Mr. McKibben, including a few centenarians. While the group 
has staged protests before, sometimes bearing signs that read “fossils 
against fossil fuels,” they said that Tuesday’s actions were the biggest 
yet, with participants driven in part by the conviction that it was 
unfair to lay responsibility for fixing the climate crisis at the feet 
of younger generations who will bear its brunt.

“For all their energy and intelligence and idealism, young people lack 
the structural power to make change on the scale we need in the time 
that we have,” said Mr. McKibben, who is 62, chatting early Tuesday 
before an anti-big bank climate rally in Washington’s Franklin Park. “We 
all vote, we ended up with most of the resources in our society. If 
we’re going to make Washington and Wall Street change, it’ll take a few 
people with hairlines like mine.”...
For the rockers, the goal was to urge people to pull their money out of 
the oil-funding banks, and to goose the consciences of bank executives.
- -
  “I think anybody is complicit that is not trying to do anything,”
- -
“For the banks, this is a very worrisome signal,” he said. “They can 
write off young people, they don’t see them as having a whole lot of 
money right now. They know these folks do.”

For his part, Mr. McKibben conceded that closing personal accounts in 
oil-funding banks was not likely to impose enough financial harm to 
force change, but said that merely underscored the urgent need to do more.

“We can put serious pressure on their reputations, their images, their 
brands, and their sense of themselves,” he said. “Right now, the most 
powerful people in the world are deeply complicit in the gravest crisis 
that the world has ever experienced. So part of today is an attempt to 
rouse these guys to some kind of sense of their place in history.”

https://portside.org/2023-03-23/rocking-chair-rebellion-seniors-call-banks-dump-big-oil

/[ Youth are the recipients of our justice system ]/
*In Montana, It’s Youth vs. the State in a Landmark Climate Case*
Sixteen young Montanans have sued their state, arguing that its support 
of fossil fuels violates the state Constitution.
By David Gelles
March 24, 2023
- -
In their complaint, filed in 2020, the young activists seized on 
language in the Montana state Constitution that guarantees residents 
“the right to a clean and healthful environment,” and stipulates that 
the state and individuals are responsible for maintaining and improving 
the environment “for present and future generations.”...
- -
It is a concise but untested legal challenge to a state government that 
has taken a sharp turn to the right in recent years, and is aggressively 
defending itself. The trial, which legal experts say is the first 
involving a constitutional climate case, begins on June 12 in the state 
capital of Helena.

“There have been almost no trials on climate change,” said Michael 
Gerrard, director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia 
Law School. “This is the first that will get into the merits of climate 
change and what needs to be done, and how the state may have to change 
its policies.”

The origins of the case stretch back nearly a decade. In 2011, a 
nonprofit called Our Children’s Trust petitioned the Montana Supreme 
Court to rule that the state has a duty to address climate change. The 
court declined to weigh in, effectively telling the group to start in 
the lower courts...
- -
The plaintiffs joined a growing global movement of young people raising 
the alarm about climate change, most famously embodied by Greta 
Thunberg, the 20-year-old Swede.

But their activism has come at a social cost. “We can’t really openly 
talk about this case without being flamed by our friends at school,” 
said Badge, 15.

Nevertheless, many of the plaintiffs, including the Busse boys and Ms. 
Sandoval, expect to testify at trial.

In its response to the lawsuit, the state disputed the overwhelming 
scientific consensus that the burning of fossil fuels was driving 
climate change and denied that Montana was experiencing increasingly 
severe weather linked to rising temperatures.
- -
No matter who prevails, the case is likely to be appealed to the state 
Supreme Court. And even if the young Montanans win on appeal, they are 
not expecting immediate changes.

Rather, the plaintiffs are seeking “declaratory relief.” That is, they 
want the judge to acknowledge that fossil fuels are causing pollution 
and warming the planet and declare the state’s support for the industry 
unconstitutional.
- -
“It could establish a lot of facts and principles that are broadly 
applicable,” said Mr. Gerrard of Columbia University.

There is also a chance if the state’s energy policy is deemed 
unconstitutional, Montana regulators could be forced to take climate 
change into account when approving industrial projects.

“Coming to trial in June, we will have an opportunity for the plaintiffs 
and our experts to testify in open court, to tell a story about what 
government’s been doing and how it’s impacting Montana’s environment,” 
said Nate Bellinger, the lead attorney for Our Children’s Trust on the 
case. “In a courtroom, the truth still matters.”

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/24/climate/montana-youth-climate-lawsuit.html

/[  Dave Roberts talks about thermal storage ]/
*Why electrifying industrial heat is such a big deal*
A conversation with John O'Donnell, COE of Rondo Energy.
MAR 24. 2023
Electricity gets the bulk of the attention in clean-energy discourse 
(this newsletter is, after all, called Volts) but half of global final 
energy consumption comes in the form not of electricity, but of heat. 
When it comes to reaching net zero emissions, heat is half the problem.

Roughly half of heat is used for space and water heating, which I have 
covered on other pods. The other half — a quarter of all energy humans 
use — is found in high-temperature industrial processes, everything from 
manufacturing dog food to making steel or cement.

The vast bulk of industrial heat today is provided by fossil fuels, 
usually natural gas or specialized forms of coal. Conventional wisdom 
has had it that these sectors are “difficult to decarbonize” because 
alternatives are either more expensive or nowhere to be found. Indeed, 
when I covered an exhaustive report on industrial heat back in 2019, the 
conclusion was that the cheapest decarbonization option was probably 
CCS, capturing carbon post-combustion and burying it.

A lot has changed in the last few years. Most notably, renewable energy 
has gotten extremely cheap, which makes it an attractive source of heat. 
However, it is variable, while industrial processes cannot afford to 
start and stop. Enter the thermal battery, a way to store clean 
electricity as heat until it is needed.

A new class of battery — “rocks in a box” — stores renewable energy as 
heat in a variety of different materials from sand to graphite, 
delivering a steady supply to various end uses. One of the more 
promising companies in this area is Rondo, which makes a battery that 
stores heat in bricks.

I talked with Rondo CEO John O'Donnell about the importance of heat in 
the clean-energy discussion, the technological changes that have made 
thermal storage viable, and the enormous future opportunities for clean 
heat and a renewables-based grid to grow together.

https://www.volts.wtf/p/why-electrifying-industrial-heat?utm_source=podcast-email%2Csubstack&publication_id=193024&post_id=88697618&utm_medium=email#details

/[ Poynter is a journalism expert ]/
*AP Stylebook expands climate change guidance, adds plus symbol to LGBTQ+*
Reporters should be skeptical of companies that say they are ‘green’ but 
cannot provide details to support their claim.
By: Angela Fu
March 23, 2023
The Associated Press Stylebook has added more than 20 entries related to 
climate change and revised its entry on LGBTQ+ to add the + symbol, 
editor Paula Froke announced Thursday.

At a time when many newsrooms — including the AP — are investing in 
climate coverage, the Stylebook is expanding its guidance on the issue. 
The new entries, which Froke revealed at the annual ACES: The Society 
for Editing conference, include the terms carbon dioxide, 
desertification, fossil fuels and greenwashing.

The section advises reporters to be specific in their reporting. They 
should describe which gas is being emitted when discussing polluting 
activities, for example, and avoid using the term weather event when 
referencing a certain flood, hurricane, landslide, etc. Journalists 
should also specify which goals they are referring to when they write 
about how a policy will affect climate goals.

An entry on carbon footprint notes that companies claiming that they 
have reduced emissions should be able to provide year-to-year 
comparisons. Reporters should be skeptical of unsubstantiated claims.

“Organizers of a sporting event may say the event is ‘environmentally 
friendly’ or ‘green,’” the entry reads. “But if they can’t give details 
about the event’s carbon footprint, be skeptical of the claim.”...
https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2023/ap-stylebook-update-2023-climate-change-lgbtq-plus/

/[ Big opinion ---  from Jacobin  ]/
*Only a Mass Working-Class Climate Politics Can Free Us From the Climate 
Doom Cycle*
BY MATT HUBER
The latest UN climate report was just released, and it’s brought the 
usual doom loop of grave headlines as emissions keep rising. The way out 
isn’t getting people to “believe the science” but building a pro-worker 
climate politics that can win power.

On Monday, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released its 
“synthesis” report summarizing the findings of its sixth assessment (the 
last occurred in 2014). The findings are painfully familiar: the world 
is falling far short of its emission goals, and without rapid reductions 
this decade, the planet is likely to shoot to beyond 1.5 or even 2 
degrees Celsius of warming this century (we are at 1.1 degrees now).

We seem to be stuck in a doom-loop news cycle where scientific reports 
create headlines, and earnest climate commentators insist the new report 
represents a true “wake-up call” for action, and then . . . emission 
keep rising. They hit a record once again in 2022.

The world of climate politics appears to exist in two completely 
different worlds. There is a largely liberal and idealist world of 
climate technocrats where science informs policy, and there is the real, 
material capitalist world of power.

In the liberal world, the base assumption is that if we can communicate 
the science better — or as one former Extinction Rebellion spokesperson 
argues, if we can try “to tell and hear and live in truth” — our 
political systems will respond with action. As the science becomes more 
terrifying, the moral righteousness of this approach only seems more 
vindicated with each new report.

Another crucial aspect of this liberal worldview is to map out and model 
precise pathways to decarbonization. You probably heard the Inflation 
Reduction Act is projected to spur a 40 percent reduction in greenhouse 
gas emissions by 2030; what you don’t hear is that, according to the 
same models, doing nothing gets us 24 to 35 percent. As emissions keep 
rising, the models become more fantastical in terms of what is required, 
but they still give an army of climate technocrats the ammunition to 
supply the policy commentariat with a message that following the science 
is still possible — if we simply start right away.

The other world is very different: it is a world of capitalist and state 
power. In this world, the market says fossil fuels are as profitable as 
ever. ExxonMobil announced record profits in October and then again in 
January. Even before the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the coal industry 
— the worst of the fossil fuels — was posting windfall profits. The 
Financial Times recently reported on hedge funds making absurd 43 
percent returns betting on coal. One hedge funder bluntly remarked, 
“It’s almost immoral not to invest in coal because of the reliance [by 
so many countries] on fossil fuels.”

It is this brute world of power that has also led our alleged climate 
president, Joe Biden, to approve the Willow Project in Alaska. The move 
has rightly triggered denunciations of hypocrisy because, upon taking 
office in 2021, the Biden administration vowed to embark on “a 
whole-of-government [climate] effort in every sector of the economy.” 
The Willow “carbon bomb” is projected to unearth six hundred million 
barrels of oil, “effectively adding the emissions of the entire country 
of Belgium, via just one project.” The New York Times reports, 
“ConocoPhillips plans to install devices called thermosyphons in the 
thawing permafrost to keep it solid enough to support the heavy 
equipment needed to drill for oil — the burning of which will release 
carbon dioxide emissions that scientists say will worsen the ice melt.” 
This is how the world of power plans for a warming world.

Yet we shouldn’t act as if there is zero reason for Biden’s turnabout. 
He understands, like every president before him, that surging gasoline 
prices are an enormous political liability in a society where the vast 
majority of workers still require the dirty fuel to get to work. As long 
as Biden acts as if his administration is helpless in the face of fossil 
fuel price volatility — and only increased supply will bring the price 
down — political viability will continue to hinge on cheap fossil fuel 
prices.

The Green New Deal was a call to reject the idea that we can cede 
climate solutions to markets and price swings. Yet this is exactly what 
the Biden administration still believes. In 2021, Biden’s climate envoy, 
John Kerry, insisted, “I think we’re on the cusp of a massive 
transformation . . . ultimately, the market is going to make the 
decisions, not the government.”

For all the grandiose claims of “industrial policy,” the Inflation 
Reduction Act is simply a generous set of market incentives — tax 
credits, to be exact — that aim to spur mostly private investment in 
clean energy and private consumer purchases of low-carbon commodities 
like electric vehicles and heat pumps.

If Biden were really acting according to the science, rather than 
approve Willow he would launch a large-scale plan of public investment 
to build the clean energy transition we need. Such a plan could only be 
viable politically if accompanied with serious redistributionist 
programs that shield workers from any energy price spikes.

A public works plan to vastly expand union jobs and manufacturing 
alongside guaranteed stable and affordable energy prices for the working 
class could actually create the mass constituency needed to intervene in 
the real world of capitalist power and climate politics. But no one in 
the ruling class seems willing to challenge the capitalist stranglehold 
over the energy sector to embark on such a project. And the Left, for 
the time being, remains too weak. As such, the liberal climate 
technocrats and those with real power remain worlds apart.

This will not be the last terrifying scientific report on climate 
change. But the only path out of the dull repetitiveness of increasingly 
dire headlines is a politics that acknowledges that science and truth 
won’t automatically lead to change. The struggle for the planet is a 
struggle for political power.
Matt Huber is a professor of geography at Syracuse University. His new 
book, Climate Change as Class War: Building Socialism on a Warming 
Planet, is out from Verso Books in 2022.
https://jacobin.com/2023/03/ipcc-report-climate-doom-cycle-science-technocracy

/[ looking at future risks - text and audio reading  ]/
*The Toxic Threat in Thawing Permafrost*
CHRISTIAN ELLIOTT
03/23/23
Trapped in all that permafrost is 30 billion tonnes (33 billion US tons) 
of carbon. It’s an unfathomable amount, says Kirkwood. With global 
warming, the permafrost is thawing, threatening to release a “carbon 
bomb” of heat-trapping methane gas to the atmosphere. But there’s 
something else lurking in the permafrost, too. Something that has the 
potential to be more immediately dangerous to the people and wildlife 
living in the area: mercury.

Wildfires and volcanoes belch mercury and since the Industrial 
Revolution so, too, do coal-burning power plants and factories. Warm air 
currents carry mercury in its inorganic heavy metal form to the Arctic 
where it settles into the soil and vegetation before being safely locked 
away in the deeply frozen permafrost.

In its inorganic form, mercury is less threatening to people. But as the 
permafrost thaws, says Kirkwood, mercury is finding its way into the 
soil and into the regions’ many ponds, rivers, and lakes. Once there, 
microbes can convert inorganic mercury into the form to be concerned
- -
For the Indigenous peoples of northern Ontario who have lived off the 
peatlands for thousands of years — hunting caribou, catching fish, and 
gathering native plants — the lurking threat poses a risk to their way 
of life.

So for the past six years, Kirkwood has been coming to this remote 
environment every summer, helicoptering in to drill thick cores of peat 
and bringing them back to his lab for analysis. On these trips, Kirkwood 
often has help from Sam Hunter, a self-taught independent scientist from 
Peawanuck, Ontario.

Back in the 1970s, Hunter saw how scientists studying the Hudson Bay 
Lowlands used Indigenous peoples as guides, but didn’t involve them in 
their research. Now, he says, there’s a comanagement process — he 
accompanies researchers on their fieldwork and helps bring their 
findings back to local communities. Bringing together outside scientists 
and traditional knowledge is important, he says, because Indigenous 
peoples have seen firsthand how the permafrost is changing.
- -
“Walking on permafrost is like walking on really hard ground, like 
gravel,” says Hunter. When there’s permafrost, he says, “there’s all 
kinds of flora. There’s berries, vegetation that animals feed on. We 
collect wild tea.”

Please Donate to WhoWhatWhyBut once the permafrost thaws, he says, “the 
environment turns into a swampland. … You can’t even walk, you’d sink.” 
Along with the disappearing permafrost “go the animals. They move higher 
and higher into the Arctic. Muskox has disappeared and a few shorebirds 
we used to have — they’re moving north.”

Methylmercury seeping out of the permafrost is the latest water-quality 
issue First Nations communities in the region have faced. Closer to the 
Manitoba border, industrial mercury pollution from the 1960s still 
affects 90 percent of the Anishinaabe community Grassy Narrows. Many 
First Nations communities across Canada still lack clean drinking water. 
In the absence of government support for water-quality testing, Hunter 
has trained three community members in Peawanuck to test their water and 
fish.

Whether all of the mercury idling in the permafrost will become a 
significant threat to locals hinges on the answers to a few outstanding 
questions — questions Kirkwood aims to answer.

A decade ago, scientists discovered that certain microbes with a 
specific gene can convert inorganic mercury into toxic methylmercury. 
Scientists know some microbes have this ability and others don’t, but 
efforts to relate the abundance of microbes with mercury methylating 
potential to the amount of methylmercury in the environment have been 
unsuccessful. That’s led scientists studying mercury cycling, like 
Andrea Bravo at the Institute of Marine Sciences in Spain, to theorize 
that there’s more at play dictating the pace of methylmercury 
production, like the complex relationships between the entire community 
of microbes in the soil.

That’s where Kirkwood’s research comes in. By drilling and taking core 
samples of the permafrost, then measuring the amount of inorganic 
mercury while at the same time sequencing the DNA of everything in the 
soil, he hopes to better understand how methylmercury gets produced in 
thawing permafrost. Once he knows that, he can figure out where the 
threat is largest by looking at where mercury methylating microbes and 
inorganic mercury overlap.

“It’s a hot topic, a timely research question,” says Bravo, who isn’t 
involved in Kirkwood’s research. “We are suddenly having a surface of 
soil that was not reactive before, and it’s becoming reactive. … We 
don’t know how much mercury is coming from this permafrost.”
- -
Bravo points out there are still many unknowns in efforts to gauge the 
mercury threat. For one, it’s still not yet possible to accurately 
predict methylmercury levels in freshwater waterways or the ocean based 
on land sources. Despite global research efforts, “we still don’t 
understand the process completely,” she says. “We’ve put in a lot of 
effort, but we aren’t there yet.”

So far, Kirkwood’s initial findings show reason for hope. Previous 
Arctic-scale estimates of inorganic mercury abundance have vastly 
overestimated how much mercury is being stored in the Hudson Bay 
Lowlands. Kirkwood’s cores show mercury levels 10 times lower. But that 
doesn’t mean all is well. In thermokarst fens, meltwater ponds created 
when iceberg-like permafrost chunks thaw, methylmercury levels are 
higher than in the surroundings. As more permafrost thaws and these 
ponds connect, methylmercury production will likely increase. And if 
this mercury reaches the bay, biomagnification could cause it to build 
up to high concentrations, making its way up the food chain from algae 
to the tissue of fish that people catch and eat.

One of the things Hunter says he’s been told by the scientists who come 
up from the south is that the polar bear is the barometer for climate 
change. “And I don’t agree with that. I think the barometer for climate 
change is the palsa, the melting permafrost,” he says. “And I think that 
we need to understand what’s coming out of the ground now.”
https://whowhatwhy.org/science/environment/the-toxic-threat-in-thawing-permafrost/

/[The news archive - looking back California attitudes ]/
/*March 25, 2017*/
March 25, 2017:
The New York Times reports:

    “California’s clean-air agency voted on Friday to push ahead with
    stricter emissions standards for cars and trucks, setting up a
    potential legal battle with the Trump administration over the
    state’s plan to reduce planet-warming gases.

    “The vote, by the California Air Resources Board, is the boldest
    indication yet of California’s plan to stand up to President Trump’s
    agenda. Leading politicians in the state, from the governor down to
    many mayors, have promised to lead the resistance to Mr. Trump’s
    policies.

    “Mr. Trump, backing industry over environmental concerns, said
    easing emissions rules would help stimulate auto manufacturing. He
    vowed last week to loosen the regulations. Automakers are
    aggressively pursuing those changes after years of supporting
    stricter standards.

    “But California can write its own standards because of a
    longstanding waiver granted under the Clean Air Act, giving the
    state — the country’s biggest auto market — major sway over the auto
    industry. Twelve other states, including New York and Pennsylvania,
    as well as Washington, D.C., follow California’s standards, a
    coalition that covers more than 130 million residents and more than
    a third of the vehicle market in the United States.”

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/24/business/energy-environment/california-upholds-emissions-standards-setting-up-face-off-with-trump.html?hpw&rref=business&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region&region=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0 

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